HMGT 420 Healthcare Facilities Management
INITIAL POST FROM ME I will choose Japan as the country to compare with the United States regarding service delivery between ambulatory care and acute care. 1. Model and Utilization of Outpatient vs. Inpatient Care Acute care dominates the U.S. healthcare system, with most services provided in hospitals. Although different from hospital treatment, outpatient care is accessible (Choi et al., 2020). Clinics and physician offices offer primary care, specialist consultations, tests, and minor procedu res. Hospitalization is needed for acute diseases, operations, and specialty therapy. In contrast, Japan’s clinics and primary care networks prioritize outpatient care. Patients visit clinics or primary care doctors for physicals, preventive care, and minor diseases (World Health Organization, 2022). Japan reserves inpatient care for surgeries, intensive therapies, and critical illnesses. Relational Cost of Care United States healthcare is expensive because it emphasizes hospital services and acute care. H ospital stays might result in high medical expenditures (Tuomi et al., 2020). Specialist procedures may cost more than outpatient procedures. Conversely, healthcare prices in Japan are lower than in the U.S. outpatient treatment and efficient primary care facilities are prioritized to meet many healthcare needs. Outpatient care is cheaper than inpatient. Reasons Behind Differences in Service Delivery Funding and Reimbursement Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance cover most United States healthcare services as fee-forservice is expected in healthcare (Tuomi et al., 2020). Since inpatient care earns more than outpatient, hospitals and healthcare groups supply more. Government subsidies, employer contributions, and patient co-payments fund Japanese universal healthcare. Outpatient treatment emphasizes prevention and early intervention. Although Japan uses fee-for-service reimbursement, the government controls healthcare rates (Choi et al., 2020). Switching Service Delivery Approaches Between Countries Switching service delivery strategies between the U.S. and Japan is difficult for various reasons: Healthcare Infrastructure: Countries have different healthcare systems (WHO, 2022). Approach change requires significant investment and reorganization. Cultural and Societal Factors: Country-specific outpatient and inpatient healthcare attitudes. These factors affect healthcare utilization, provider behavior, and patient choices. Healthcare financing: Country-specific reimbursement and finance systems can hinder service delivery (WHO, 2022)—Japanese universal healthcare and controlled price contrast with U.S. private insurance and fee-for-service reimbursement. Healthcare Workforce: Specialization and distribution may not suit service delivery (Choi et al., 2020 ). The U.S. has more specialists and hospital-based doctors, while Japan prioritizes primary care and outpatient specialists. In conclusion, each country’s healthcare system may offer lessons. National adoption of service delivery systems is rare due to intricate relationships that affect healthcare delivery in each place. Healthcare is improved via process improvements, inefficiencies reduction, and country-specific best practices. References Choi, Y., Oh, M., Choi, M., & Kim, S. (2020). Exploring the influence of culture on tourist experiences with robots in service delivery environment. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(5), 717–733. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1735318 Tuomi, A., Tussyadiah, I., & Stienmetz, J. L. (2020). Applications and implications of service robots in hospitality. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 62(2), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965520923961 World Health Organization. (2022, July 12). Ensuring the integration of refugees and migrants in immunization policies, planning and service delivery globally. http://www.healthandmigration.info:8080/handle/123456789/627 #1: DANITA’S RESPONSE TO MY INITIAL POST (PLEASE RESPOND TO DANITA) Your post is interesting. I applaud Japan for placing emphasis on early prevention and prevention. This helps to avoid the expense of treating illnesses that could have been avoided. That is one of my largest issues with healthcare in the United States. High cost is another. Healthcare in Japan is not nearly as expensive which is one of the benefits of universal healthcare systems. Do you think Japan’s healthcare system can be sustained financially? What is their policy on medical care for those wh o aren’t citizens? Kim, S. H., Joo, H. J., Kim, J. Y., Kim, H. J., & Park, E. C. (2022). Healthcare Policy Agenda for a Sustainable Healthcare System in Korea: Building Consensus Using the Delphi Method. Journal of Korean medical science, 37(39), e284. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e284 Discussion Replies: Respond to at least one of your classmates with additional information or dialogue extending open-ended questions relevant to their post. Assess their reasoning and quality of the comparison. #2: CORRINE’S INITIAL POST (PLEASE RESPOND TO CORRINE) Country Selected: United Kingdom United States vs. United Kingdom: Service Delivery in Ambulatory Care vs. Acute Care Ambulatory Care vs. Acute Care in the United States: – Ambulatory Care: Focus on providing outpatient services such as consultations, sc reenings, diagnostic tests, minor surgeries, and preventive care. – Acute Care: Focus on inpatient care that encompasses hospitals and emergency services that offer critical and intensive treatment for severe illnesses and injuries requiring immediate at tention. – Relational Cost of Care: Ambulatory care is generally more cost-effective than acute care due to lower overhead costs and the nature of services provided. However, the cost of acute care, especially in hospitals, tends to be higher due to the intensive and specialized services offered. – Reasons for Differences: – Funding and Reimbursement: In the U.S., the fee-for-service model has traditionally driven healthcare reimbursement, incentivizing more acute care services that are reimbursed at higher rates. This has led to a stronger focus on hospital-based care. Ambulatory Care vs. Acute Care in the United Kingdom: – Ambulatory Care: The United Kingdom emphasizes ambulatory care through general practitioner (GP) services, walk-in clinics, and specialized outpatient clinics. Patients are encouraged to seek primary care first before accessing acute services. – Acute Care: Acute care in the UK is typically provided through NHS hospitals for inpatient treatments that require immediate medical attention. – Relational Cost of Care: The UK’s focus on primary care and ambulatory services helps control costs by managing health conditions earlier, reducing the need for more expensive hospital-based care. Acute care services are still essential but are utilized based on medical necessity. – Reasons for Differences: – Funding and Reimbursement: The UK’s National Health Service (NHS) operates on a public -funded model, which incentivizes a preventive approach through primary care services. Funding is allocate d to promote accessible ambulatory care to manage health conditions before they escalate. Switching Service Delivery Approaches between Countries: While there could be some benefits to exploring aspects of each country’s service delivery system, complete switching may not be feasible due to fundamental differences in healthcare structures, funding mechanisms, and cultural norms. The transition from a fee-for-service model to a public-funded system, or vice versa, would require significant modifications to regulations, infrastructure, and workforce training, making it logistically challenging. Additionally, patient expectations, healthcare workforce dynamics, and historical healthcare system developments differ between countries, further complicating a direct switch of service delivery approaches. In conclusion, while there are lessons to be learned from the United States and the United Kingdom regarding ambulatory care and acute care service delivery, a complete switch between the two countries’ approaches may not be practical due to the intricate web of factors that shape their respective healthcare systems. References Flavin, B. (2024, January 13). Acute Care vs. Ambulatory Care: Comparing Your Nursing Options. Rasmussen University. https://www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/nursing/blog/acute-care-versusambulatory-carenursing/#:~:text=Simply%20put%2C%20acute%20care%20refers,patients%20remain%20under%20co nstant%20care. Dean, J., Jones, M., Dyer, P., Moulton, C., Price, V., & Lasserson, D. (2022). Possible futures of acute medical care in the NHS: a multispecialty approach. Future healthcare journal, 9(2), 125– 132. https://doi.org/10.7861/fhj.2022-0050 Steele, C. (2023, August 10). Inpatient vs outpatient care in the UK. myTribe Insurance. https://www.mytribeinsurance.co.uk/knowledge/inpatient-vs-outpatient-care-uk
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