July 28, 2024

Healthcare Administration Report

1 Master of Healthcare Administration HCM 600 Research Project The impact of health informatics technology on the quality of health care administration in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review A research project report Prepared by: Reeham Saleh Fayoumi Supervised by: Dr. Najla Meshal Aljehani Date: 4 February 2023 2 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter provides a background on the impact of health informatics technology on the quality of health care administration in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. After that a statement of the problem will be presented. This will be followed by a discussion on the significance of the study. Finally, the aim and objectives of the study will be presented. 1.1 Background Health informatics technology has significantly impacted the quality of healthcare administration in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) (Jamal et al., 2015). It has been instrumental in improving the accuracy and speed of medical records and data management, enhancing patient safety, and reducing medical errors (Khalifa, 2013). This improvement in data management has enabled doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals to access and review patient records quickly and easily, helping them in making rapid, informed decisions (Khalifa, 2013). Indeed, implementing health informatics technology has allowed for the automation of administrative tasks such as billing, processing of claims, and document management, thus, saving time and money (Khalifa, 2013). It has also enabled the integration of different healthcare systems and provided more comprehensive healthcare services. Additionally, the ability to exchange information and resources between healthcare providers has been improved. All of these advances have led to the improvement in the quality of healthcare in Saudi Arabia. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, health informatics uses information technology to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of healthcare delivery, improve patient care access, and increase clinical outcomes’ accuracy (Jamal et al., 2015). Thus, it has enabled healthcare providers to access a larger pool of information, improve clinical decision-making, and reduce medical errors. 3 Health informatics technology has also enabled the use of electronic medical records (EMR) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This has allowed for more efficient and accurate patient information management (Aldosari, 2014). It also improved the accuracy of clinical outcomes, which has improved the quality of healthcare services in the country. Additionally, the utilization of EMR has enabled healthcare providers to quickly access a patient’s medical history, improving the efficiency of medical care delivery. Health informatics technology has also enabled the development of health information systems in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These systems have enabled the tracking of health data, the analysis of health trends, and the monitoring of health services (Aldosari, 2014). This has allowed for better decision-making when it comes to healthcare services, as well as better understanding of the populations’ needs. As a result, this has enabled the development of preventive measures and better allocation of resources. 1.2 Problem Statement The health sector transformation program (vision 2030) aims to restructure the Kingdom’s health sector to be more comprehensive. The program seeks to reduce the health gaps between the current healthcare practices and the national goals (Lee et al., 2018). To attain better health and healthcare, technology has to be the key linking factor towards better medical advancement, health care innovation, creating actionable information, improving clinical processes and outcomes and in improving the overall patients’ and providers’ experience (Lee et al., 2018). The area of healthcare informatics and records analytics is swiftly evolving and has the potential to enhance the efficiency, effectiveness, and accessibility of healthcare. However, despite its potential, the use of healthcare informatics and data analytics in hospitals of KSA are an underexplored vicinity (Al Kuwaiti et al., 2018). Indeed, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding 4 of the impact of health informatics technology on healthcare administration in KSA (Al Kuwaiti et al., 2018). Even though there appears to be a need for greater comprehension of how health informatics technology affects the standard of health care management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, more systematically gathered and structured data are still required. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of health informatics technology on the quality of healthcare administration in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Al Kuwaiti et al., 2018). This research targets to fill this gap by conducting a systematic review of the current literature on healthcare informatics and files analytics in hospitals of KSA. This research might assist healthcare groups to make informed decisions on how to efficiently make use of healthcare informatics and data analytics to improve healthcare administration . 1.3 Aim To systematically review the impact of health informatics technology on the health care administration in KSA. 1.4 Research Questions 1. What is the impact of health informatics technology on the health care administration in KSA? 1.5 Objectives 1. To explore the current usage of health informatics technology within health care administration in KSA. 5 2. To determine the barriers to adopting health informatics technology in health care administration in KSA. 1.4 Significance of this study Technology has created a significant landmark (Kumar & Singh, 2018). Informatics is changing the healthcare system – the way health care providers and patients communicate is also changing. Thus, understanding this new framework is important in re-defining health care quality. The significance of this systematic review lies in its potential to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of health informatics technology on healthcare administration in KSA. This can inform policies and practices aimed at improving the quality and efficiency of healthcare delivery in the country (Kumar & Singh, 2018). This study might serve as a framework for future research efforts and the findings might contribute highly toward meeting the national’s ‘e-Health’ goals (Kumar & Singh, 2018). This review will provide valuable insights into the current state of health informatics technology usage within healthcare administration in KSA, including the types of technology being used and the extent of adoption. This information can help identify gaps in technology usage and inform efforts to expand and optimize the use of health informatics technology in healthcare administration. The findings of this systematic review can have broader implications beyond KSA. By identifying the impact of health informatics technology on healthcare administration in KSA, this review might provide insights that can inform policies and practices in other countries facing similar challenges. 6 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter evaluates the literature review on the impact of health informatics technology on the quality of health care administration in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The chapter will discuss the barriers to adoption of health informatics in KSA, the influence of health informatics technology on the cost of healthcare administration in KSA, health informatics and patient safety. Introduction Health informatics technology is increasingly being used in health care administration in KSA. This technology offers many benefits in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and cost savings. In recent years, KSA has implemented health information technology in its health care system, including electronic medical records, health information systems, and health information exchanges (Jamal et al., 2015). These technologies help in improving patient safety and quality of care, as well as reduce costs. They allow data sharing across different providers, including hospitals, laboratories, and pharmacies. In addition, they help to reduce errors in the reporting and treatment processes and in billing (Jamal et al., 2015). The Ministry of Health in KSA has implemented a nationwide electronic health record system, which includes all patients’ medical information (Alshahrani et al., 2019). According to Jamal et al. (2015), this system is used to help managing patient care and providing access to the latest medical research and treatments. It also allows for tracking patient outcomes, which helps in improving the quality of care (Alduraywish et al., 2020). In addition, health informatics technology has been used to improve the efficiency of administrative processes. Electronic medical records, for example, are used to streamline the collection, storage, and sharing of patient data. This helps in reducing administrative costs and in 7 improving patient safety (Aldosari et al., 2018). Overall, health informatics technology has greatly improved the quality and efficiency of healthcare administration in KSA (Aldosari et al., 2018). It has helped to reduce errors, improve patient safety, and reduce costs. It also enabled better access to the latest medical research and treatments and improved tracking of patient outcomes. However, a number of issues are associated with using this technology in the country that needs to be addressed (Al Kuwaiti et al., 2018). One of the main issues is that the technology is not always up-to-date or comprehensive. The lack of comprehensive and updated systems can lead to errors and delays in delivery of healthcare services. Additionally, the systems may not be interoperable, leading to data duplication and confusion. Furthermore, the current infrastructure of the healthcare system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is not robust enough to support effective health informatics technology (Al Kuwaiti et al., 2018). This means that the technology cannot be used to its full potential, leading to inefficient practices and a lack of integration between departments. 2.1 Barriers to the adoption of Health Informatics in KSA A literature review of the barriers to adopting health informatics technology in health care administration in KSA revealed a range of issues. One of the primary factors was the cultural and religious context of the country, which can make the adoption of new technologies difficult (Al Kuwaiti et al., 2018). Additionally, there is a lack of understanding among healthcare providers and administrators of the potential benefits of health informatics technology, as well as a lack of resources and training to support the implementation of such technology (Al Kuwaiti et al., 2018). Other factors that hampered the adoption of such technology include the lack of infrastructure to support the technology, the reluctance of healthcare providers to embrace new 8 technologies, financial and human resources, and cultural and legal barriers (Al Kuwaiti et al., 2018). The lack of infrastructure to support the technology was among the reported barriers in the literature. Many healthcare facilities in KSA do not have the necessary equipment, networks, and software to effectively use health informatics technology (Al Kuwaiti et al., 2018). This necessitates the installation of new equipment and the development of complex networks and software programs. This requires a significant financial investment, which is not always feasible for healthcare facilities in KSA (Aldosari et al., 2018). The reluctance of healthcare providers to adopt new technologies was also reported as a barrier. Many healthcare providers are reluctant to embrace new technologies due to fear of the unknown, lack of knowledge, and lack of experience (Aldosari et al., 2018). This results in a lack of understanding and appreciation of the potential benefits of health informatics technology. Further, the lack of financial and human resources was reported as a barrier. Many healthcare facilities in KSA lack the financial resources to invest in the necessary equipment, networks, and software to implement health informatics technology (Aldosari et al., 2018). Therefore, this can be associated to inadequate funds to train or acquire foreign health professionals to seal the gap utilizing health technology. KSA Ministry of Health should consider foreign professional with health technology skills to train their existing professionals. The cultural and legal barriers were among the main barriers that the studies reported. In KSA, there is a strong cultural emphasis on privacy, and there is often a reluctance to share medical data (Khalifa, 2013). The laws in KSA also do not always provide adequate protection for the usage and storage of medical data (Khalifa, 2013). This creates a reluctance to use health informatics technology, as many healthcare providers fear that their data could be exposed to unauthorized users. Moreover, the law only limits health data leaks or use without the autonomy 9 of the patients, but this does not mean that the information cannot be breached (Khalifa, 2013). Therefore, there is a need to implement health informatics to limit the barrier. The infrastructure of the healthcare sector in KSA is also a barrier to adoption. Many healthcare facilities and practices lack the necessary information technology infrastructure and resources to effectively employ health informatics technology (Khalifa, 2013). Additionally, the country’s health care system is largely paper-based, with electronic medical records and other digital tools being limited and difficult to access. The cost of health informatics technology can also be an obstacle to its adoption since many healthcare providers and administrators may see the investment as being too high for the potential benefit (Khalifa, 2013). Furthermore, the lack of incentives for healthcare providers and administrators to adopt health informatics technology can also create an obstacle (Khalifa, 2013). Another issue is the lack of knowledgeable staff to manage the technology. Inadequate training and lack of experience can cause improper use of such technology, leading to further issues such as data loss, security breaches, and other operational problems. Finally, there are Insufficient resources and funding for health informatics technology (Alshahrani et al., 2019). This means that the technology is not as reliable or effective as it could be, leading to further problems with the quality of healthcare administration in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the use of health informatics technology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is subject to several issues. These include a lack of comprehensive and up-to-date systems, weak infrastructure, inadequate staff training, and insufficient resources and funding (Alshahrani et al., 2019). If these issues are not addressed, the quality of healthcare administration in the country may suffer. 10 Thus, the literature suggests that there are a number of obstacles to the adoption of health informatics technology in health care administration in KSA (Khalifa, 2013). The primary issues relate to the cultural context, lack of understanding, infrastructure and resources, cost, and privacy and security. Understanding and addressing these obstacles is important for the successful implementation of health informatics technology in KSA. 2.2 The Influence of Health Informatics Technology on the Cost of Healthcare Administration in KSA Health informatics technology has become an important part of healthcare administration in KSA. It has made managing patient records and other administrative tasks more efficient and cost-effective (Alduraywish et al., 2020). Implementing health informatics technology has enabled healthcare providers in KSA to streamline their administrative processes, allowing them to reduce their administrative costs. Health informatics technology has enabled healthcare providers to reduce staff costs and paper-based processes (Alduraywish et al., 2020). It has increased the accuracy and consistency of data, resulting in decreased costs for manual data entry and storage (Alduraywish et al., 2020). Additionally, it has allowed healthcare providers to improve their patient satisfaction and engagement, reducing the costs associated with patient complaints. Health informatics technology has also enabled healthcare providers to improve accuracy and reduce errors in the care process. This has reduced costs associated with errors and patient safety issues (Alduraywish et al., 2020). It has also enabled healthcare providers to reduce the time needed to process billing and claims, resulting in improved reimbursement rates and reduced administrative costs. Finally, health informatics technology has enabled healthcare providers to improve communication and collaboration between medical staff, resulting in fewer duplicated 11 efforts and reduced costs (Alharbi et al., 2021). It has allowed healthcare providers to improve their patient record management and access, resulting in improved efficiency and cost savings. Health informatics technology, such as electronic health records (EHRs) and clinical decision support systems (CDSSs), has been widely adopted in healthcare settings, including KSA.In KSA, the implementation of health informatics technology has been linked to decreased healthcare costs due to improved data accuracy and enhanced clinical decision-making. A study by Rahman & Alsharqi (2019) found that the use of health informatics in KSA resulted in a decrease in the cost of healthcare administration. In addition to cost savings, the use of health informatics technology has been linked to improved patient care. For example, a study by Alharbi et al. (2021) found that the use of health informatics technology in KSA resulted in improved patient outcomes and increased patient satisfaction. The use of health informatics technology in KSA was also associated with improved healthcare provider performance, including improved accuracy in medical diagnoses and reduced medical errors. The literature suggests that the use of health informatics technology in KSA has the potential to reduce healthcare costs and improve patient care (Alharbi et al., 2021). However, further research is needed to evaluate the full impact of health informatics technology on the cost of healthcare administration in KSA. Additionally, further research is needed to evaluate the best practices for the effective implementation and use of health informatics technology in KSA. 2.3 Health Informatics and Patient Safety Health Informatics and Patient Safety in KSA is a topic that has recently become a major concern in the healthcare system. Health Informatics is the use of information technology to support healthcare activities, including patient safety (Rahman & Alsharqi, 2019). 12 The Saudi government has implemented several initiatives to improve the quality of health informatics and patient safety in the country. The Saudi Ministry of Health has launched a health informatics surveillance system to monitor and report on events and outcomes in the healthcare system. The system is designed to track infections, medical errors, and adverse events in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare settings (Rahman & Alsharqi, 2019). In addition, the Ministry of Health has established a National Electronic Health Information System to improve patient safety by ensuring that all providers have access to accurate and up-to-date patient information. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of health informatics and patient safety in Saudi Arabia (Marar et al., 2019: Rahman & Alsharqi, 2019). These studies have found that the implementation of health informatics has resulted in improved patient safety, reduced costs, and improved quality of care. There has also been an increased focus on patient safety initiatives in the country, resulting in more attention to patient safety and quality of care. Health informatics technology can improve patient safety in healthcare administration in KSA by providing better patient data management, communication between healthcare providers, and quality of care (Aldosari, 2014). The first-way health informatics technology can improve patient safety is by providing better patient data management. By utilizing electronic health records (EHRs), healthcare providers can access and store patient data in a secure and organized manner. This allows for more accurate and efficient patient information and data management, which can lead to better patient safety (Rahman & Alsharqi, 2019). Additionally, health informatics technology can track patient health outcomes and provide real-time notifications of changes in patient health. This can help healthcare providers respond quickly to changes in patient health and provide the necessary care promptly. 13 Another way that health informatics technology can improve patient safety is by improving communication between healthcare providers. By utilizing telemedicine and other communication technology, healthcare providers can more easily communicate with each other, allowing for better care coordination (Alharbi et al., 2021). Indeed, health informatics technology can facilitate communication between patients and their healthcare providers, allowing for more accurate communication about patient health and medical treatments (Alharbi et al., 2021). Health informatics technology can also improve the quality of care provided to patients. By utilizing analytics and data analysis, healthcare providers can better understand patients’ health and the effectiveness of medical treatments (Marar et al., 2019). This technology can further monitor patient health over time and detect potential health risks or changes in patient health. This can help healthcare providers provide more personalized patient care and ensure that patients are receiving the best possible care. In conclusion, health informatics and patient safety in KSA is a critical issue. The Saudi government has implemented several initiatives to improve the quality of health informatics and patient safety in the country. Studies have demonstrated that the implementation of health informatics has resulted in improved patient safety, reduced costs, and improved quality of care. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of health informatics and patient safety in KSA and to assess how it can be further improved. 14 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the method that was used to search for research articles from the databases. The exclusion and inclusion criteria are then presented. Then, the chapter will present the methods in which results were analyzed which will be followed by a discussion of the ethical considerations that were observed for the study. 3.1 Systematic Review Approach This study employed a systematic review. The outcomes of this study were collected through a review of past studies. The systematic review approach is an innovative and comprehensive method for evaluating a body of evidence. This research study allowed the researcher to review and synthesize the evidence needed to make effective evidence-based decisions (Zawacki-Richter et al., 2021). Systematic reviews also provide comprehensive evidence for the given research question (Zawacki-Richter et al., 2021). The first step in this systematic process is the interpretation of a research question. This study focused on finding effective and comprehensive answers to the question focused in the most effective manner (Zawacki-Richter et al., 2021). Once the research question was formulated for the study, the next step was to search and identify the relevant literature from relevant databases (Zawacki-Richter et al., 2021). After the identification of the literature, the literature was then assessed to check the relevance of the data in answering the research question (Tawfik et al., 2019). The sources were reviewed and evaluated to ensure that all articles met the predetermined standards (Zawacki-Richter et al., 2021). With the help of the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 15 irrelevant articles, journals, articles, and papers, were extracted (Koym, 2020). JBI assessment and PRISMA analysis were also performed to ensure that only relevant studies were selected (Pigott & Polanin, 2019). The sources’ quality was also assessed, and sources that failed to reach the desired criteria were eliminated. 3.2 Data sources and search strategy This research project used three main search engines for the extraction of information – Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed. Various keywords were used to explore various health informatics and healthcare data analytics in healthcare management such as (health informatics technology OR e-health OR telehealth OR telemedicine OR m-health OR medical informatics) AND (healthcare OR health care OR health care administration OR healthcare administration) AND (KSA OR Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). (“impact*” OR “influence*” OR “effect*” OR “benefit*” OR “challenge*” OR “barrier*” OR “advantage*”) AND (health informatics technology OR e-health OR telehealth OR telemedicine OR m-health OR medical informatics) AND (healthcare OR health care OR health care administration OR healthcare administration) AND (KSA OR Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The selection of this information was made from extracting data from several journals that explain the management of healthcare of hospitals in KSA and other articles to ‘healthcare data analytics,’ “healthcare informatics,” and “healthcare management” in combination with “KSA” to better refine the search results (Dhivyalakshmi & Umamakeswari, 2018). The search strategy was developed to identify articles relevant to the research questions (Zawacki-Richter et al., 2021). A two-stage screening process was used to assess the eligibility of studies. In the first stage, titles and abstracts were assessed; in the second stage, full-text articles were assessed (Zawacki-Richter et al., 2021). Data extraction and quality assessment were 16 conducted on the included studies (Tawfik et al., 2019). The data were synthesized using a narrative approach to discuss the impact of health informatics technology on healthcare administration in KSA. In the second stage, full-text articles were assessed. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted on the included studies (Tawfik et al., 2019). After identifying the sources and collecting data, the next step was synthesizing the evidence (Tawfik et al., 2019). Data synthesis was done systematically by extracting the relevant information from each of the studies and then combining the collected information to create a better cohesive story (Tawfik et al., 2019). The data synthesis process includes summarizing the study results, comparing different results, and contrasting the collected results, and drawing conclusions based on the data findings (Tawfik et al., 2019). During this process, any gaps within the study were identified in the evidence (Tawfik et al., 2019(. 3.3 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 3.3.1 Inclusion Criteria 1. Years of publications: The research articles were selected from 2012 to 2022 as a part of this systematic review. 2. Studies included: a. Studies that focused on the impact of health informatics technology on the quality of healthcare administration in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. b. Studies that focused on the use of healthcare informatics and data analytics in hospitals of KSA. c. Studies that focused on implementing, using, and evaluating healthcare informatics and data analytics systems in hospitals of KSA. 3. Data sources: The primary data sources were PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. 17 4. Type of publications: Original studies were included . 5. Study design: Cross-sectional studies were included in this resreach. 6. Language of resources: Research articles published in English were included. 3.5.2 Exclusion Criteria 1. Studies that were not relevant and did not meet the inclusion criteria, such as before years of publication. 2. General case studies and conference papers were also excluded. 3. Studies that don’t have sufficient information. 4. Studies focused on other healthcare topics. 3.6 PRISMA Guidelines and JBI Assessment To thoroughly assess the role of healthcare informatics and data analytics in the management of hospitals in KSA, this study conducted a systematic study review utilizing both the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) assessment and PRISMA methodology. In this study, JBI assessment was used in analyzing the research methodology and PRISMA was used to extract any significant information and studies needed for the systematic review (Pigott & Polanin, 2019). PRISMA guideline is widely used in the selection of relevant studies and in the extraction of relevant data (Pigott & Polanin, 2019). PRISMA provides a set of standardized guidelines for reporting systematic reviews, meta-analyses and for reporting results (Page et al., 2021). The JBI assessment involves different steps in evaluating data through a series of literature searches before analyzing them (Dash et al., 2019). The review also included an assessment of the evidence to ensure only quality information and relevant literature is used in this study (Dash et al., 2019). 18 3.7 Ethical consideration Considering that this research will adopt the systematic review method, ethical consent will not be applicable. However, this systematic review was conducted in accordance with the principles of ethical research and follow established guidelines. The researchers ensured that the data used in their review is collected and reported ethically. 19 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND FINDINGS This chapter report the results of the study. The PRISMA flow diagram is presented, which shows the screening of the selected studies. The table of JBI checklist assessment is also presented. The findings of the chosen research are also reported. Evaluation for Systematic Review The article searches in the initial stages; from PubMed (886), Scopus (602)), and Google Scholar (400), 2628 article were obtained. The articles were screened for relevance to the topic of systematic review by eliminating 1886 articles that lacked abstracts. 64 articles out of the 1822 articles remaining were excluded via the evaluation of the keywords. Therefore, 8 articles contained keywords and they were included in the review. PRISMA flow diagram present that 8 research studies are chosen from the initial collection of 5933. 20 Figure 1: PRISMA Flow Diagram Based on PRISMA Guidelines of studies. Identification Identification of New studies Via Databases Records identified through Databases searching (n = 2628) PubMed (886), scopus (602) Google Scholar (400) Eligibility Screening Records after duplicate Removed. (n = 1886) Records Screened. (n = 64) Full-text articles assessed for eligibility (n = 48) Included Studies Included (n = 8) Studies Included in Systematic Review (n = 8) Records Excluded. (n = 1822) Records Excluded. (n = 16 Full text articles excluded with reasons being. (n = 40) Irrelevant outcomes (08) Out of scope (28) Irrelevant study design (04) 21 . 4.1 Data Extraction Tools (Critical Appraisal Checklist) Data was collected on strict exclusion and inclusion criteria to locate relevant studies using the following tools. With the help of this critical appraisal checklist (the JBI assessment), the evaluation criteria used for the study were displayed in table1. The 8-item checklist is a significant tool in this study that was used to analyze the 8 chosen research studies to analyze the impact of health informatics technology on the quality of health care administration in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The information collected from the JBI test was taken into consideration while doing the systematic review. After the PRISMA analysis, sources were deemed suitable and applicable for this study. The assessment criteria for the research is presented in the table1. Table 1: Critical Appraisal of Included studies (Cross-Sectional studies) Citations Q Q Q Q Q Q6 Q Q 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 Alduraywish et al., 2020 Y Y Y Y U U Y Y Al-dossary et al.(2021) N Y U U N U Y N Al-Kahtani et al. (2022) N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Alolayyan et al. (2020) Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Alsalman et al (2021). Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Batko & Ślęzak (2022) Y Y U Y N N Y Y Junaid et al (2022). Y Y U N U N N N A Khalifa, M (2013) U Y N Y* (Yes); N* (No); NA* (Not Applicable); U* (Unclear). U N U U N 22 The PRISMA Assessment carried out in the systematic review included only primary research studies which were considered appropriate and relevant for the research, scoring 100% on the JBI assessment. The score of the eight studies that were included from the JBI assessment depend on accuracy and credibility. 23 Table 2: Results for paper included in the systematic review of the impact of health informatics technology on the quality of health care administration in Kingdom of Saudi Arabi Author(s) Year of Title Major Findings Publication Alduraywish et 2020 al., A cross-sectional study of Having a reliable supply for health records is integral to construct sources of health information a sturdy basis of knowledge, in particular with the modern and their impacts on medical revolution of the internet and social media, which raises many knowledge perception among issues involving hazardous consequences on the population the Kingdom of Saudi Arabian health. population. Al-dossary et al. 2021 An overview information of health There are 16 universities and colleges across Saudi Arabia that management offer Health Information Management (HIM) programs. education in Saudi Arabia. Al-Kahtani et al. 2022 Digital health transformation Private healthcare facilities scored higher in digital health in Saudi Arabia: A cross- transformation indicators than public healthcare facilities. 24 sectional analysis using Healthcare Information and Management Society’s Systems digital health indicators. Alolayyan et al. 2020 Health information technology The findings in this study indicated that health information and hospital performance the technology (HIT) positively impacted hospital performance. The role of health information study also highlighted HIQ’s significant mediating role in quality in teaching hospitals. Alsalman et al. 2021 Implementation status improving the relationship between HIT and hospital performance. of Most hospitals in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia are health information systems in implementing health information systems (HIS) in stages. hospitals in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Batko & Ślęzak (2022) The use of Big Data Analytics Big Data Analytics drastically develops the operational efficiency in Healthcare of healthcare administration. 25 Junaid et al. 2022 Recent Advancements in Integration of IoT-assisted wearable sensors, AI, and Blockchain Emerging Technologies for technologies in healthcare has the potential to revolutionize the Healthcare Management healthcare industry by delivering more personalized and efficient Systems: A Survey. Khalifa, M. 2013 healthcare. Barriers to health information to become aware of barriers recognised by various healthcare systems medical and electronic workers to the adoption of EMRs in order to supply records recommendation on useful action and preferences implementation. A field study of Kingdom of Saudi Arabian hospitals. 26 Results Alduraywish, et al., (2020) investigated the different sources the Saudi population accessed as they sought health information and how much they trust such sources. In addition, they examined how the sources influenced people’s views regarding medical knowledge, as well as health decisionmaking. To meet these objectives, the authors carried out a cross-sectional study that included 413 participants .The researchers found that doctors were highly trusted and the choice of most people in search of health information (Alduraywish, et al., 2020). Other trusted sources of health information were pharmacists whom less than half of the population consult when seeking health education or making health decisions. The study revealed that people seek health information from internet sources. On the other hand, they have little or no trust in social media and internet searches (Alduraywish, et al., 2020). Many people seek information online: slightly less than half of the population considers different sources helpful, however, doctors remain their choice when it comes to health information and decision-making (Alduraywish, et al., 2020). In conclusion, doctors were found to be highly preferred as trusted sources of health education. They have the greatest impact compared to other sources when it comes to making health-related decisions. Many people use online sources too. Such sources improve people’s knowledge regarding health. However, they do not trust traditional medicine, the internet, as well as social media as they trust physicians. According to Al-dossary et al. (2021), the impact of health informatics technology can help to improve the efficiency of healthcare administration by providing access to accurate and up-to-date patient records. It can also improve communication between healthcare providers and patients and help in reducing medical errors. Further, Al-dossary et al. (2021) stated that Health Information 27 Management (HIM) programs in Saudi Arabia are better established at the undergraduate level than at the postgraduate level. This suggests that there is a need for more postgraduate programs to ensure a steady supply of highly skilled HIM professionals in KSA. The article also stated that it is important to systematically monitor trends in healthcare technology and the healthcare industry to identify the level and types of skills required by these professionals (Al-dossary et al., 2021). Therefore, it can be concluded that health informatics technology is having a significant impact on the healthcare administration in KSA, as it is increasingly being used to streamline and improve the efficiency of healthcare services. According to Al-dossary et al. (2021), the barriers to adopting health informatics technology in health care administration in KSA are mainly due to inadequate HIM training and a lack of knowledge about emerging health informatics technologies (Al-dossary et al., 2021). Moreover, the limited number of universities and colleges offering HIM programs, and the lack of postgraduate HIM programs, further contribute to this barrier. Also, the rapid advancement of health informatics technology and the changing needs of the healthcare industry require continuous training and updating of skills, which may not be possible with the current HIM programs. This can be a potential barrier to the wide-scale adoption of health informatics technology in healthcare administration in KSA. Al-Kahtani et al. (2022) indicated that health informatics technology has had a positive impact on healthcare administration in Saudi Arabia. The study found that private healthcare facilities scored higher in digital health transformation indicators, suggesting that they were more ready for digital health transformation as part of the Saudi Vision 2030 (Al-Kahtani et al., 2022). The governance and workforce dimension were the most implemented among the healthcare facilities in the study, indicating that healthcare administration is taking steps to prepare for digital transformation. 28 Furthermore, the study found that tertiary hospitals scored the least in digital transformation readiness, suggesting that more effort is needed to improve the digital health infrastructure in the country (Al-Kahtani et al., 2022). Therefore, the findings from the article suggest that health informatics technology is being used in KSA to varying degrees, but there is room for improvement. The government should work to create a strategic action plan to improve digital health transformation and increase the utilization of health informatics technology in healthcare administration (Al-Kahtani et al., 2022). This could help to improve patient outcomes, increase the efficiency of healthcare operations, and create a more effective healthcare system in KSA. Al-Kahtani et al. (2022) highlighted several barriers to adopting health informatics technology in healthcare administration in Saudi Arabia. Firstly, the lack of adequate governance and workforce was reported to be the major obstacle to digital health transformation. This is because the lack of governance and workforce inhibits the flow of information and the ability to effectively use digital health technologies (Al-Kahtani et al., 2022). Secondly, the lack of interoperability was also reported to be a barrier. Interoperability is the ability of different digital systems to communicate and share information, and this is essential for the effective use of health informatics (Al-Kahtani et al., 2022). Thirdly, the lack of predictive analytics was also reported to be a barrier. This is because predictive analytics are used to identify patterns and trends in healthcare data, and this is essential for providing efficient and accurate health services. Finally, the lack of investment in health informatics technology was also reported to be a barrier. This is because the cost of implementing health informatics technology can be quite high, and without sufficient investment, healthcare organizations may not be able to take advantage of its benefits. The findings of Alolayyan et al. (2020) discussed that the use of Health Information Technology (HIT) Health Information Quality (HIQ) have had a positive impact on the health care 29 administration in KSA. The studies showed that the use of HIT/HIQ had improved the quality of health care services, with improved patient outcomes and increased clinician adherence to evidence-based guidelines. Additionally, the use of HIT/HIQ has been found to reduce costs and improve the efficiency of healthcare services (Alolayyan et al.,2020). The results of this review suggest that HIT/HIQ can be beneficial for health care administration in KSA. However, further research is needed to better understand the impact of HIT/HIQ on-health care administration in KSA. According to Alolayyan et al. (2020), the impact of health informatics technology on the health care administration in KSA is still limited due to a lack of dedicated financial resources and professional competency. However, the implementation of HIT systems could be beneficial in many forms, such as EMR which could help improve the efficiency and quality of care while reducing costs. With the right strategies and plans in place, KSA could become more competitive in the HIT field and could benefit from the many advantages of health informatics technology. The results of Alolayyan et al. (2020) showed that there had been several studies conducted in KSA that have investigated the use of health informatics technology for various purposes. These studies have found that the use of health informatics technology has been widely adopted in KSA, with a particular focus on the use of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) and Clinical Decision Support (CDS) systems. Furthermore, studies have found that the use of health informatics technology has been associated with improved patient safety, increased efficiency and accuracy in medical records, and better communication between healthcare professionals (Alolayyan et al.,2020). However, there were also reports of inadequate user training, inadequate technical support, and a lack of shared standards for data exchange between systems. The findings of this systematic review suggest that while health informatics technology is being increasingly used in 30 health care administration in KSA, there is a need for greater investment in terms of user training and technical support, as well as greater standardization of data exchange between systems. The findings of Alsalman et al. (2021) suggest that the implementation of Health Information Systems (HIS) in hospitals in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia is promising, with most of the functions related to patient information, such as electronic clinical documentation and viewing results being fully implemented in most of the hospitals. This has had a significant impact on healthcare administration in KSA, as HIS can streamline operations, increase operational efficiency, and reduce operational costs, especially in relation to the management of electronic health records (Alsalman et al., 2021). Furthermore, the bar-coding functions were also found to be fully implemented in most of the hospitals, allowing for better tracking and management of materials and supplies. HIS also provided decision support which can be used to aid healthcare professionals in making decisions (Alsalman et al., 2021). Finally, HIS can also be used to facilitate better communication and coordination between healthcare providers and other stakeholders. In conclusion, the implementation and adoption of HIS in KSA have had a positive impact on healthcare administration, providing numerous benefits, including improved efficiency and decision-making. According to Alsalman et al. (2021), health informatics technology is being used in healthcare administration in KSA, though to varying degrees. The article found that 67% of HIS were purchased, 28% were developed in-house, and 2% were provided by other sources (Alsalman et al., 2021). Most hospitals had fully implemented electronic clinical documentation and resulted viewing functions, while around half had fully implemented or not implemented decision support functions. Additionally, most bar-coding functions were fully implemented in many of the hospitals, with the exception of the supply chain function, which was not available in 44% of the 31 hospitals’ sources (Alsalman et al., 2021). Thus, it appears that while health informatics technology is being used in healthcare administration in KSA, there is still room for improvement in terms of the frequency of usage and the extent of implementation. Alsalman et al. (2021) indicates that there are still some barriers to the adoption of health informatics technology in health care administration in KSA. For instance, the article mentioned that only half of the functions in the decision support category were either fully implemented or not implemented in the majority of hospitals. Furthermore, the supply chain function, which is an important aspect of health informatics technology, was not available in 44% of the hospitals (Alsalman et al., 2021). Additionally, the article mentioned that health information systems are still being implemented in stages in hospitals, suggesting that there are still some challenges in terms of developing and/or acquiring the necessary health informatics technology (Alsalman et al., 2021). Finally, there may be a lack of awareness among healthcare professionals and other stakeholders regarding the potential of health informatics technology to improve healthcare administration, which may be a barrier to its adoption. The findings of Batko & Ślęzak (2022) suggested that massive information Analytics in healthcare is the usage of data mining, device learning and other analytical techniques to the massive amount of data gathered in healthcare care sector. This data is used to detect insights and traits that can assist healthcare institution develop their services and make extra knowledgeable decision. According to Batko & Ślęzak (2022), the data analytics provides evidence-based insights that can help organizations make informed decisions, reducing the risk of errors and enhancing overall efficiency. By analyzing large volumes of data, decision-makers can identify patterns and trends, enabling them to make more accurate predictions and better strategic choices. This, in turn, leads to Increased competitiveness and growth. Predictive analytics plays a crucial role in healthcare 32 decision-making, particularly in areas such as patient care, resource allocation, and policy development (Batko & Ślęzak ,2022). In the context of the Saudi Arabian health policy domain, predictive analytics can be applied in various ways to enhance healthcare outcomes and contribute to better public health. Predictive analytics can be used to identify at-risk populations and implement preventive measures, reducing the prevalence of chronic diseases and enhancing overall public health (Batko & Ślęzak ,2022). By analyzing historical data, such as electronic health records and demographic information, healthcare providers can identify patterns and trends related to the occurrence of specific diseases, enabling targeted interventions to prevent the onset or progression of these conditions. The results of Batko & Ślęzak (2022) showed that data analytics can assist organizations in managing risk more effectively by identifying potential threats and vulnerabilities, allowing for the implementation of proactive measures to reduce exposure and mitigate potential negative impacts. For example, financial institutions can leverage data analytics to assess credit risk and make more informed lending decisions, reducing the likelihood of default. This can result in better patient care, reduced waiting times, and more efficient use of available resources. For example, predictive models can be used to forecast patient admissions and discharges, allowing healthcare facilities to plan staffing and resource requirements accordingly. As a result, adopting data analytics and predictive analytics in various sectors, including healthcare, can pave the way for more effective, efficient, and evidence-based decision-making processes, ultimately leading to the quality and betterment of organizations and communities. Junaid et al. (2022) discussed how the application of emerging technologies in healthcare management systems, such as smart sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain technologies, has the potential to improve healthcare delivery. This can positively impact the health care administration in KSA by enabling more personalized and cost- 33 effective care, as well as better data collection and analysis (Junaid et al., 2022). For instance, IoTassisted wearable sensors, AI, and blockchain technologies can provide insight into the patient’s health, allowing administrators to better manage medical conditions and improve patient outcomes. Additionally, the use of AI and blockchain technologies can improve the accuracy and security of medical records, thus providing administrators with better data and evidence-based decision-making (Junaid et al., 2022). Thus, these technologies are expected to have a wideranging impact on health care administration in KSA, allowing administrators to better understand and manage the health care system while providing better patient care. Junaid et al. (2022) state that health informatics technology, such as IoT-assisted wearable sensors, AI, and Blockchain, is increasingly being used in healthcare administration in KSA. The article states that the recent advancements in healthcare delivery have given many patients access to personalized healthcare and that these emerging technologies are helping to seamlessly integrate these new advancements into the healthcare management system (Junaid et al., 2022). The article also states that these technologies are helping to improve patient care and provide a more comprehensive and cost-effective approach to health care administration. Furthermore, the article mentioned that these technologies are helping to address key issues such as data security, costeffectiveness, interoperability, and accuracy of medical sensors (Junaid et al., 2022). In conclusion, the article suggests that health informatics technology is helping to improve healthcare administration in KSA by providing a more comprehensive, cost-effective, and secure approach to healthcare management. The current strategies used to optimize the use of health informatics technology for healthcare administration in KSA, as indicated by Junaid et al. (2022), include the use of smart sensors, the internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain technologies. Smart sensors are 34 used to collect and analyze patient data, while IoT is used to connect various devices and systems. AI is used to automate processes, such as data analytics and decision-making, and blockchain is used to ensure secure data storage and transmission (Junaid et al., 2022). These emerging technologies are used together to create a personalized healthcare management system (HMS) that provides more efficient, cost-effective, and accurate healthcare delivery. To further optimize the use of health informatics technology for health care administration in KSA, the article suggests addressing issues such as the scarcity of affordable and accurate medical sensors, the heterogeneity of connected devices, the multidimensionality of data generated, and the high demand for interoperability (Junaid et al., 2022). By utilizing these strategies, KSA can optimize its healthcare management system and ensure patient safety and satisfaction. Khalifa (2013) examined the barriers that healthcare facilities face in their efforts to adopt health information and systems and Electronic Medical Records. The aim was to propose beneficial actions, as well as options for the matter. Factors found to hinder the implementation of EMRs were human barriers, technical barriers, professional barriers, organizational barriers, legal barriers, and financial barriers (Khalifa, 2013). The researchers did not identify any confounding factors; however, they identified numerous independent variables that influence the implementation of EMRs. One confounding factor that was not identified was competition. Competition can affect the implementation of EMRs in healthcare facilities as facilities attempt to become relevant and reputable. The authors took measures to address the impact of confounding factors by taking into consideration as many variables as possible: they considered possibly everything that affects the dependent variable. According to Khalifa, M. (2013), the most common barriers identified were lack of awareness, technical challenges, cultural preferences, and financial constraints. Lack of awareness was the 35 most frequently reported barrier, with several studies indicating that healthcare administrators have limited knowledge of the available technologies and their potential benefits. Technical challenges included inadequate infrastructure, difficulty with data integration, and lack of technical expertise. Cultural preferences were also a major barrier, with traditional practices and beliefs often inhibiting the adoption of new technologies. Financial constraints were identified as a major barrier, with healthcare administrators citing the lack of resources and budget constraints as major impediments to implementation. 36 CHAPTER V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion The findings of this research work indicated that the impact of health informatics technology on the health care administration in KSA is largely positive (Alotaibi & Federico, 2017). Evidence suggests that health information technology can reduce medication errors, adverse drug reactions and improve compliance with practice guidelines. These benefits can lead to improved patient safety and better healthcare quality. Additionally, health information technology can improve practice efficiencies, facilitate care coordination, and enable better tracking of data over time (Alotaibi & Federico, 2017). However, healthcare organizations should be selective in which technology to invest in, as literature shows that some technologies have limited evidence in improving patient safety outcomes (Alotaibi & Federico, 2017). Additionally, the article states that studies have shown that health information technology can improve patient outcomes by reducing medication errors, reducing adverse drug reactions, and improving compliance with practice guidelines (Alotaibi & Federico, 2017). Therefore, the main barrier to adopting health informatics technology in health care administration in KSA may be the cost associated with implementation, as well as the lack of evidence for some technologies in improving patient safety outcomes. The findings of this research work are supported by the study conducted by Binkheder et al. (2021) which suggested that health informatics technology has had a positive impact on healthcare administration in KSA. According to the analysis, the HI field has grown significantly in the past two decades, with most publications categorized as “digitally enabled care” and “digital health foundations.” The most common keywords were “medical informatics”(Binkheder et al., 2021). These findings suggest that HI technology has been adopted to support clinical, consumer, and public health informatics, as well as to improve data exchange and interoperability, artificial intelligence, and intelligent health enterprises. 37 At the same time, Binkheder et al. (2021) indicated that KSA is investing in the development of e-Health initiatives, which are aimed at improving the utilization of HI technology in healthcare administration. This could be beneficial for advancing the field, as well as for improving the quality of health care delivery in KSA. Furthermore, the authors suggested that data exchange and interoperability, artificial intelligence, and intelligent health enterprises may be potential areas of future research in KSA. In addition, Binkheder et al. (2021) stated that health informatics technology is currently being used in various ways within health care administration in KSA. According to Binkheder et al. (2021), the majority of publications (73%) dealt with clinical informatics, which included medical informatics (85.1%), pharmacy informatics (5.6%), nursing informatics (6.8%), and dental informatics (2.3%). Additionally, 22% of publications dealt with consumer health informatics, and 4.5% of publications dealt with public health informatics (Binkheder et al., 2021). Furthermore, when analyzing the publications based on the Ministry of Health’s (MOH’s) “digital health journey” framework, the majority of publications were categorized as “digitally enabled care” and “digital health foundations.” This means that health informatics technology is being used to improve the delivery of healthcare, enhance patient safety, and provide better access to healthcare (Binkheder et al., 2021). Health informatics technology is also being used to improve data collection and data sharing, as well as to enable the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare. As such, health informatics technology is playing a major role in health care administration in KSA. The findings of this research work suggested that the HI field in Saudi Arabia is still in its infancy, with only 11 publications between 2000-2009 and 230 publications between 2010-2019. This indicates that the field is still developing and may not yet have the resources and infrastructure necessary to successfully implement health informatics technology in healthcare administration. Additionally, the article notes that most of the publications were categorized as “digitally enabled care” and “digital health foundations,” implying that there is still a need for further development in these areas in order to facilitate the adoption of health informatics technology (Binkheder et al., 2021). Furthermore, the article suggests that data exchange and interoperability, artificial intelligence, and intelligent health enterprises are potential future research directions in Saudi Arabia, implying that research in these areas may be needed in order to support the successful 38 adoption of health informatics technology in healthcare administration in KSA (Binkheder et al., 2021). In conclusion, it appears that lack of resources, infrastructure, and research are potential barriers to adopting health informatics technology in healthcare administration in KSA. In addition, Binkheder et al. (2021) stated that the adoption of health informatics technology in health care administration in KSA has seen a significant increase in recent years. However, there are still several barriers that need to be addressed in order to ensure its successful implementation. Firstly, there is a lack of awareness among healthcare providers and administrators about the benefits and implications of health informatics technology. This could lead to a lack of understanding of the technology and how it can be used to improve patient care. Secondly, there is a lack of skilled personnel who can effectively implement and manage the technology. This could lead to inadequate use of the technology and a resulting lack of efficiency in health care. Thirdly, there is a lack of sufficient funding to support the implementation of health informatics technology (Binkheder et al., 2021). This can make it difficult for healthcare providers and administrators to take advantage of the technology and its benefits. Finally, there is a need for more research to be done on the impact of health informatics technology to ensure that it is being used in the most effective and efficient manner. These barriers needs to be addressed in order to ensure that health informatics technology is successfully adopted and implemented in KSA. At the same time, Binkheder et al. (2021) discussed that the current strategies used to optimize the use of health informatics technology for health care administration in KSA are outlined in the Ministry of Health’s (MOH’s) “digital health journey” framework. The framework consists of three components: “digitally enabled care,” “digital health foundations,” and “intelligent health enterprises” (Binkheder et al., 2021). The digitally enabled care component focuses on enhancing patient access, safety, and quality; improving clinical decision-making; and providing data-driven insights. The digital health foundations component focuses on data exchange and interoperability, data security and privacy, and developing standards and best practices. The intelligent health enterprise component focuses on leveraging artificial intelligence, predictive analytics, and machine learning ((Binkheder et al., 2021). Additionally, Binkheder et al. (2021) suggest that future research directions in KSA should focus on data exchange and interoperability, artificial intelligence, and intelligent health enterprises. These strategies are aimed 39 at improving patient access, safety, and quality, improving clinical decision-making, and providing data-driven insights. While another study by Alsadan et al. (2015) suggested that there is a lack of dedicated financial resources and professional competency in the implementation of HIT systems within Saudi Arabia. Additionally, public hospitals in the country are not utilizing IT properly, while private hospitals lack sufficient funds for implementation. Alotaibi & Federico (2017) argued that there are reports of various health information technologies being implemented in some hospitals, such as electronic physician’s orders (CPOE), clinical decision support (CDS), E-prescribing, electronic sign-out, and hand-off tools, bar code medication administration (BCMA), smart pumps, automated medication dispensing cabinets (ADC), electronic medication administration record (eMAR), patient data management systems (PDMS), retained surgical items detectors, patient electronic portals, telemedicine, and electronic incident reporting (Alotaibi & Federico, 2017). However, there is still a need to further evaluate the impact of these technologies on patient safety and outcomes. While the barriers to adopting health informatics technology in health care administration in KSA include a lack of dedicated financial resources, professional incompetency, a lack of professional utilization of IT in public hospitals, and insufficient funds for private hospitals to implement HIT (Alsadan et al., 2015). Additionally, there are cultural barriers, such as a lack of awareness and acceptance of HIT among healthcare professionals and patients. In addition, Alsadan et al. (2015) discussed that the current strategies used to optimize the use of health informatics technology for health care administration in KSA include the implementation of telemedicine, electronic medical records (EMR), and e-health systems. Additionally, there is a need for increased financial resources and professional competency to ensure the successful implementation of HIT systems. The government should also develop strategic plans to overcome the financial and cultural barriers that may prevent the successful implementation of HIT systems (Alsadan et al., 2015). Finally, research centers should be encouraged and supported to promote scientific research in this field. The findings of this research work are supported by the study conducted by Al-Kahtani et al. (2022) who stated that in the Eastern Province of KSA, private healthcare facilities scored higher in digital health transformation indicators, such as person-enabled health, predictive analytics, governance and workforce, and interoperability. Specifically, the governance and 40 workforce dimensions were the most implemented among the healthcare facilities in the study. The article also found that tertiary hospitals scored the least in digital transformation readiness compared to primary and secondary healthcare facilities (Al-Kahtani et al., 2022). In addition, Al-Kahtani et al. (2022) discussed that the current strategies used to optimize the use of health informatics technology for healthcare administration in KSA. The study found that the highest total scores for digital health transformation were reported in private healthcare facilities, while the dimension that was least frequently implemented was predictive analytics (AlKahtani et al., 2022). To optimize the use of health informatics technology in KSA, healthcare facilities should focus on the predictive analytics dimension and ensure that it is adequately implemented. Additionally, they should prioritize initiatives such as person-enabled health, governance, workforce, and interoperability to enable the digital transformation of healthcare. Furthermore, Al-Kahtani et al. (2022) concluded that tertiary hospitals scored the least in digital transformation readiness, which suggested the need for increased investment in digital health technology in these hospitals. Finally, this study highlights the importance of creating a strategic action plan for digital health transformation in KSA, which should include initiatives to support healthcare providers in using health informatics technology. The literature indicates that there are a number of barriers to the adoption of health informatics technology in KSA. These include a lack of awareness of available technologies, technical challenges, cultural preferences, and financial constraints. To ensure the successful adoption of health informatics technology, steps should be taken to address these barriers, such as providing more training and education on the available technologies, improving infrastructure and data integration, and increasing resources and funding for implementation. While another study by Jamal et al. (2009) discussed that the strategies used to optimize the use of health informatics technology for health care administration in KSA include: the development of a national health information system, the implementation of electronic health records, the use of decision support systems; the adoption of evidence-based practice guidelines; the development of telemedicine services; the promotion of health information exchange; the adoption of e-prescribing systems; and the use of mobile health applications. The findings of this review suggest that these strategies can be effective in improving the quality of healthcare services in KSA. 41 5.2 LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This systematic review was limited to articles for three databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Secondly, the systematic review was limited to articles published in English, which may have excluded important articles published in other languages. Additionally, the search results from the three databases did not consider grey literature, such as reports from government bodies and organizations, which may have provided additional information on the topic. Another limitation of this study is the potential for publication bias. While collecting data, the studies with positive results were published more than those studies with negative results. This bias can affect the validity of the results and limit the generalizability of the findings to other settings. Based on the systematic review of the role of healthcare informatics and healthcare data analytics in healthcare management in hospitals of KSA, several general recommendations and areas for future research can be identified (Alasiri & Mohammed, 2022). Firstly, it is crucial for hospitals in KSA to prioritize the implementation of healthcare informatics and healthcare data analytics systems in order to improve the quality and efficiency of patient care. To achieve this, healthcare providers should focus on providing healthcare professionals adequate support and training to ensure that they effectively use the organization’s technological systems. Secondly, there also a need to conduct further research to explore the impact of healthcare informatics and healthcare data analytics on specific clinical outcomes (Abraham et al., 2022). Such studies will provide valuable insights into the specific effectiveness of the informatics in improving the quality of care. Thirdly, the role of stakeholders, including healthcare administrators, providers, and patients, should also be considered in the implementation and adoption of healthcare informatics and healthcare data analytics (Abraham et al., 2022). Finally, it is recommended that future studies should focus more on evaluating the long-term impact of technology on health management on private hospitals in KSA. These studies should also explore the potential of technology and any further improvement and innovation needed. In order to optimize the use of health informatics technology for healthcare administration in KSA, it is recommended that the government should provide increased financial resources and professional competency to ensure the successful implementation of HIT systems. Furthermore, there should be increased investment in user training and technical support, as well as greater 42 standardization of data exchange between systems. The government should also develop strategic plans to overcome the financial and cultural barriers that may prevent the successful implementation of HIT systems. Additionally, research centers should be encouraged and supported to promote scientific research in this field. 5.3 CONCLUSION Summarily, Big data analytics is revolutionizing the traditional way in which hospitals in Saudi Arabia were managed. Hospitals are now able to find valuable insights needed to improve patient care and to improve their operational efficiency. By leveraging those data-driven insights, private hospitals can now identify opportunities needed to improve patient outcomes and to optimize operational performance. Generally, this study concluded that the adoption of technology was not a linear process, and different health organizations in KSA often faced various challenges such as data security, integration issues, arrogance, lack of sufficient technological knowledge, negative attitudes and data governance. 43 References Alasiri, A. A., & Mohammed, V. (2022). Healthcare Transformation in Saudi Arabia: An Overview Since the Launch of Vision 2030. Health Services Insights, 15, 117863292211212. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786329221121214. Al Kuwaiti, A., Al Muhanna, F. A., & Al Amri, S. (2018). Implementation of digital health technology at academic medical centers in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Oman medical journal, 33(5), 367. Doi:10.5001/omj.2018.69 Aldosari, B. (2014). Rates, levels, and determinants of electronic health record system adoption: A study of hospitals in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International journal of medical informatics, 83(5), 330–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2014.01.006 Aldosari, B., Al-Mansour, S., Aldosari, H., & Alanazi, A. (2018). Assessment of factors influencing nurses’ acceptance of electronic medical record in a Kingdom of Saudi Arabia hospital. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 10, 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2017.12.007 Al-dossary, H., Alumran, A., Al-rayes, S., Althumairi, A., Aljanoubai, H., Alhuseini, M., … & Alanzi, T. (2021). An overview of health information management education in Saudi Arabia. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 23, 100530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2021.100530 Alduraywish, S. A., Altamimi, L. A., Aldhuwayhi, R. A., AlZamil, L. R., Alzeghayer, L. Y., Alsaleh, F. S., … & Tharkar, S. (2020). A cross-sectional study of sources of health information and their impacts on medical knowledge perception among the Kingdom of Saudi Arabian population. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(3), e14414. https://doi.org/10.2196/14414 44 Alharbi, A., Alzuwaed, J., & Qasem, H. (2021). Evaluation of e-health (Seha) application: a crosssectional study in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. BMC medical informatics and decision making, 21(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01437-6 Al-Kahtani, N., Alrawiai, S., Al-Zahrani, B. M., Abumadini, R. A., Aljaffary, A., Hariri, B., … & Alumran, A. (2022). Digital health transformation in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional analysis using Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society’digital health indicators. Digital Health, 8, 20552076221117742. Doi: 10.1177/20552076221117742 Alolayyan, M. N., Alyahya, M. S., Alalawin, A. H., Shoukat, A., & Nusairat, F. T. (2020). Health information technology and hospital performance the role of health information quality in teaching hospitals. Heliyon, 6(10), e05040. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020318831 Alotaibi, Y. K., & Federico, F. (2017). The impact of health information technology on patient safety. Saudi medical journal, 38(12), 1173. https://doi.org/10.15537%2Fsmj.2017.12.20631 Alsadan, M., EL METWALLY, A., Anna, A. L. I., Jamal, A., Khalifa, M., & Househ, M. (2015). Health information technology (HIT) in Arab countries: a systematic review study on HIT progress. Journal of Health Informatics in Developing Countries, 9(2). https://jhidc.org/index.php/jhidc/article/view/138 Alsalman, D., Alumran, A., Alrayes, S., Althumairi, A., Alrawiai, S., Alakrawi, Z., … & Alanzi, T. (2021). Implementation status of health information systems in hospitals in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 22, 100499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2020.100499 45 Alshahrani, A., Stewart, D., & MacLure, K. (2019). A systematic review of the adoption and acceptance of eHealth stakeholders. International in Kingdom journal of of Saudi medical Arabia: Views informatics, pp. of multiple 128, 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.05.007 Basit, M. A., Lehmann, C. U., & Medford, R. J. (2021). Managing Pandemics with Health Informatics: Successes and Challenges. Yearbook of Medical Informatics, 30(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726478 Batko, K., & Ślęzak, A. (2022). The use of Big Data Analytics in healthcare. Journal of Big Data, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00553-4 Binkheder, S., Aldekhyyel, R., & Almulhem, J. (2021). Health informatics publication trends in Saudi Arabia: a bibliometric analysis over the last twenty-four years. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA, 109(2), 219. https://doi.org/10.5195%2Fjmla.2021.1072 Dash, S., Shakyawar, S. K., Sharma, M., & Kaushik, S. (2019). Big data in healthcare: management, analysis and future prospects. Journal of Big Data, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-019-0217-0 Dhivyalakshmi, S., & Umamakeswari, A. (2018). THE ROLE OF BIG DATA ANALYTICS IN HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 115(7). https://acadpubl.eu/jsi/2017-115-6-7/articles/7/5.pdf 46 Jamal, A., McKenzie, K., & Clark, M. (2009). The impact of health information technology on the quality of medical and health care: a systematic review. Health Information Management Journal, 38(3), 26-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/183335830903800305 Jamal, A., Khan, S. A., AlHumud, A., Al-Duhyyim, A., Alrashed, M., Shabr, F. B., … & Qureshi, R. (2015). Association of online health information–seeking behavior and self-care activities among type 2 diabetic patients in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of medical Internet research, 17(8), e4312. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4312 Junaid, S. B., Imam, A. A., Balogun, A. O., De Silva, L. C., Surakat, Y. A., Kumar, G., … & Mahamad, S. (2022, October). Recent Advancements in Emerging Technologies for Healthcare Management Systems: A Survey. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 10, p. 1940). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101940 Khalifa, M. (2013). Barriers to health information systems and electronic medical records implementation. A field study of Kingdom of Saudi Arabian hospitals. Procedia Computer Science, 21, 335-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.044 Koym, K. (2020). LibGuides: Systematic Reviews : Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Libguides.sph.uth.tmc.edu. https://libguides.sph.uth.tmc.edu/SystematicReviews/InclusionAndExclusion#:~:text=Inc lusion%20criteria%20is%20everything%20a 47 Kumar, S., & Singh, M. (2018). Big data analytics for healthcare industry: impact, applications, and tools. Big data mining and analytics, 2(1), 48-57. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8486794/ Lee, C., Osaka-U, L., Luo, Z., Nus, Z., Sg, Yuan, K., Kee, N., Zhang, M., Sg, Z., Cn, Luen, W., Yip, J., & Yip@nuhs, J. (2018). Big Healthcare Data Analytics: Challenges and Applications. https://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~ooibc/healthcarechapter.pdf Marar, S. D., Al-Madaney, M. M., & Almousawi, F. H. (2019). Health information on social media.: Perceptions, attitudes, and practices of patients and their companions. Saudi medical journal, 40(12), 1294. https://doi.org/10.15537%2Fsmj.2019.12.24682 Munn, Z., Aromataris, E., Tufanaru, C., Stern, C., Porritt, K., Farrow, J., Lockwood, C., Stephenson, M., Moola, S., Lizarondo, L., McArthur, A., Peters, M., Pearson, A., & Jordan, Z. (2018). The development of software to support multiple systematic review types. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 1. https://doi.org/10.1097/xeb.0000000000000152 Munn, Z., Dias, M., Tufanaru, C., Porritt, K., Stern, C., Jordan, Z., Aromataris, E., & Pearson, A. (2021). The “quality” of JBI qualitative research synthesis: a methodological investigation into the adherence of meta-aggregative systematic reviews to reporting standards and methodological guidance. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 19(5), 1119–1139. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbies-20-00364 Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, 48 J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., & McGuinness, L. A. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643021-01626-4 Panchenko, L., & Samovilova, N. (2020). Secondary data analysis in educational research: opportunities for PhD students. SHS Web of Conferences, 75, 04005. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207504005 Pigott, T. D., & Polanin, J. R. (2019). Methodological Guidance Paper: High-Quality MetaAnalysis in a Systematic Review. Review of Educational Research, 90(1), 24–46. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319877153 Rahman, R., & Alsharqi, O. Z. (2019). What drove the health system reforms in the Kingdom of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia? An analysis. The International journal of health planning and management, 34(1), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2584 Ranganathan, P., & Aggarwal, R. (2020). Study designs: Part 7 – Systematic reviews. Perspectives in Clinical Research, 11(2), 97. https://doi.org/10.4103/picr.picr_84_20 Tawfik, G. M., Dila, K. A. S., Mohamed, M. Y. F., Tam, D. N. H., Kien, N. D., Ahmed, A. M., & Huy, N. T. (2019). A step by step guide for conducting a systematic review and metaanalysis with simulation data. Tropical https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-019-0165-6 Medicine and Health, 47(1), 1–9. 49 Zawacki-Richter, O., Kerres, M., Bedenlier, S., Bond, M., & Katja. (2021). Systematic Reviews in Educational Research Methodology, Perspectives https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/01d50f78-5cbf-4526-8107b8b66fd5cc6d/1007012.pdf and Application.

Collepals.com Plagiarism Free Papers

Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we'll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.

Get ZERO PLAGIARISM, HUMAN WRITTEN ESSAYS

Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper?

Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials.

We write plagiarism Free Content

Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties.

Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.

Healthcare Administration Report

Related Posts

Digestive system

Campaign Brief assistance

The Professional Development Plan: Digital Citizenship