What are your responsibilities as an RN related to medication administration and how will you carry it out?
Clinical Reflection/Journaling #1-
Medication Administration
*** APA format ***
What are your responsibilities as an RN related to medication administration and how will you carry it out? (Minimum of 2 pages).. attached to you guide for APA format. Use your own words and use basic level of writing. Don’t copy from AI or Google. If you have any questions please let me know.
Requirements:
APA Reference Guide:
The reference page: The big four
There are four fundamental pieces of information to include in a reference citation:
Author: Who created the source? This can be one author, a group of authors, or an organization. Click on the next page for examples of how to address different numbers and types of authors.
Date: When was the source published? This is the publication date of your source. If you are unable to locate a date of publication, you can use the abbreviation “n.d.” for no date.
Title: What is the name of the source material? This is a title of the webpage, article, image, etc. For a journal article, you should include both the title of the specific article and the title of the journal (along with the accompanying volume, issue, and page numbers).
Location: Where did you access the source? For an electronic resource, this is often the URL where the information is located or a DOI number. For a source you actually have in hand, this represents the publication information.
The following is a generic example:
Author. (Date). Title of the source. Access location or publication information
In-text citations
In-text citations follow a specific format. Remember that the author’s last name and year of publication are always next to each other in a citation.
Citing a paraphrase or summary
When citing a paraphrase* or summary*, include the author’s last name and publication year.
For example:
APA is a wonderful formatting tool for students (Gordon, 2018).
Provide the publication year after the author’s name when the name is in the sentence.
For example:
Gordon (2018) argues that APA is a wonderful formatting tool for students.
Citing a quotation of 39 words or fewer
When citing a quotation* of 39 words or fewer, include the author’s last name, year of publication, and page number of the quotation. When there is no page number, use the paragraph number and write the citation using “para.” instead of the numeric page number.
For example:
According to one researcher, “Consistent use of APA Style helps students create well-written research papers” (Gordon, 2018, p. 3).
Note: The highlighted text at the beginning of the sentence uses a signal phrase. Signal Phrases can help you integrate paraphrases and quotations into your sentences.
When the author’s name and date of publication are in the sentence, use the page number of the quotation.
For example:
Gordon (2018) explained that a “consistent use of APA Style helps students create well-written research papers” (p.3).
Citing a quotation of 40 or more words
When citing a quotation of 40 or more words, use a block quotation. Block quotations do not use quotation marks and are indented one-half inch from the left margin to create a block of text. You still need to provide the citation information as shown below; however, the period comes before the end citation.
Dr. Gordon (2018) emphasized the importance of good citation practices:
Ideally, students would have the time to study the APA Style Manual. However, we know this is not practical or realistic. Having access to the manual or resources that support APA style is really all that is needed for students to gain confidence in their understanding and application of APA. (p. 17)
Books
Editor or Author:
Sometimes sources have editors. Whether you’re using a source collected by an editor, or whether you’re using an article or chapter in an edited book, you will need to list the editor in your references list.
Note: Use “Retrieved from” when an online source is accessible to anyone with the URL. Use “Available from” when an online source requires a login or credentials to access it.
Edited book
Here is an example of a reference entry for an edited book:
Bagchi, D. (Ed.) (2011). Global perspectives on childhood obesity: Current status, consequences, and prevention. Available from
Here is an example of a correlating in-text citation for a quotation from this reference entry:
“Pediatric obesity has rapidly become one of the leading international public health challenges” (Bagchi, 2011, p. 3).
Chapter from an edited book
For example, here is an example of a reference entry for a chapter from an edited book:
Kersh, R., & Elbel, B. (2011). Childhood obesity: Public health impact and policy responses. In D. Bagchi (Ed.), Global perspectives on childhood obesity: Current status, consequences, and prevention (pp. 281-288). Available from
Here is an example of a correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from this reference entry:
Kersh and Elbel (2011) argue that even though public policy is the most effective way to reduce childhood obesity, the U.S. has few such policies.
Books
Title:
Titles of books, whether in print or online, are italicized.
Note: Use “Retrieved from” when an online source is accessible by anyone with the URL. Use “Available from” when an online source requires a login or credentials to access it.
Book–first edition
For example:
Offit, P. A., & Moser, C. A. (2011). Vaccines and your child: Separating fact from fiction. Available from
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows:
Offit and Moser (2011) address the benefits over the risks of vaccinations.
Book–other than first edition
Offit, P. A., & Bell, L. M. (2009). Vaccines: What you should know (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: J.W. Wiley & Sons.
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows:
“Vaccines have prevented more disease and death than any other preventive program in history (with the possible exception of the purification of drinking water)” (Offit & Bell, 2009, p. 4).
Note: Use the ampersand (&) only within parentheses and on the references page.
Books
Date:
Books only require the year of publication.
Book with an individual author
Borbye, L. (2011). Sustainable innovation: A guide to harvesting the untapped riches of opposition, unlikely combinations, and a Plan B.
Note: Books, like journal articles, may have a DOI. Use the DOI, if one is assigned, rather than the URL.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows:
Borbye (2011) advocates for innovation that respects resources, the environment, and the people it impacts.
Book with an organizational author
Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century. (2007). Rising above the gathering storm: Energizing and employing America for a brighter economic future. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows:
“The focus on national needs is important both to ensure an adequate supply of doctoral scientists and engineers and to ensure that there are appropriate employment opportunities for students once they receive their degrees” (Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century, 2007, p. 9).
Books
Location:
When including a book in your references list, identify whether or not the book was accessed online.
Note: Use “Retrieved from” when an online source is accessible by anyone with the URL. Use “Available from” when an online source requires a login or credentials to access it.
Online or digital books
Seavey, J. W., Aytur, S. A., & McGrath, R. J. (2014). Health policy analysis: Framework and tools for success. Available from
For an in-text citation, the first time three to five authors are mentioned, list all the authors’ names. For example:
No single policy is likely to solve an issue such as the obesity epidemic immediately upon its adoption; therefore, envisioning a realistic scope and anticipating negative as well as positive outcomes is an important step right from the planning stage (Seavey, Aytur, & McGrath, 2014).
Note: Use the ampersand (&) only within parentheses and on the references page.
Subsequent citations from this source should only use the first author followed by et al.
The implementation phase, Seavey et al. (2014) note, may actually involve re-envisioning the policy or rewriting its regulations to accommodate the realities of its enforcement, a process that can take years.
Here’s another example:
Plant, R. (2008). An executive’s guide to information technology: Principles, business models, and terminology [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from
Note: Include a format description in brackets after the title of a specially formatted digital or online book.
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows:
Adbots can be invasive to user privacy and “act as a type of spyware sending back information to their advertising source pertaining to the user’s behavior” (Plant, 2008, p. 4).
Silin, P. (2001). Nursing homes: The family’s journey. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Note: For when you have the actual book in hand, include the publisher’s location (City, ST), followed by a colon and the publisher’s name.
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows:
Silin (2001) asserts that deciding on nursing home care for a family member has emotional and psychological ramifications, not just financial ones.
Authors and organizations as authors:
Most sources will have an author, whether that author is an individual, several individuals, or an organization. The patterns below show how to cite most of the author situations you will encounter.
Notice that the references page includes an authors’ initials and the in-text citation does not.
Remember: Reference list entries are always organized alphabetically. When titles are alphabetized, articles (a, an, the) are not included, and titles that begin with numerals are alphabetized according to how the number is spelled.
One Author:
If a source has one person listed as the author, use the following format for the reference citation:
Goldbas, A. (2014). Childhood obesity: Can it really be child neglect? International Journal of Childbirth Education, 29(2), 37-40. Retrieved from
Here is the correlating in-text citation:
Obesity may not result simply from consuming too many calories (Goldbas, 2014).
Remember: All sources listed on your reference citation must have a correlating in-text citation that appears at least once in your essay.
Authors and organizations as authors
Multiple Authors:
The general pattern for listing multiple authors will change depending on the number of authors the source has.
Two authors
If a source has two people listed as the author, you will use the following format:
Farley, T. A., & Dowell, D. (2014). Preventing childhood obesity: What are we doing right? American Journal of Public Health, 104(9), 1579-1583. Retrieved from
The correlating in-text citation will either look like this:
Farley and Dowell (2014) observed a decline in childhood obesity rates.
OR like this:
Childhood obesity rates have declined (Farley & Dowell, 2014).
Note: Use the ampersand (&) only within parentheses and on the references page.
Three to seven authors
The rules for formatting three to seven authors differs from the references page to the in-text citations.
If a source has three to seven people listed as the author, you will use the following format:
Gollust, S. E., Niederdeppe, J., & Barry, C. L. (2013). Framing the consequences of childhood obesity to increase public support for obesity prevention policy. American Journal of Public Health, 103(11), e96-e102. Retrieved from
For the correlating in-text citation, the first time three to five authors are mentioned, list all the authors’ names. For example:
Gollust, Niederdeppe, and Barry (2013) investigated the relationship between political ideology and obesity perspectives.
Subsequent citations of this source should use only the first author followed by et al. For example:
Political ideology and public perspectives determine the level of policy support on public issues such as obesity (Gollust et al., 2013).
Note: When using et al., you do not include a period after et (only after al.).
The first and subsequent citations for a source with six or more authors includes the first author’s name followed by et al.
Eight or more authors
If a source has eight or more people listed as the author, you will use the first six authors, include an ellipsis (. . .), and then list the final author. In other words, although the source has eight or more authors, you will have a total of only seven authors listed. The ellipsis represents the names that you left out.
For example:
Behl, M., Rao, D., Aagaard, K., Davidson, T. L., Levin, E. D., Slotkin, T. A., . . . Holloway, A. C. (2013). Evaluation of the association between maternal smoking, childhood obesity, and metabolic disorders: A national toxicology program workshop review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(2), 170-180. Retrieved from
The first and subsequent citations for a source with six or more authors includes the first author’s name followed by et al. For example:
Behl et al. (2013) identified a link between mothers who smoke during pregnancy and increased childhood obesity.
Note: When using et al., you do not include a period after et (only after al.).
Authors and organizations as authors
Organization
Some sources aren’t written by individuals but by organizations.
For example, here is a reference citation for a source with an organization as the author:
Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century. (2007). Rising above the gathering storm: Energizing and employing America for a brighter economic future. Retrieved from
Here is the correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from this referenced source:
The United States is lagging behind other countries to adequately compete in a global economy (Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century, 2007).
Here is another example of a reference citation for a source with an organization as the author:
United States Department of Justice. (n.d.). About DOJ. Retrieved from
When you are using an organization-authored source in your essay, and if the organization has a familiar abbreviation, use it after you have written the organization name in full the first time, followed by the abbreviation in brackets. Subsequent citations can then use the abbreviation for the author. For example, here is a correlating in-text citation for a quotation from this referenced source:
The Department of Justice has a “sacred duty” to ensure the lawfulness of the United States (United States Department of Justice [US DOJ], n.d., para. 7).
Note: Use the paragraph number (written as para.) when there are no page numbers.
Authors and organizations as authors
Unknown
If a source has no person or organization listed as the author, use the source title in the author position.
For example, here is a reference citation for a dictionary:
Obese. (n.d.). In Dictionary.com. Retrieved from
Note: Most encyclopedia entries (including Wikipedia) don’t have a specific author. Follow this same format as indicated above.
When creating an in-text citation, for sources without a named author, the citation uses the title (surrounded by quotation marks) and year of publication. For example:
In Latin, obesity is defined as overfat (“Obese,” n.d.).
Here is a reference citation for a newspaper article:
The NLRB vs. Boeing. (2011, June 15). The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from
Note: Dates for newspapers should include the year, month, and day of publication when available.
When you quote a source without a named author, the in-text citation uses the title (surrounded by quotation marks), the year of publication, and the page number (use the paragraph number [written as para.] when there are no page numbers).
The outcome of this dispute is that “companies may be reluctant to locate in union-friendly states for fear of being trapped there” (“The NLRB vs. Boeing,” 2011, para. 5).
Authors and organizations as authors
Reference Twins
It is necessary to distinguish between sources that have the same author and the same date of publication.
Use a lowercase letter immediately after the date to differentiate between the sources. Use as many letters as you need to distinguish between the sources.
Citing multiple pages from a website with no individual author and no publication date
Here is an example of citing multiple pages from a website with no individual author and no publication date:
American Red Cross. (n.d.-a). Mission and values. Retrieved from
American Red Cross. (n.d.-b). Our history. Retrieved from
Note: For references where there is no date, use n.d. followed by a dash and the lowercase letter: (n.d.-a), (n.d.-b), and so forth.
In-text citations also need to distinguish between sources with the same author and publication date. For example, the following in-text citations pair with the American Red Cross reference citations provided above:
One hundred eighty-seven countries benefit from the humanitarian work provided by the Red Cross network (American Red Cross, n.d.-a).
The American Red Cross (n.d.-b) provides disaster relief to the general population and services to the armed forces.
Citing multiple sources from the same author with the same publication date
Here is an example of citing multiple sources from the same author with the same publication date:
Koriat, A. (2008a). Easy comes, easy goes? The link between learning and remembering and its exploitation in metacognition. Memory & Cognition, 36, 416-428.
Koriat, A. (2008b). Subjective confidence in one’s answers: The consensuality principle. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 945-959.
The following in-text citation examples pair with the Koriat reference citations provided above:
Koriat (2008a) questioned how much the effort to learn impacts recall and fluency.
The researcher also examined the idea of learners self-monitoring the accuracy of their knowledge (Koriat, 2008b).
Journal articles
Title
This example shows a journal article with a title and subtitle. The subtitle follows the colon. Notice the first word after the colon is capitalized.
When including journal articles in your references list, the name of the journal, volume and issue number (when available), and page numbers of the article must also be included. The name of the journal and the volume number should be italicized. Notice that the name of the journal is formatted in title-case capitalization style (all major words are capitalized).
For example:
Albaladejo, R., Villanueva, R., Navalpotro, L., Ortega, P., Astasio, P., & Regidor, E. (2014). Risk behaviors and sports facilities do not explain socioeconomic differences in childhood obesity: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1-18.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows. Note: The first time six or more authors are mentioned, list the first author followed by et al.
Albaladejo et al. (2014) assess the relationship between a family’s economic status and the prevalence of childhood obesity.
Journal articles
Date
For journal articles, include the year, and for journals that have no volume or issue numbers, also include the month, when available, inside the parentheses, separating the year and month with a comma (2016, April). Some publications come out seasonally, so in those cases, include the year and season (2016, Spring).
Non-scholarly journal article
Facing up to China. (2010, February 4). The Economist. Retrieved from
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows. Notice that only the publication year is used in an in-text citation.
China is expressing “a new self-confidence these days” as its economic strength grows (“Facing up to China,” 2010, para. 5).
Note: Use the paragraph number (written as para.) when there are no page numbers.
Scholarly journal article
Manent, P. (2002). The wars of the twentieth century. Perspectives on Political Science, 31(3), 139-147.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows:
According to Manent (2002), the removal of the remnants of wars, such as boundary lines and walls, signifies a changing mindset toward war.
End of tab content.
Journal articles
Location
When including a journal article in your references list, identify whether or not the article was accessed online.
Online journals: DOI available
Note: When no DOI is available, include the article’s full URL or the site’s homepage URL, whichever takes you to the source more reliably. Notice as well that when an online journal article has no page numbers, the journal information ends with the volume (and issue) number, and the location information follows.
Gebauer, J., Shaw, M. J., & Gribbins, M. L. (2010). Task-technology fit for mobile information systems. Journal of Information Technology, 25(3), 259-272.
For the correlating in-text citation, the first time three to five authors are mentioned, list all the authors’ names. For example:
Gebauer, Shaw, and Gribbins (2010) contend that mobile information systems positively impact task performance.
Subsequent in-text citations from this source should only use the first author followed by et al.
Mobile information systems can be negatively impacted by poor network connections (Gebauer et al., 2010).
Here’s another example.
Note: In the example below, the DOI is available and is shown in the new format for DOIs.
Soysal, P., & Isik, A. (2016). Effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on nutritional status in elderly patients with dementia: A 6-month follow-up study. Journal of Nutrition, Health, and Aging, 20(4), 398-403.
Note: For articles with a DOI that looks like a URL, you do not need to add “Retrieved from” before it.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows:
Nutritional status impacts the progression of dementia in elderly patients (Soysal & Isik, 2016).
Online journals: No DOI available
Shields, P. (2018). Capturing and evaluating process semantics from front-line nurses: A pilot study. Online Journal of Nursing Informatics, 22(1). Retrieved from
Note: When no DOI is available, include the article’s full URL or the site’s homepage URL, whichever takes you to the source more reliably.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows:
Shields (2018) describes nursing process semantics as the daily lived experiences of nurses.
Schacht, C. (2018). I don’t grok you: When unfamiliar subjects can’t be translated. WLN: A Journal of Writing Center Scholarship, 42(5-6), 22-25.
Note: When you have the actual journal in hand, location information is not required.
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows:
Schacht (2018) explains that “[to] grok someone is to understand them on an emotional, communal level without necessarily being able to describe what it is you understand” (pp. 22-23).
Webpages
Title
This is a basic webpage references list entry. Notice the proper noun in the title is capitalized.
For example:
Brabant, M. (2014, November 8). Have the Danes cracked childhood obesity? Retrieved from
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Brabant (2014) reports that a Danish pediatrician has determined that childhood obesity can be resolved by making several, specific lifestyle adjustments.
Webpages
Date:
Online materials do not always put the date in the same place. Below are some guidelines.
Check near the title of the page.
Check after the last sentence of text on the page.
Use the date if it is included as a byline near the title or after the last sentence of text.
Do NOT use the date if it’s the copyright for the site.
Do NOT use the following dates: date last modified or date last reviewed. If the page notes a date of last update, use this date only when an original publication date is also noted; otherwise, if no previous publication date is evident, do not use the date of last update. The goal is to use the date on which the material was published, and we do not know exactly what these other dates might signify (e.g., the modification or revision may have corrected a misspelling or changed the font).
If you cannot find a date, use (n.d.), which stands for no date.
If the web page lists the month and/or month and day of the publication, include those along with the year. The month and day will always follow the year, separated by a comma.
For example:
Crouch, L. (2016, February 14). The pigeon will see you now. Retrieved from
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows:
Medical science has determined that animals can be trained to detect illness (Crouch, 2016).
Webpages
Location:
When including a webpage in your references list, remember to acknowledge the location of the exact page you are referencing and not the website’s homepage. Make sure to copy and paste the URL from your browser’s address bar so that the URL is accurate. Additionally, do not break the URL with a space, tab, or hard return in your reference list, for those formatting commands cause a URL to be irretrievable.
For example:
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). Drinking water requirements for states and public water systems: Information about public water systems. Retrieved from
For the correlating in-text citation, when citing familiar terms, use an abbreviation to enhance reader understanding. The first time you use a term, use the spelled-out version followed by the abbreviation. For example:
A transient non-community water system is “a public water system that provides water in a place such as a gas station or campground where people do not remain for long periods of time” (United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], n.d., para. 7).
Note: When the spelled-out version appears in parentheses, put the abbreviation in brackets. When the spelled-out version appears outside of a parenthetical citation, put the abbreviation in parentheses.
Once you’ve used an abbreviation, use only the abbreviation throughout the rest of the task. For example:
The EPA (n.d) defines a transient non-community water system as “a public water system that provides water in a place such as a gas station or campground where people do not remain for long periods of time” (para. 7).
Note: Use the paragraph number (written as para.) when there are no page numbers.
Videos
If the video lists the month and/or month and day of the publication, include those along with the year. Including the month and/or month/day is important when using videos in your references because content may be updated.
Include bracketed information to help readers understand that this is a unique format. For example, review the following citations from a YouTube source and a TED talk.
YouTube
Pourgol, S. [Shahin Pourgol]. (2012, November 14). Top 20 health care careers [Video file]. Retrieved from
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Audiologists are one of the lower paid healthcare professionals (Pourgol, 2012).
TED Talk
Irby, A. (2017, November). How to inspire every child to be a lifelong reader [Video file]. Retrieved from
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Irby (2017) advises educators to practice cultural competence as a way to improve reading skills.
Images
General information about citing images
If a photograph lists the month and/or month and day of the publication, include those along with the year. Including the month and/or month/day is important when using photographs in your references because content may be updated.
Titles of images should be italicized.
Include bracketed information to help readers understand that this is a unique format.
Photograph
Sorpov, A. (2018, March 14). Take the plunge [Photograph]. Retrieved from
The correlating in-text citation for the source above is as follows.
Sorpov (2018) photographed cliff divers at the Extreme Crimea sports festival.
Painting
Matisse, H. (1917). The three sisters [Painting]. Retrieved from
The correlating in-text citation for the source above is as follows.
In the painting, The Three Sisters (Matisse, 1917), the heads of the women form an isosceles triangle.
Infographic
BioExpedition Publishing. (2014). American flamingo [Infographic]. Retrieved from
The correlating in-text citation for the source above is as follows.
Male Caribbean flamingos weigh 79% more than the females (BioExpedition Publishing, 2014).
Social media
General information about citing social media
If the social media lists the month and/or month and day of the publication, include those along with the year. Including the month and/or month/day is important when using social media in your references because content may be updated.
Include bracketed information to help readers understand that this is a unique format.
Blog
Heasman, B., & Corti, K. (2015, August 18). How to build an echoborg: PhD researcher Kevin Corti featured on the BBC [Blog post]. Retrieved from
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Heasman and Corti (2015) define echoborgs as “hybrid social agents consisting of a real person who speaks words determined by a computer program” (para. 1).
Note: Use the paragraph number (written as para.) when there are no page numbers.
Facebook post
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2018, March 9). A team of our site inspectors partnered up with the City of Punta Gorda, Florida, to assess and repair Hurricane Irma damages to the city’s seawalls [Facebook status update]. Retrieved from
Note: Click on the date and time stamp to get the specific URL for the post.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
After Hurricane Irma, it took a month for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2018) to assess the damage to the many miles of seawalls.
Note: When citing familiar terms, use an abbreviation to enhance reader understanding. The first time you use a term, use the spelled out version (for example, Federal Emergency Management Agency) followed by the abbreviation in parentheses (for example, FEMA). Once you’ve used an abbreviation, use only the abbreviation throughout the rest of the task.
Software
General information about citing social software
Include bracketed information to help readers understand that this is a unique format. When including software in your references list, use “Available from” instead of “Retrieved from” before the URL if a login is required to access the software.
Program
Healthcare Learning Innovations. (2017). Sentinel City 2.3 [Computer software]. Available from
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Sentinel City has a clear division between residents of upper and lower socioeconomic status (Healthcare Learning Innovations, 2017).
App
Skyscape. (2017). Skyscape Medical Library (Version 2.6.9) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from
Note: Include the version number of the app you are referencing.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Skyscape (2017) provides current briefs, research, and case studies from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Government reports
Government reports follow the general “big four” rules for inclusion on the references list. Some government reports will have a report number. This number should be included at the end of the title in parentheses.
For example:
Hoachlander, E. G., Sikora, A. C., Horn, L., & Carroll, C. D. (2003). Community college students: Goals, academic preparation, and outcomes (NCES 2003-164). Retrieved from National Center for Education Statistics website:
Note: For government reports retrieved online, identify the publisher as part of the location information as shown above.
The correlating in-text citation for a quotation from the source above is as follows.
According to Hoachlander, Sikora, Horn, and Carroll (2003), “most community college students. . .desire a formal credential” (p. x).
Note: Use an ellipsis (a set of three spaced periods) to show that material has been left out of a quotation. Be careful to maintain the original meaning when removing words from a quotation.
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Obtaining a degree or certificate is the goal of the majority of community college students (Hoachlander et al., 2003).
Note: The first time three to five authors are mentioned, list all the authors’ names (as in the first example). Subsequent citations of the source only include the first author followed by et al. (as in the second example).
Personal communication:
APA requires one-to-one correspondence in citations. A one-to-one correspondence means that the reader can match the source in both the paper (in the form of an in-text citation) and the references list.
An exception to the one-to-one correspondence rule is personal communication. Personal communication may include the following:
interviews
Intranet information
letters
telephone conversations, and the like
Because they do not provide recoverable data, personal communication is not included in the references list. Cite personal communication in-text only.
When citing personal communication, provide the initials and last name of the communicator or name of the company and provide as exact a date as possible of when the communication occured.
For example:
The new Bachelors of Science in Computer Science program was announced on Western Governors University’s Intranet (personal communication, April 3, 2018).
Another example:
My colleague advised me to make small adjustments as I go about a project (L. Kelly, personal communication, April 1, 2018).
Citing a source you found in another source
You may find that the author of a source you are using cites other authors in his or her work. This is known as the secondary source because it is one step removed from the original source of the idea or quotation. On your references list, provide the reference for the source you read.
For example:
Greenwood, M., & Freeman, R. E. (2017). Deepening ethical analysis in business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(1), 1-4.
In your text, name the original work and provide the citation for the secondary source. The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Balalola, Stouten, Camps, and Euwema argue that there are no adequate ethical leadership theories (as cited in Greenwood & Freeman, 2017).
Court cases
Court cases require a specialized format. Review each type of course case below for examples of reference and in-text citations for court decisions, code of federal regulations, and legislation and administrative code.
Court decisions
Identify the title or name of the case, followed by the code that indicates where the case was documented; include the court jurisdiction (if available) and the date of ruling.
For example:
Texas v. Morales, 826 S.W.2d 201 (Tex. Ct. App. 1992). Retrieved from
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
The respondents in the case felt that their personal rights had been violated (Texas v. Morales, 1992).
Note: The case name is italicized in the in-text citation but not on the references page.
Code of federal regulations
Identify the name of the regulation. You can shorten the name if it is particularly long, and you can include an abbreviated agency name that issued the regulation. Next, include the title number and abbreviated source name, followed by the section number. If you are referencing more than one section, include two section symbols. End the reference with the edition year of the code.
For example:
DHHS Health Information Technology Standards, 45 C.F.R. §§ 170.500-170.599 (2015). Retrieved from
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
The DHHS Health Information Technology Standards (2015) provide rules and procedures for health information technology, such as principles of proper conduct, EHR certification, and certification bans.
Note: Use the paragraph number (written as para.) when there are no page numbers.
Legislation and administrative code
Identify the name of the legislation (if named). Next include the volume and source, followed by the section number. End the reference with the date the code was enacted along with any dates of amendments.
For example:
Registration of lobbyists, 2 U.S.C. § 1603 (1995/2008). Retrieved from
The correlating in-text citation for a paraphrase from the source above is as follows.
Lobbyists must follow the code for Registration of lobbyists (1995/2008) and register with both the Sentate and the House of Representatives.
Typing Template for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper Formatting for the APA 6th Edition Student A. Sample
Rockford University: <Course>
<Date>
<Note: Even though APA does not require the
date on a title page, it is a requirement for RU papers.>
Typing Template for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper Formatting for the APA 6th Edition
This is an electronic template for papers written in APA style (American Psychological Association, 2010). The purpose of the template is to help the student set the margins and spacing. Margins are set at 1 inch for top, bottom, left, and right. The type is left-justified only—that means the left margin is straight, but the right margin is ragged. Each paragraph is indented five spaces. It is best to use the tab key to indent. The line spacing is double throughout the paper, even on the reference page. One space is used after punctuation at the end of sentences. The font style used in this template is Times New Roman and the font size is 12.
First Heading
The heading above would be used if you want to have your paper divided into sections based on content. This is the first level of heading, and it is centered and bolded with each word of four letters or more capitalized. The heading should be a short descriptor of the section. Note that not all papers will have headings or subheadings in them.
First Subheading
The subheading above would be used if there are several sections within the topic labeled in a heading. The subheading is flush left and bolded, with each word of four letters or more capitalized.
Second Subheading
APA dictates that you should avoid having only one subsection heading and subsection within a section. In other words, use at least two subheadings under a main heading, or do not use any at all.
When you are ready to write, and after having read these instructions completely, you can delete these directions and start typing. The formatting should stay the same. However, one item that you will have to change is the page header, which is placed at the top of each page along with the page number. The words included in the page header should be reflective of the title of your paper, so that if the pages are intermixed with other papers they will be identifiable. When using Word 2003, double click on the words in the page header. This should enable you to edit the words. You should not have to edit the page numbers.
In addition to spacing, APA style includes a special way of citing resource articles. See the APA manual for specifics regarding in-text citations. The APA manual also discusses the desired tone of writing, grammar, punctuation, formatting for numbers, and a variety of other important topics. Although the APA style rules are used in this template, the purpose of the template is only to demonstrate spacing and the general parts of the paper. The student will need to refer to the APA manual for other format directions. GCU has prepared an APA Style Guide available in the for additional help in correctly formatting according to APA style.
The reference list should appear at the end of a paper (see the next page). It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. A sample reference page is included below; this page includes examples of how to format different reference types (e.g., books, journal articles, information from a website). The examples on the following page include examples taken directly from the APA manual.
References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). : Author.
Daresh, J. C. (2004). Beginning the assistant principalship: A practical guide for new school administrators. : Corwin.
Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 02-2650). Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
health/prof/asthma/asth_sch.pdf
Collepals.com Plagiarism Free Papers
Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we'll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.
Get ZERO PLAGIARISM, HUMAN WRITTEN ESSAYS
Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper?
Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials.
We write plagiarism Free Content
Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties.
Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.
