Describe the evolution of written notes during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.? Use at least THREE music terms about notation from these chapters with a description and exp
Describe the evolution of written notes during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Use at least THREE music terms about notation from these chapters with a description and explanation on how those figures work. 1 (four hundred wrd)
The validity of the Catholic Church was questioned by individuals who began movements to form new types of religions. Discuss the THREE religions that were formed from this period and THREE pieces of music that were discussed in the PowerPoint. Discuss how those pieces were unique and exemplified that religion.
2 separate question
Unit 1 – Lecture 2 Renaissance Era
MUSI 1307 – Music Lit
In this Lecture, we will cover…
Renaissance Era (1400-1600)
Historical context
Music Developments
Music in England (15th century)
Music of Burgundy
Franco-Flemish Composers
Madrigals & Secular songs (16th century)
Sacred Music of the Reformation
Instrumental Music
Renaissance Era (1400-1600) – Historical Context
1347
Black Death (killed large percent of population)
1431
Joan of Arc executed
1455
Gutenberg press invented & Gutenberg Bible is published
1469
Lorenzo de Medici becomes head of city-state in Florence (Rise of the Medici family)
1485
Henry VIII becomes King of England (beginning House of Tudor)
1492
Columbus discovers America
1495
Leonardo da Vinci paints “Last Supper”
1512
Michelangelo paints the Sistene Chapel
1517
Martin Luther published 95 Theses criticizing Catholic practices
1534
Henry VIII separates Church of England from Church of Rome to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn
1558
Elizabeth I becomes Queen of England
1599
Shakespeare begins writing many great plays
1610
Galileo discovers the moons of Jupiter
Humanism – Petrarch
Religion – Protestant Reformation
Medici family of Florence – translated Plato’s works into Latin
Science & mathematics – Leonardo Da Vinci
Art – focused on experiences
Visual art becomes more realistic, 3 dimensional, focus on depth, skin texture.
Panel from 1337
Painting from 1480
Music Developments
In 15th and 16th centuries, court chapels were growing
Court Musicians served in
(1) the chapel,
(2) the chamber of the King
(3) at public court for events & ceremonies.
Choir schools
Mobility for musicians
Major centers for training musicians
In 15th century, 4 voice texture
In 16th century, 5 voice texture
Equality in all voices
New approaches to musical texture:
Imitative Counterpoint
Homophony
Tuning systems
equal temperament
Chromaticism for expression
Music printing
Looking ahead
I. Music in England
II. Music in Burgundy
III. Polyphonic Mass
IV. Franco-Flemish Composers
V. Madrigals & Secular Songs
VI. Sacred Music of the Reformation
VII. Instrumental Music
I. Music in England (15th Century)
Unique sound – countenance angloise – frequent use of 3rds & 6ths in parallel motion
NEW IDEA: put the chant in the middle voice (farburden)
John Dunstable (ca. 1390-1453)–3-voice sacred works
LISTENING #5 – John Dunstable: Quam pulchra es
II. Music in Burgundy (modern Belgium & northeastern France)
Largest chapels
Sang mostly secular chansons (French texts), motets and settings from Masses
2 main composers:
Gilles de Bins, known as “Binchois” (ca. 1400-1460) – known for chanson and use of hemiola
Guillaume Du Fay, (ca. 1397-1474) – music represented international style of 15th century
Listen: Du Fay: Resvellies vous
More polyphonic settings of Mass Ordinary (MO)
Until 1420, sections of the MO were written as separate pieces
In 15th century, polyphonic mass cycle was standard.
Plainsong Mass – base each movement on existing chant
Motto Mass – use head motif to begin each movement
Cantus Firmus Mass – tenor sings cantus firmus in long notes. 3 or 4 voices
III. Polyphonic Mass
LISTENING #6 – Guillame Du Fay: Missa Se la face ay pale, Gloria
IV. Franco-Flemish Composers (1450-1520)
Most prominent composers came from France, Flanders (northern Belgium) & Netherlands.
More imitation & homophony to match emotions of text
Jean de Ockeghem (ca. 1420-1497) – Chansons used more imitation, equality among voices, longer phrase.
Josquin Deprez (ca. 1450-1521) – reflect meaning of words in music
LISTEN – Josquin Desprez: Mille regretz 4 voice chanson, alternates between homophony and imitation
Josquin Deprez
Spain – Villancico – strophic, syllabic, mostly homophonic
Juan del Encina (1468-1529): Oy comamos y bebamos – LISTEN
Italy – Frottola
Italy – Madrigal – through-composed. 4 then 5 voices
Midcentury Madrigal: Rore: Da le belle contrade d'oriente – LISTEN
Later Madrigal: Gesualdo: ‘’Io Parto’’ e non più dissi – LISTEN
French – Chanson – Lyric Chanson
Germany – Meistersinger – unaccompanied solo song
English – Consort Song and English Madrigal
LISTENING #7 – Thomas Morley: Sing we and chant it – LISTEN
V. Madrigals & Secular Songs of the 16th Century
Morley: Sing we and Chant it (English Madrigal)
VI. Sacred Music of the Reformation
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Lutheran church
German Mass (1526)
Chorales – Luther: Ein feste Burg LISTEN
Jean Calvin (1509-1564)
Calvanist church
Psalm singing – Metrical Psalms
Bourgeois: Psalm 134, “Or sus, serviteurs du Seigneur” LISTEN
What’s a current name for this song?
Jean Calvin
Martin Luther
Church of England – King Henry VIII
Book of Common Prayer
Two forms of Anglican music: SERVICE, ANTHEM
Thomas Tallis (1505-1585) “If Ye Love Me” Early anthem – LISTEN
William Byrd (1540-1623)
LISTENING #8 – “Sing Joyfully unto God”
Counter-Reformation – Council of Trent (1543-1563)
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-1594)
“Pope Marcellus Mass: Agnes Dei” – LISTEN
Catholic music in Spain
Thomas Luis de Victoria: O magnum mysterium – LISTEN
VII. Instrumental Music
New Instruments:
Consort (English instrumental group)
Sackbut & crumhorn
Lute
Vihuela
Viol / Viola da gamba
Clavichord, Harpsichord, virginal, clavecin
Clavichord
Lute
Crumhorn
Viol / viola da gamba
Sackbut
Vihuela
5 categories of Instrumental Music
Dance music
Arrangements of vocal music
Settings of existing melodies
Variations
Abstract works
1. Dance Music (Instrumental Music)
Holborne: The Night Watch, Almain (English Dance Music) LISTEN
Renaissance Dances (Pavane 1:48 & Galliard 4:20) WATCH
| DANCE | METER | FORM | CHARACTER |
| Basse Dance | Duple or triple | Repeated phrases | 5 steps in various set patterns |
| Pavane | Duple | AABBCC | Stately, gliding steps |
| Galliard | Triple | AABBCC | Lively, with hops, kicks, and leaps |
| Allemande | Couple | 2 or 3 repeated strains | Moderate, simple steps, begins with upbeat |
2. Arrangements of Vocal Music
3. Settings of existing melodies
4. Variations
Byrd: John, Come Kiss Me Now (virginal) – LISTEN
V. Abstract Instrumental Works
Prelude, Fantasia & Ricercare – introduction or pitch center
Toccata
Canzona
Venice: St. Mark’s Basilica
Andrea Gabrieli (1532-1585)
Giovanni Gabrieli (1555-1612)
Polychoral motets
LISTENING #9 – Gabrieli: Canzon septimi toni a 8, from Sacrae symphoniae
Venetian Sonata
Concept of piano and forte
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Unit 2 – Baroque Era
MUSI 1307 – Music Literature
1600-1750
Lecture #1 – New Styles in the 17th century
In this Lecture, we will cover:
Historical Context
New Styles of the 17th Century
Invention of the Opera
Historical Events of 1600-1750
1567-1643 – Monteverdi
1632-1687 – Lully
1668-1733 –Couperin
1685-1759 – Handel
1685-1750 – JS Bach
1603 – Death of Elizabeth I
1620 – Arrival of Pilgrims
1626 – Settlement of New York
1610 – Louis XIII becomes King of France
1618-1648 – 30 years War
1667 – Completion of St. Peter’s Square
1692 – Salem Witch Trials
1616 – Shakespeare’s death
1600 – Began Baroque era – time of change, adventure and discovery
Absolute monarchy – King Louis XIV statement “I am the State”
Religious battles
Baroque architecture in palaces
Versailles & Hall of Mirrors (outside of Paris)
Art, literature & music focused on dramatic
Look at two sculptures of David
David by Michelangelo (1504-Renaissance)
David by Bernini (1624-Baroque)
David by Michelangelo (1504-Renaissance)
David by Bernini (1624-Baroque)
Doctrine of Affections
Joy, Anger, Love, Fear, Excitement & Wonder
Descartes
Greek’s Doctrine of Ethos
Concertato medium/concerted madrigal
Cadenza
Basso continuo – played by Harpsichord or lute
Figured Bass
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
Invention of Opera
Inspiration for Opera
Pastorale Dramas
Madrigal comedy or Madrigal cycles
Intermedio
Florentine Camerata
Guilio Caccini (1550-1618)
Arias
Giulio Caccini: Vedrò 'l mio sol – LISTEN
Jacopo Peri (1561-1633)
first opera “Euridice” based on poem, Dafne
Recitative Style
Peri: “Per quel vago boschettoin” from Euridice LISTENING #1
Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)
First to show full potential of opera
Became Maestro di cappella at St. Mark’s Cathedral
Concitato genre / Stile concitato
Monteverdi’s first opera “L’Orfea”
L'Orfeo, excerpt from Act II, Vi ricorda o boschi ombrosi – LISTEN
Teatro San Cassiano (1637)
St. Mark’s Cathedral – he wrote Poppea
L'incoronazione di Poppea Act I, Scene 3, «Signor, deh non partire» LISTENING #2
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Music Literature MUSI 1307
Instructor: Mrs. MINA Kramer
Textbook: A History of Western Music 10th edition by Burkholder, Grout, Palisca
2
Grading Rubric:
5 tests 50%
1 Research Paper 15%
Assignments 15%
Discussions 10%
Concert Review 10%
3
4
5 Time Periods
5
Medieval/Renaissance (400-1600)
Baroque (1600-1750)
Classical (1750-1825)
Romantic (1825-1900)
20th Century (1900+)
UNIT 1 MEDIEVAL / RENAISSANCE ERA
MUSI 1307 – Music Lit
In this Lecture, we will cover:
Antiquity Time Period – 3000 BC-476 AD
History
Music
Medieval Time Period – 476-1400
History
Music
Notation Development
Music in the Church
Secular Music
Medieval Instruments
Polyphony (13th Century)
Polyphony (14th Century)
7
Antiquity (“Ancient Past”) 3000 BC – 476 AD
Rise of Roman empire
Greece – center for learning and philosophy
Plato wrote “The Republic”
Aristotle wrote “Politics”
Oral Tradition
The Parthenon in Greece built in 437 BC
8
Common Instruments from Antiquity
Kithara (large Lyre)
9
Antiquity
Plato
Aristotle
Monophonic
Tetrachords (4 note sequence)
DISCUSSION: Aristotle and other Greek philosophers believed that music could affect ethos (one’s ethical character or way of behaving). Do you believe that music has such power? What are examples of recent music created to generate a specific emotion or reaction?
Plato
Aristotle
10
Anonymous: Epitaph of Seikilos LISTENING #1
Epitaph is a phrase written in memory of a person who died, sometimes on a tombstone
From 1st century AD
only surviving fully notated composition
Inscribed on a tombstone
What instrument is played?
11
476
Fall of the Roman Empire
525
Calendar invented
1096
First Crusades start
1347
Black Death spreads through Europe
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