Cristina Gratorp?explores what she calls ‘the materiality of the cloud.’ ?After reading her piece, how would you describe the geology of the Inter

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

Page 1 of 18https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/09/03/climate/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html

Bitcoin Uses More

Electricity Than Many

Countries. How Is That

Possible?

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

Page 2 of 18https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/09/03/climate/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html

By Jon Huang, Claire O’Neill and Hiroko Tabuchi

Illustrations by Eliana Rodgers

Sept. 3, 2021

In 2009, you could mine one Bitcoin using a setup like this in your living room.

↓

↓

Amount of household electricity required to mine one coin: a few seconds’ worth. Bitcoin’s value: basically nothing.

Today, you’d need a room full of specialized machines, each costing thousands of dollars.

↓

↓

Amount of household electricity required: 9 years’ worth. (Put in terms of a typical home electricity bill: about $12,500.) Value of one Bitcoin today: about $50,000.

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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Cryptocurrencies have emerged as one of the most captivating, yet

head-scratching, investments in the world. They soar in value.

They crash. They’ll change the world, their fans claim, by

displacing traditional currencies like the dollar, rupee or ruble.

They’re named after dog memes.

And in the process of simply existing, cryptocurrencies like

Bitcoin, one of the most popular, use astonishing amounts of

electricity.

We’ll explain how that works in a minute. But first, consider this:

The process of creating Bitcoin to spend or trade consumes around

91 terawatt-hours of electricity annually, more than is used by

Finland, a nation of about 5.5 million.

Bitcoin’s electricity usage compared with countries

Estimated electricity consumption (terawatt-hours, annualized). Shaded region represents the range of possible values.

Netherlands

Sweden

Spain (2019)

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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That usage, which is close to half-a-percent of all the electricity

consumed in the world, has increased about tenfold in just the past

five years.

The Bitcoin network uses about the same amount

of electricity as Washington State does yearly …

Source: EIA, Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index Country usage numbers are from 2019. Electricity cost for miners is assumed to average $0.05 per kilowatt-hour. Upper, lower and best guess trends are estimated using the research methodology behind the Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index.

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

·

Denmark

Finland

Netherlands

Chile

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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more than a third of what residential cooling in the

United States uses up …

and more than seven times as much electricity as

all of Google’s global operations.

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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So why is it so energy intensive?

For a long time, money has been thought of as something you can

hold in your hand — say, a dollar bill.

Currencies like these seem like such a simple, brilliant idea. A

government prints some paper and guarantees its value. Then we

swap it amongst ourselves for cars, candy bars and tube socks. We

can give it to whomever we want, or even destroy it.

On the internet, things can get more complicated.

Traditional kinds of money, such as those created by the United

States or other governments, aren’t entirely free to be used any

way you wish. Banks, credit-card networks and other middlemen

can exercise control over who can use their financial networks and

what they can be used for — often for good reason, to prevent

money laundering and other nefarious activities. But that could

also mean that if you transfer a big amount of money to someone,

your bank will report it to the government even if the transfer is

completely on the up-and-up.

So a group of free thinkers — or anarchists, depending on whom

you ask — started to wonder: What if there was a way to remove

controls like these?

In 2008, an unknown person or persons using the name Satoshi

Nakamoto published a proposal to create a cash-like electronic

payment system that would do exactly that: Cut out the

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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middlemen. That’s the origin of Bitcoin.

Bitcoin users wouldn’t have to trust a third party — a bank, a

government or whatever — Nakamoto said, because transactions

would be managed by a decentralized network of Bitcoin users. In

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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other words, no single person or entity could control it. All Bitcoin

transactions would be openly accounted for in a public ledger that

anyone could examine, and new Bitcoins would be created as a

reward to participants for helping to manage this vast, sprawling,

computerized ledger. But the ultimate supply of Bitcoins would be

limited. The idea was that growing demand over time would give

Bitcoins their value.

This concept took a while to catch on.

But today, a single Bitcoin is worth about $50,000, though that

could vary wildly by the time you read this, and no one can stop

you from sending it to whomever you like. (Of course, if someone is

caught buying illegal drugs or orchestrating ransomware attacks,

two of the many unsavory uses for which cryptocurrency has

proved attractive, they’d still be subject to the law of the land.)

However, as it happens, managing a digital currency of that value

with no central authority takes a whole lot of computing power.

1.

It starts with a transaction

Let’s say you want to buy something and pay with Bitcoin. The first

part is quick and easy: You’d open an account with a Bitcoin

exchange like Coinbase, which lets you purchase Bitcoin with

dollars.

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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You now have a “digital wallet” with some Bitcoin in it. To spend it,

you simply send Bitcoin into the digital wallet of the person you’re

buying something from. Easy as that.

But that transaction, or really any exchange of Bitcoin, must first

be validated by the Bitcoin network. In the simplest terms, this is

the process by which the seller can be assured that the Bitcoins he

or she is receiving are real.

This gets to the very heart of the whole Bitcoin bookkeeping

system: the maintenance of the vast Bitcoin public ledger. And this

is where much of the electrical energy gets consumed.

2.

A global guessing game begins

All around the world, companies and individuals known as Bitcoin

miners are competing to be the ones to validate transactions and

enter them into the public ledger of all Bitcoin transactions. They

basically play a guessing game, using powerful, and power-hungry,

computers to try to beat out others. Because if they are successful,

they’re rewarded with newly created Bitcoin, which of course is

worth a lot of money.

This competition for newly created Bitcoin is called “mining.”

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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You can think of it like a lottery, or a game of dice. This article

provides a good analogy: Imagine you’re at a casino and everyone

playing has a die with 500 sides. (More accurately, it would have

billions of billions of sides, but that’s hard to draw.) The winner is

the first person to roll a number under 10.

The more computer power you have, the more guesses you can

make quickly. So, unlike at the casino, where you have just one die

to roll at human speed, you can have many computers making

many, many guesses every second.

The Bitcoin network is designed to make the guessing game more

and more difficult as more miners participate, further putting a

premium on speedy, power-hungry computers. Specifically, it’s

designed so that it always takes an average of 10 minutes for

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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someone to win a round. In the dice game analogy, if more people

join the game and start winning faster, the game is recalibrated to

make it harder. For example: You now have to roll a number under

4, or you have to roll exactly a 1.

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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That’s why Bitcoin miners now have warehouses packed with

powerful computers, racing at top speed to guess big numbers and

using tremendous quantities of energy in the process.

3.

The winner reaps hundreds of thousands of

dollars in new Bitcoin.

The winner of the guessing game validates a standard “block” of

Bitcoin transactions, and is rewarded for doing so with 6.25 newly

minted Bitcoins, each worth about $50,000. So you can see why

people might flock into mining.

Why such a complicated and expensive guessing game? That’s

because simply recording the transactions in the ledger would be

trivially easy. So the challenge is to ensure that only “trustworthy”

computers do so.

A bad actor could wreak havoc on the system, stopping legitimate

transfers or scamming people with fake Bitcoin transactions. But

the way Bitcoin is designed means that a bad actor would need to

win the majority of the guessing games to have majority power

over the network, which would require a lot of money and a lot of

electricity.

In Nakamoto’s system, it would make more economic sense for a

hacker to spend the resources on mining Bitcoin and collecting the

rewards, rather than on attacking the system itself.

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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This is how Bitcoin mining turns electricity into security. It’s also

why the system wastes energy by design.

Bitcoin’s growing energy appetite

In the early days of Bitcoin, when it was less popular and worth

little, anyone with a computer could easily mine at home. Not so

much anymore.

Here’s a timeline showing how things have changed. You can see

how much electricity would have been used to mine one Bitcoin at

home (in terms of the average home electricity bill), assuming the

most energy-efficient devices available were used.

6

8

10

12 years

Bitcoin’s price skyrockets. It

now takes years of household electricity to

mine one coin

Mining difficulty peaks in May 2021. At least 13 years of typical household

electricity is consumed per

mined coin.

Average years of household-equivalent electricity to mine one Bitcoin

Using the most efficient hardware available at the time

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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Today you need highly specialized machines, a lot of money, a big

space and enough cooling power to keep the constantly running

hardware from overheating. That’s why mining now happens in

giant data centers owned by companies or groups of people.

In fact, operations have consolidated so much that now, only seven

mining groups own nearly 80 percent of all computing power on

the network. (The aim behind “pooling” computing power like this

is to distribute income more evenly so participants get $10 per day

rather than $50,000 every 10 years, for example.)

Mining happens all over the world, often wherever there’s an

abundance of cheap energy. For years, much of the Bitcoin mining

has been in China, although recently, the country has started

cracking down. Researchers at the University of Cambridge who

EIA.gov, blockchain.com Actual electricity use would have been higher because of less efficient machines and the need for cooling systems. Electrical usage is compared to the average annual electricity consumption for a U.S. residential utility customer in 2019 of 10,649 kilowatt-hours.

2

4

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

A desktop computer could mine with little electricity.

Enthusiasts build custom miners with

video gaming hardware.

The only practical way of mining is

now with specialized

hardware (called ASICs).

mine one coin despite better

hardware.

·

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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have been tracking Bitcoin mining said recently that China’s share

of global Bitcoin mining had fallen to 46 percent in April from 75

percent in late 2019. Meanwhile, the United States’ share of mining

grew to 16 percent from 4 percent during the same period.

Bitcoin mining means more than just emissions. Hardware piles

up, too. Everyone wants the newest, fastest machinery, which

causes high turnover and a new e-waste problem. Alex de Vries, a

Paris-based economist, estimates that every year and a half or so,

the computational power of mining hardware doubles, making

older machines obsolete. According to his calculations, at the start

of 2021, Bitcoin alone was generating more e-waste than many

midsize countries.

“Bitcoin miners are completely ignoring this issue, because they

don’t have a solution,” said Mr. de Vries, who runs Digiconomist, a

site that tracks the sustainability of cryptocurrencies. “These

machines are just dumped.”

Could it be greener?

What if Bitcoin could be mined using more sources of renewable

energy, like wind, solar or hydropower?

It’s tricky to figure out exactly how much of Bitcoin mining is

powered by renewables because of the very nature of Bitcoin: a

decentralized currency whose miners are largely anonymous.

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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Globally, estimates of Bitcoin’s use of renewables range from about

40 percent to almost 75 percent. But in general, experts say, using

renewable energy to power Bitcoin mining means it won’t be

available to power a home, a factory or an electric car.

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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A handful of miners are starting to experiment with harnessing

excess natural gas from oil and gas drilling sites, but examples like

that are still sparse and difficult to quantify. Plus, that practice

could eventually spur more drilling. Miners have also claimed to

tap the surplus hydropower generated during the rainy season in

places like southwest China. But if those miners operate through

the dry season, they would primarily be drawing on fossil fuels.

“As far as we can tell, it’s mostly baseload fossil fuels that are still

being used, but that varies seasonally, as well as country to

country,” said Benjamin A. Jones, an assistant professor in

economics at the University of New Mexico, whose research

involves the environmental impact of cryptomining. “That’s why

you get these wildly different estimates,” he said.

Could the way Bitcoin works be rewritten to use less energy? Some

other minor cryptocurrencies have promoted an alternate

bookkeeping system, where processing transactions is won not

through computational labor but by proving ownership of enough

coins. This would be more efficient. But it hasn’t been proven at

scale, and isn’t likely to take hold with Bitcoin because, among

other reasons, Bitcoin stakeholders have a powerful financial

incentive not to change, since they’ve already invested so much in

mining.

Some governments are as wary of Bitcoin as environmentalists

are. If they were to limit mining, that could theoretically reduce the

energy strain. But remember, this is a network designed to exist

without middlemen. Places like China are already creating

5/20/22, 6:24 AMBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? – The New York Times

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restrictions around mining, but miners are reportedly moving to

coal-rich Kazakhstan and the cheap-but-troubled Texas electric

grid.

For the foreseeable future, Bitcoin’s energy consumption is likely to

remain volatile for as long as its price does.

Though Bitcoin mining might not involve pickaxes and hard hats,

it’s not a purely digital abstraction, either: It is connected to the

physical world of fossil fuels, power grids and emissions, and to the

climate crisis we’re in today. What was imagined as a forward-

thinking digital currency has already had real-world ramifications,

and those continue to mount.

Bitcoin historical data from blockchain.com. Energy estimates from Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index. State-level, air-conditioning and total U.S. electricity consumption data from EIA. Google electricity data from Google’s 2020 environmental report.

5/20/22, 6:23 AMSecret Cost of Google's Data Centers: Billions of Gallons of Water | Time

Page 1 of 16https://time.com/5814276/google-data-centers-water/

The Secret Cost of Google's Data Centers: Billions of Gallons of Water to Cool

Servers

I

BY NIKITHA SATTIRAJU / BLOOMBERG

APRIL 2, 2020 1:29 AM EDT

n August 2019, the Arizona

Municipal Water Users

Association built a 16-foot pyramid

of jugs in its main entrance in

Google Vice President Majd Bakar speaks on-stage during the annual

Game Developers Conference at Moscone Center in San Francisco,

California on March 19, 2019. Josh Edelson–AFP/Getty Images

5/20/22, 6:23 AMSecret Cost of Google's Data Centers: Billions of Gallons of Water | Time

Page 2 of 16https://time.com/5814276/google-data-centers-water/

Phoenix. The goal was to show

residents of this desert region how

much water they each use a day—

120 gallons—and to encourage

conservation.

“We must continue to do our part

every day,” executive director

Warren Tenney wrote in a blog

post. “Some of us are still high-end

water users who could look for

more ways to use water a bit more

wisely.”

A few weeks earlier in nearby Mesa,

Google proposed a plan for a giant

data center among the cacti and

tumbleweeds. The town is a

founding member of the Arizona

Municipal Water Users Association,

but water conservation took a back

seat in the deal it struck with the

largest U.S. internet company.

Google is guaranteed 1 million

gallons a day to cool the data

center, and up to 4 million gallons

a day if it hits project milestones. If

that was a pyramid of water jugs, it

would tower thousands of feet into

Arizona’s cloudless sky.

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5/20/22, 6:23 AMSecret Cost of Google's Data Centers: Billions of Gallons of Water | Time

Page 3 of 16https://time.com/5814276/google-data-centers-water/

Alphabet’s Google is building more

data centers across the U.S. to

power online searches, web

advertising and cloud services. The

company has boasted for years that

these huge computer-filled

warehouses are energy efficient

and environmentally friendly. But

there’s a cost that the company

tries to keep secret. These facilities

use billions of gallons of water,

sometimes in dry areas that are

struggling to conserve this limited

public resource.

“Data centers are expanding,

they’re going everywhere. They

need to be built in a way that

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5/20/22, 6:23 AMSecret Cost of Google's Data Centers: Billions of Gallons of Water | Time

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ensures they are not taking critical

resources away from water-scarce

communities,” said Gary Cook,

global climate campaigns director

at Stand.earth, an environmental

advocacy group.

Google considers its water use a

proprietary trade secret and bars

even public officials from

disclosing the company’s

consumption. But information has

leaked out, sometimes through

legal battles with local utilities and

conservation groups. In 2019 alone,

Google requested, or was granted,

more than 2.3 billion gallons of

water for data centers

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