Looking for a movie that will discuss a person ?Human Growth & Development Please follow the direction that is attatched Book Materials?- use only
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Chapter : About Human Development: A Life-Span View Cover Image Book Title: Human Development: A Life-Span
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Human Development A Life-Span View
Robert V. Kail Purdue University
John C. Cavanaugh Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
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Human Development: A Life-Span View, Eighth Edition Robert V. Kail and John C. Cavanaugh
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To Dea and Chris
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RobeRt V. Kail is Distinguished Professor of Psychological Sciences at Purdue University. His undergraduate degree is from Ohio Wesleyan University and his PhD is from the University of Michigan. Kail is editor of Child Development Perspectives and edi- tor emeritus of Psychological Science. He received the McCandless Young Scientist Award from the American Psychological Association, was named the Distinguished Sesquicen- tennial Alumnus in Psychology by Ohio Wesleyan University, is a fellow of the Association for Psychological Science, and is an honorary professor at the University of Heidelberg, Germany. Kail has also written Children and Their Development and Scientific Writing for Psychology. His research focuses on cognitive development during childhood and adolescence. Away from the office, he enjoys photography and working out.
About the Author
John C. CaVanaugh is President and CEO of the Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area. He received his undergraduate degree from the University of Delaware and his PhD from the University of Notre Dame. Cavanaugh is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, the Association for Psychological Science, and the Gerontological Society of America, and has served as president of the Adult Development and Aging Division (Division 20) of the APA. Cavanaugh has also written (with the late Fredda Blanchard-Fields) Adult Development and Aging. His research interests in gerontology concern family caregiving as well as the role of beliefs in older adults’ cognitive performance. For enjoyment, he backpacks, enjoys photography and cooking, and is an avid traveler.
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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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1 The Study of Human Development 3 part 1 Prenatal Development, infancy, and early Childhood 39 2 Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth 39 3 Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development 79 4 The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy
and Early Childhood 117 5 Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early
Childhood 155
part 2 School-age Children and adolescents 189 6 Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood 189 7 Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood 227 8 Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence 263 9 Moving into the Adult Social World: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence 289
part 3 Young and Middle adulthood 317 10 Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development in Young
Adulthood 317 11 Being with Others: Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood 355 12 Working and Relaxing 387 13 Making It in Midlife: The Biopsychosocial Challenges of Middle Adulthood 421
part 4 late adulthood 457 14 The Personal Context of Later Life: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues 457 15 Social Aspects of Later Life: Psychosocial, Retirement, Relationship,
and Societal Issues 501 16 Dying and Bereavement 541
Brief Contents
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About the Authors v Preface xxi To the Student xxxi Neuroscience Index xxxv Diversity Index xxxvii
1 The Study of Human Development 3 What Do YOU thinK? Would You Want to Live to Be 142? 4
1.1 thinking about Development 5 Recurring Issues in Human Development 5 Basic Forces in Human Development: The Biopsychosocial Framework 7 Neuroscience: A Window into Human Development 10
Real People Applying Human Development: Muhammad Ali 11
1.2 Developmental theories 12 Psychodynamic Theory 12 Learning Theory 13 Cognitive-Developmental Theory 14 The Ecological and Systems Approach 17 Life-Span Perspective, Selective Optimization with Compensation, and
Life-Course Perspective 18 The Big Picture 21
1.3 Doing Developmental Research 22 Measurement in Human Development Research 23 General Designs for Research 26 Designs for Studying Development 28
Spotlight on Research The Stability of Intelligence from Age 11 to Age 90 Years 29
Integrating Findings from Different Studies 31 Conducting Research Ethically 32 Communicating Research Results 33 Applying Research Results: Social Policy 33
Summary 34 Key Terms 36
2 Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth 39 2.1 in the beginning: 23 Pairs of Chromosomes 40
Mechanisms of Heredity 40
part 1 Prenatal Development, infancy, and early Childhood 38
Contents
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Genetic Disorders 43 Heredity, Environment, and Development 45
Real People Applying Human Development: Ben and Matt Pick Their Niches 50
2.2 From Conception to birth 51 Period of the Zygote (Weeks 1–2) 51
What Do YOU thinK? Conception in the 21st Century 52 Period of the Embryo (Weeks 3–8) 53 Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9–38) 55
2.3 influences on Prenatal Development 57 General Risk Factors 57 Teratogens: Drugs, Diseases, and Environmental Hazards 59 Drugs 59 How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development 62 Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment 64
2.4 labor and Delivery 67 Stages of Labor 67 Approaches to Childbirth 68 Adjusting to Parenthood 69
Spotlight on Research Links Between Maternal Depression and Children’s Behavior Problems 70
Birth Complications 71 Infant Mortality 72
Summary 74 Key Terms 76
3 Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development 79 3.1 the newborn 80
The Newborn’s Reflexes 80 Assessing the Newborn 80 The Newborn’s States 82 Temperament 85
3.2 Physical Development 87 Growth of the Body 87 The Emerging Nervous System 91
3.3 Moving and grasping: early Motor Skills 96 Locomotion 96 Fine Motor Skills 100
Spotlight on Research Benefits of Training Babies to Grasp 101
3.4 Coming to Know the World: Perception 102 Smell, Taste, and Touch 103 Hearing 103 Seeing 104 Integrating Sensory Information 108
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3.5 becoming Self-aware 109 Origins of Self-Concept 110 Theory of Mind 111
Real People Applying Human Development: “Seeing Is Believing . . .” for 3-Year-Olds 112
Summary 113 Key Terms 115
4 The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood 117
4.1 the onset of thinking: Piaget’s account 118 Basic Principles of Cognitive Development 118
Real People Applying Human Development: Learning About Butterflies: Accommodation and Assimilation in Action 119
Sensorimotor Thinking 120 Preoperational Thinking 122 Evaluating Piaget’s Theory 125 Extending Piaget’s Account: Children’s Naïve Theories 126
Spotlight on Research Have a Heart! Preschoolers’ Essentialist Thinking 129
4.2 information Processing during infancy and early Childhood 130 General Principles of Information Processing 130 Attention 131 Learning 131 Memory 132 Learning Number Skills 134
4.3 Mind and Culture: Vygotsky’s theory 136 The Zone of Proximal Development 137 Scaffolding 137 Private Speech 138
4.4 language 139 The Road to Speech 139 First Words and Many More 142 Speaking in Sentences: Grammatical Development 146 Communicating with Others 149
Summary 151 Key Terms 153
5 Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood 155 5.1 beginnings: trust and attachment 156
Erikson’s Stages of Early Psychosocial Development 156 The Growth of Attachment 157 What Determines Quality of Attachment? 160
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Attachment, Work, and Alternative Caregiving 161 Real People Applying Human Development: Lois, Bill, and Sarah 162
5.2 emerging emotions 163 The Function of Emotions 163 Experiencing and Expressing Emotions 164 Recognizing and Using Others’ Emotions 166 Regulating Emotions 167
5.3 interacting with others 168 The Joys of Play 169 Helping Others 172
5.4 gender Roles and gender identity 176 Images of Men and Women: Facts and Fantasy 177
Spotlight on Research Reasoning About Gender-Related Properties 178 Gender Typing 180 Evolving Gender Roles 184
Summary 185 Key Terms 186
6 Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood 189 6.1 Cognitive Development 190
More Sophisticated Thinking: Piaget’s Version 190 Real People Applying Human Development: Combinatorial Reasoning
Goes to the Races 191 Information-Processing Strategies for Learning and Remembering 192
6.2 aptitudes for School 194 Theories of Intelligence 195 Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing 198 Do Tests Work? 199 Hereditary and Environmental Factors 200 The Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status 201
6.3 Special Children, Special needs 204 Gifted Children 204 Children with Disability 204
Spotlight on Research Improving Children’s Knowledge of the Structure of Words Enhances Their Reading Comprehension 206
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 208
6.4 academic Skills 209 Reading 209 Writing 212 Math Skills 213
part 2 School-age Children and adolescents 189
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Real People Applying Human Development: Shin-Ying Loves School 214 Effective Schools, Effective Teachers 216
6.5 Physical Development 218 Growth 218 Development of Motor Skills 219 Physical Fitness 220 Participating in Sports 220
Summary 222 Key Terms 224
7 Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood 227 7.1 Family Relationships 228
The Family as a System 228 Dimensions and Styles of Parenting 229 Siblings 235 Divorce and Remarriage 238 Parent–Child Relationships Gone Awry: Child Maltreatment 239
7.2 Peers 243 Friendships 243 Groups 245 Popularity and Rejection 246 Aggressive Children and Their Victims 248
7.3 electronic Media 249 Television Programs 250 Video Games 251
Spotlight on Research Playing a Video Game Improves Children’s Visual-Spatial Skill 251
Social Media 252
7.4 understanding others 253 Describing Others 253
Real People Applying Human Development: Tell Me About a Girl You Like a Lot 254
Understanding What Others Think 254 Prejudice 256
Summary 258 Key Terms 260
8 Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence 263 8.1 Pubertal Changes 264
Signs of Physical Maturation 264 Mechanisms of Maturation 266 Psychological Impact of Puberty 267
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xiv
8.2 health 270 Nutrition 270
Spotlight on Research Evaluating a Program for Preventing Eating Disorders 273
Physical Fitness 274 Threats to Adolescent Well-Being 275
8.3 information Processing During adolescence 276 Working Memory and Processing Speed 276 Content Knowledge, Strategies, and Metacognitive Skill 277 Problem-Solving and Reasoning 277
8.4 Reasoning about Moral issues 279 Kohlberg’s Theory 280
Real People Applying Human Development: Schindler’s List 282 Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory 282 Promoting Moral Reasoning 283
Summary 285 Key Terms 286
9 Moving into the Adult Social World: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence 289 9.1 identity and Self-esteem 290
The Search for Identity 290 Ethnic Identity 293 Self-Esteem in Adolescence 294 The Myth of Storm and Stress 296
9.2 Romantic Relationships and Sexuality 297 Romantic Relationships 297 Sexual Behavior 298 Sexual Minority Youth 300 Dating Violence 300
9.3 the World of Work 302 Career Development 302
Real People Applying Human Development: “The Life of Lynne”: A Drama in Three Acts 303
Part-Time Employment 305
9.4 the Dark Side 307 Drug Use 307 Depression 308
Spotlight on Research Does Racial Discrimination Lead to Depression? 309 Delinquency 310
What Do YOU thinK? When Juveniles Commit Serious Crimes, Should They Be Tried as Adults? 313
Summary 313 Key Terms 315
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10 Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development in Young Adulthood 317 10.1 emerging adulthood 318
Role Transitions Marking Adulthood 319 Neuroscience, Behavior, and Emerging Adulthood 320 Achieving Milestones: Education, Workforce, and Erikson’s Intimacy 321 So When Do People Become Adults? 323
Real People Applying Human Development: Does Being Rich and Famous Mean You’re an Adult? 324
10.2 Physical Development and health 325 Growth, Strength, and Physical Functioning 325 Lifestyle Factors in Health 325
What Do YOU thinK? Healthcare Disparities in the United States 333
10.3 Cognitive Development 334 How Should We View Intelligence in Adults? 334 Primary and Secondary Mental Abilities 335
Spotlight on Research The Seattle Longitudinal Study 336 Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence 337 Neuroscience Research and Intelligence 339 Going Beyond Formal Operations: Thinking in Adulthood 340 Integrating Emotion and Logic in Emerging and Young Adulthood 342
10.4 Who Do You Want to be? Personality in Young adulthood 345
Creating Life Stories 346 Possible Selves 347 Personal Control Beliefs 348
Summary 350 Key Terms 352
11 Being with Others: Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood 355 11.1 Relationship types and issues 356
Friendships 356 Love Relationships 358
Spotlight on Research Patterns and Universals of Romantic Attachment Around the World 361
Violence in Relationships 363
11.2 lifestyles and Relationships 365 Singlehood 365 Cohabitation 366 LGBTQ Relationships 367
part 3 Young and Middle adulthood 317
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Marriage 368 Real People James Obergefell and John Arthur Make History 369
11.3 Family Dynamics and the life Course 372 The Parental Role 372
What Do YOU thinK? Paid Family Leave 374 Diverse Family Forms 376
11.4 Divorce and Remarriage 379 Divorce 379 Remarriage 382
Summary 384 Key Terms 385
12 Working and Relaxing 387 12.1 occupational Selection and Development 388
The Meaning of Work 388 Occupational Choice Revisited 389 Occupational Development 392 Job Satisfaction 394
12.2 gender, ethnicity, and Discrimination issues 397 Gender Differences in Occupational Selection 397 Women and Occupational Development 398 Ethnicity and Occupational Development 399 Bias and Discrimination 400 Gender Bias, Glass Ceilings, and Glass Cliffs 400
What Do YOU thinK? Helping Women Lean In 401
12.3 occupational transitions 404 Retraining Workers 404 Occupational Insecurity 405 Coping with Unemployment 405
Real People The Politics of Unemployment 406
12.4 Work and Family 408 The Dependent Care Dilemma 408 Juggling Multiple Roles 410
12.5 taking time to Relax: leisure activities 413 Types of Leisure Activities 413 Developmental Changes in Leisure 414
Spotlight on Research Long-Term Effects of Leisure Activities 415
Consequences of Leisure Activities 415
Summary 417 Key Terms 419
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13 Making It in Midlife: The Biopsychosocial Challenges of Middle Adulthood 421 13.1 Physical Changes and health 422
Changes in Appearance 422 Changes in Bones and Joints 423 Reproductive Changes 427
What Do YOU thinK? Menopausal Hormone Therapy 429 Stress and Health 430 Exercise 434
13.2 Cognitive Development 436 Practical Intelligence 436 Becoming an Expert 438 Lifelong Learning 439
Spotlight on Research Designing Software for Middle-Aged and Older Nonexperts 440
13.3 Personality 441 The Five-Factor Trait Model 441 Changing Priorities in Midlife 443
13.4 Family Dynamics and Middle age 447 Letting Go: Middle-Aged Adults and Their Children 447 Giving Back: Middle-Aged Adults and Their Aging Parents 448
Real People Applying Human Development: Taking Care of Mom 448 Grandparenthood 450
Summary 453 Key Terms 454
14 The Personal Context of Later Life: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues 457 14.1 What are older adults like? 458
The Demographics of Aging 458 Longevity 461 The Third–Fourth Age Distinction 464
14.2 Physical Changes and health 465 Biological Theories of Aging 466 Physiological Changes 468 Chronic Disease and Lifestyle Health Issues 475
Real People The “Angelina Jolie Effect” 477
14.3 Cognitive Processes 479 Information Processing 479
part 4 late adulthood 457
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Memory 481 Creativity and Wisdom 485
What Do YOU thinK? Does Creativity Exist? 486
14.4 Mental health and intervention 488 Depression 488 Anxiety Disorders 490 Dementia 491
Spotlight on Research Training Persons with Dementia to Be Group Activity Leaders 496
Summary 497 Key Terms 499
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