Read the summary of the class and write 2 pages reflection like what I learned and my takeaway. Don’t just summarize it. No outs

they have a for Cortana. Staff support and performance trauma informed practice data and measurement evidence based. Inform program design, which is a little bit about what I'm gonna talk about and then family and community engaged. Yeah. evidence based models brings all kinds of research from the the the premise of it is the foundational conditions are that the organization is committed to racial and economic justice. And have obviously as we started from the beginning, the organizational mission and vision is driven by Community needs and the strengths of the Community, not deficit based model. But a strength based model. Being in a lot, the program aligns with the mission and vision and the leadership supports with resources. Through funding their commitment, physical space materials, the billing and accountability in the budget. So in designing evidence based informed programs. What? In someone in their in their reflection talked about as. Evaluation of class that they took. What evidence will demonstrate that the program meets? The needs and the and the desired impact. What evidence already exists? Around this program and how will we gather the evidence that data in. In valuated for useful design? The root cause. Program quality road map really helps you look at that. I'm gonna say that programs are grounded in the theory of change, so theory of change is where you want to end up. The programs are strategies to help you get there. And as I said, this approach is logic, logical and relevant, but most organisations. Most organisations existed before these methods of Daddy gathering and knowledge of data driven program. So for example, the YWCA, the boys and Girls Club, the YMCA, many, many of the ongoing programs in the community were founded for a specific purpose in their community to meet a community need and fill a gap. The programs were designed from grass roots. People that participate in PT. The staff, the volunteers. I'll give you an example. Housing the the the way the YWCA was founded in Worcester in 1885 was as a housing program for single women. There was a desperate need in this community. There was no safe housing for women entering the city of Worcester to work in the factories to go to school. Or anything so a housing program was developed. And it absolutely was developed on Main Street in Worcester and in sheets, you know, rented space. Overtime, um? So the program was safe, supportive housing. Overtime. Other services and programs were developed to support that. So vocational programming, health and Wellness programming children, services to support them as they were mothers, those weren't driven by data. But they filled in need and they attended together in our community. The the real movement towards data and measurement and evaluation was driven by fun. One of the first. Sorry, was driven by funders. Those who had the goals they. So one of the first. Really, organisations that started to demand or require logic models, inputs, outputs, outcomes, which united ways both here and across the country and. Others than follows state contracts, government contracts required performance measures in order to receive those dollars. And it was a way for funders to distribute scarce resources. I would say that. In that environment, it set up competition obviously versus collaboration. So organisations were responding to state and federal request for proposals United Way was putting out dollars and other funders. And the only way that they were gonna begin to distribute money was if you had measurable outcomes and you could prove impact. It was a dilemma. Particularly because. We had single focused agencies as list. But for both these service agencies it was. A very big deal. They were developing programs based on their mission and vision, their values and community needs. Each program. Had different outcomes or impact. Some measurement practices work. Where demanded by the there was a tool that was given to agencies to you. And we tried the YWCA, for example, struggling to find data management platforms to measure the different programs. So I'll give you an example. Has four different programs. Have four different tracking and measurement and and outcomes and they stand alone, but ultimately the values and vision of the organization is that collectively there's a greater impact. If you can measure multiple interventions. From multiple programs. In in a, in a interaction with a with a client participant partner. From so child care, for example, which was born in the 70s and 80s. Now is prescripted by the state as to the measuring the data platform that you have to use. Most have teaching strategy goal. There is a significant cost to it, but that's how the funding is determined by the state. So that is observations and tracking individual students, classrooms, and then a whole center. On the other hand, you've development. There are some best practices, boys and Girls Club has some good measurement tools, actually great and some others on the collective of youth serving agencies and Worcester Central mass wanting to develop common outcomes. Common outcome of valuation, but understand that there are seven different agencies with different ways to approach youth development. So how do you take the individual interventions of the change and see individually and then collectively see how there is an impact on the youth in our community? But there was at least a value of a platform that we were gonna use. Housing was not easier, but the fact that we had in housing agencies have in a relationship with the client overtime so we can have someone stay up to two years. You can certainly see. Hopefully the growth of better jobs, better access to services that model having an outcome that could be measured. Whereas then the last program from the large. Or areas at the YWCA is domestic violence services. Some of the interventions are a one time being at the courthouse with a client wanting a restraining order to a family and shelter. So many different components. You know, how do you measure the outcome? So the traveling was cost and then with four separate entities and other agencies. They have two or ten. How do you get individual measurement and evaluation of best practices to be able to change? It's really not to. Do anything more than to understand and improve your programming, but how do you find something where four distinct different programs could in fact? In the until Twality and collectively create a better outcome. We ended up using efforts to open social solutions efforts to outcomes. It was a well known platform that was known to be able to do collaborations, multi services. There were some bottles in place, it was very time-consuming, very expensive, and there was a lot of up training upfront. Staff had to do touch points and data input to be able to then get. Out of it. They were gonna be able to measure the effectiveness of the. Did they get the outcome in the planned way and then how did that program? If it was interrelated with health and Wellness and and housing and child children services get it even better outcome than. That a participant, a partner who was part of multiple programs was gonna have a better outcome than someone that just came in for one. So it to to get that program start was thousands of dollars and then annually it is. Probably 20 to $30,000. Now that's where a larger agency, but imagine a smaller agency and then who monitors the overall efficacy of that system? So the start was with inputs. To a program inputs the dollars the facility. The participants the staff outputs is the number served, but really what funders and we all are looking for is the intended outcome and impact of the services on the partner that you're engaging in the program. And I know that for many of the programs that we did, we actually had. lori clack

A lot later, that was because of Thunder, not because we didn't wanna know whether we were doing a good job, but we kind of did it. And notably, but we would do like I needs assessment. Does that make sense? And so it wasn't until Pfunder said, well, I want you to not just share anecdotal information like. We did this program with our kids and because of that Liz now is reading at a third grade level. Instead, what was happening was they really wanted to make sure that. The Antidotal also connected with. The deck. So you could still tell a story 'cause those are important, and I think people forget that some of these people go the opposite, where it's all of that. How it changed someone's life? Well. Someone went from having food insecurity to now. Maybe they're working at a community harvest or whatever, so that's really important to be able to talk about that for sure. Have you guys heard the elevator speech? So it's really important to have like that elevator speech, which can be just as impactful as certainly the numbers, but the numbers are so important. What we decided the boys and Girls Club and if you all can get onto your Moodle when we go to. Page 11. I think it's kind of explains kind of. We decided to look at. We felt based on the data that there were certain things that helped ensure a program would be successful. can you guys get on the moodle for boys and girls today habits? I'm making sure that. They were able to have that data that was in help explain one how they can improve the program, right? It's always really about how you can get better, how you can do better for your whoever you're serving. But also it does impact funding, right? So if the Fletcher foundations are very well known, Family Foundation, ghost at the Fletcher Foundation. For example, Guinea, 50,000 for a music program which actually is a true story, and I had the kids do a pretest where we were able to see couple things when we measured. Who actually knew how to read notes? But we also behavior and interests who is interested. That sounds promising. Right 'cause it also should be about right. For example our healthy habits. Pre and post test does talk about skill. Like whether they're able to do maybe 90 minutes of exercise a day, maybe they've been able to. They're now able to climb the rope before they weren't able to certain skills, but also we ask questions like. When was the last time you had fruit? If you had fruit racing, how many times a day do you have it? Does it make sense? So it's not always about skill for people, because that certainly is one way to measure, but it also can be about habits about behavior and also about interest. We do a lot of music exploration for our kids. 'cause many of them have never had. Been exposed to music, is it working? No alright, but that was so nice of you. Have you wanted to cry some kind of getting there? Doesn't work, it does work, yeah? Also, they're exciting about things. And so we know that a child is more likely, and I'm talking, I'm, you know, up to 18. It's more likely to do well in school. At home. In public, if they had that one trusted adult, so we measured that. So we have a relationship scale and that will be with any program we do because we believe whether you're teaching, swimming, or whether you're teaching. The arts or whether you're doing homework help. We know kids will do better based on the data at boys and girls. And if they don't have a trusted girl, we fear that they have a relationship with someone. Professional, it really does make a difference, but we wouldn't have known that if the dead board until where we all narrowed it to five key elements for positive youth development, and so they're pretty simple, really. If you think about it, but. That's what I like about data off and data can really just cut it to what it needs to be simple, but the truth is sometimes the only thing seems simple is still better, though we understand that creating a safe and positive environment should obviously positively impact youth development, but it's not easy to create a safe. Environment when you're in a pandemic, right? There's also other factors, maybe they feel safe at the club, but they don't feel safe at school or they don't feel safe at home. So then again, we need to look at that so when we do our. Annual National Youth Outcome initiative. We ask questions about where they feel safe. Because that will help us see whether we can improve their experience at the club, but also improve their livelihood. We also talk a lot about the importance of fun. Which of course I mean that makes sense, right? But if a child doesn't feel like he's having fun. He's not going to want to participate in programs that are prevention programs or swim lessons, so we really believe that no matter what we're doing, no matter what, we're providing them, whether it be swim lessons, whether it be homework, help, whether it be job training, whether it be drivers. Sad that they have that element. And we find with a lot of kids. What makes it fun is when they have some choices. So we really try to make sure that they have choices that it's not. Just tell them that we really do that. I think that would be something that would almost any organization making sure people have that ability to make those choices for themselves. You provide the support, but ultimately it really should be their decision. You provide them with the resources and the opportunities. Yeah, not adulterated. But yeah, absolutely. And in any level of program. Development and evaluation. The voices of the people that it's being done to, you know not. It's not about me without me. So that's an important ingredient with any level, youth, adult the partners. That design of that program, but tweaking and redevelopment of that program. And then. Many of us did not do youth development programming very well because it was adults putting the programs together for the young people and over the last 20 plus years, it became very clear people voices were in that mix. That they weren't gonna come and then they weren't gonna come. They adult from nonprofits. A lot of them are still doing more of a where they guide what they wanna do because for awhile I think like in the 80s and 90s people were do certain things. Well, I mean I don't know about you. If someone tells me I have to do something, it makes me not wanna do it at all. Any it makes me want to maybe a little passive aggressive and you either do the bare minimum or you know, just kind of. So. I think even Housing Authority program we can get that save money to get purchase a home. So move out of housing and purchase home for awhile. It was mandatory, but something that wasn't work. And So what? They didn't they do like some incentives to get people to want to do it, but ultimately they understand and needs to be the decision of of the person, the individual and they seem much more involved in the program. We actually really have been able to save money and be able to buy their own home, and that's that's incredible. It's incredible output, incredible outcome. But it was also was after they learned it was like we all have learned that it's really important that people have a say when it comes to the services they receive. And I say of how they're presented to them and provided to them. So we talked a lot about sense of belonging. You also know when a child feels like there's a sense of belonging, so it's not just as necessarily the relationship with staff, right? It also be that they feel really good in the environment at the club, and that they have some friends. And they they they feel interested in exploring and trying new things we talked about at the club that kids should be able to vote with their feet, meaning they can one one day go to basketball for awhile and then go into homework help the next day. They might wanna do the arts the following day. May they sign up for drivers. Ed that we want them to vote with their feet. So we feel like. This should not feel like school and that the kids will have better albums and the better about the sense of autonomy. It's so important, yes. One thing that I've realized. I think if better. Speaking yes. Whoever. what do we do surveys because sometimes they might not feel comfortable talking about it but because our are and a lot of them are are currently either Worcester Police Department or Worcester Police Department gang unit so. Steve Ross, yeah. He's he's great, great and he's he's at the holiday. We have a Hall of Fame for our. In the community, and he's one of them. He's wonderful. So yeah. With a really nice is the Worcester Police Department. We have a special connection 'cause many of them had a great relationship. Again, those relationships only grew up with Carlos Garcia. So like Carlos is actually worth it. So he has built these wonderful relationships and they come back now and support us. Police game unit put on a fundraiser. But then, with the pandemic that was called, give kids a fighting chance. So again making sure you also have. The funding to be able to do the programming 'cause? So there's a lot of things you want to do, but without having funding then you might be outcomes. So the funder seed why it's important that they could do so. Kind of like we all doubt. That providing opportunities but also setting spec tations. Again, this is what we heard from seeing. Linda said that they believe in them and then when they saw that they got. What can we do to get that up? You're better, so again, having those expectations support getting things because so far about, but it's really important they make mistakes and be punitive, but the same time to make sure that so kids say that they are able to do better because high. No, but do you know computers? Recognized and he said that it really made them feel good when they were recognized and didn't have to be in a war. I think in some ways we've got to where everyone gets awarded and everything could be more like. Have you had a test yesterday? Maybe last week, how was it not just was really great? Report carding really improved in all your grades? It's not so impressed. That's also good, but kids wanna feel like you know who they are. Even knowing the first name. Right, but. I think it makes a difference when someone remembers 100% for people who counted or marginalized. They come in and you say hi. Identity. And we even have our team members handshake. You know, we have we're gonna have spirit week because we have every vacation week with what's our focus schools. And so they'll be with us all together. They'll have it, they'll create their own dance, they'll create their own song. So having that again, sense of belonging. Recognizing them, recognizing their talents, holding out again, we talked about nellingen, all of that with with data that data wasn't. It wasn't just me. About when I asked you about whether you were able to tap the board, then accepted. It wasn't just me noticing that you seemed happy that I asked. Lot of these five elements applied to any who probably tweet. They could definitely be applied any program. I think evaluation is so important, but. Is a kid. I think we don't make a survey. I think something did right and I don't think that's respectful. So we always make sure kids understand why we're doing it. And we always make sure they know that they don't have to do it. And we also share the results with them 'cause. You know, and you'll get this feedback and we'll be able to do better. We really do every every semester we do like focus groups and we'll say. You talked about how you really increased your vegetable intake. We also talked about how you're drinking a lot of sugary drinks like we talked all that up and we'll be laughing. Will go push that you like it when was on Friday that we've learned that they see that we're really listening to wait for them for us, right? And I think what you're seeing. Also, more of its I think staff really good. We as man's team members make their experience better. 'cause although I don't think I believe the trickle down theory might comes to economics, I do believe in the trickle can treat it. That's right, you bring services to. I think sometimes we forget about this, but there's a silver lining, the pandemic kind of reminded us how. The emotional health service. Just think for each other, so I think that's something we're talking more about. How are you supporting your team members and not just about rate for people? Well is important, but also like. Do you provide a part of their state part of the case? Whenever you have fun element of fun is important. Are you providing those elements for for your staff to have fun? So for example when we go bowling once a year, we have a barbeque. Once we we try to do things that the staff. We do a survey the staff. What do you want? Slightly important that if to really work for whoever your population is that you're serving, that you start with your team members and that they're well supported and taking care of that. You listen to them and they have a sense of feeling something for long. That they feel like they have a say that they can vote with their feet. Does that make sense? So whatever we're doing for programming for? That people were serving. Whatever that demographic is that we're doing the same for our team members. That, and I think somebody we haven't always been as good as that and but I think we're doing more of that, which I'm really pleased with. anyone have any questions regarding the five elements but also how it could be really applied to any type of work we're doing comments The boys and Girls Club and main idea just over the summer. Collaborated by doing a really beautiful social justice wall that was youth LED youth designed. And supported by wonderful professional artists, but really I have. Great work, he's done that. You all would really enjoy. You know versus I'm. I'm kind of an organization. It's 135 years old so I ever got there and. Why don't you see a Katherine Erskine award? In their their application and in the work they do, and then above and beyond the work they do so joy. Well, we have a second person. OK, well thank you for your warm welcome and thanks to see everybody. Thanks for spending your belly. hey cortana

Completely. Create your own. The needs of the community and then kind of walk him through how you would develop a program. Questions you wanna ask based on anything I say. So like they said, my name is joy, and I co-founded and currently direct main idea used in arts. We started as list. Kind of precluded. We started as a volunteer project and really essentially started as a program myself and a group of community leaders community artists in the area. Living in the South neighborhood at the time, we wanted to make arts more accessible to youth in the city, particularly in the neighborhood that we were living at. We felt there were certainly art programs, but many of them were outside the neighborhood. Many of them were outside the price range. I think of the neighborhood too. Uh, so being artists ourselves, we kind of work together or head together. Like what if we just we just an idea I like to call it. Free Arts program of some sort so none of us had gone. Yeah, none of us had done any like pocket work before. Many of us were actually students at the time, but we wanted to Pooler resources together to create an art program that was free of cost. So we did that and it got really strong neighborhood response. Really strong positive response from families we like tripled our number after the first day just after word of mouth. Like it was in the neighborhood and we kept doing that. We can annual tradition in that tradition and then chooli. We came a nonprofit organization and we we started with one program annual program and then duplicated that. Multiplied that now into dozens of programs throughout the year. So. Answer your question list. Yeah, so we started really as one program and not not really think having having a lot of experience or knowledge and like how to do that best. A lot of what we learned we learned by refining our mistakes and doing better the next year and getting a lot of community feedback and how we could benefit programs. I think that and to to be clear, like we didn't start main idea, didn't start. As with the, add the product in the start. With the end being we want to be a nonprofit. We started it because we wanted to meet the need in the Community. And then the more that we kept doing that we eventually realized, hey, we could do this a lot better and do this. We can just lot better pepper money and we could have more money if we became a nonprofit. Or a church at the time was letting us do a lot of programming in their space and was more or less our fiscal sponsor for our beginnings. And we were just a project. But I think financially it's a lot easier to be your own nonprofit just so you can. You can have transparent and direct funding for your project and not have to go through a middleman every time you wanna look at. Or access your funds. So we didn't start wanting it to be a nonprofit, but just kind of dawned on us eventually that we could, by being a nonprofit, we could better meet the needs that we were trying to meet, so that became an end to what clear. So to what we became. Yeah, when you said. You talking about the fiscal sponsor? Yeah, so our first grant actually was for $2500. It was from United Way and it went to the church and the church used that budget for park project. And we would fundraise, but it still would always go to another entity until we could use it. And becoming like so we became a nonprofit like burning out of a project. I think a lot of nonprofits actually start as. They don't start with programming, but a lot of times if you wanna like make your dream come true, you kind of have to figure out ways to do it for free for awhile or do for super cheap and so you can demonstrate it's it's. It's unfortunate, but until you can kind of demonstrate to funders that you know what you're doing, not only is it is it like a dream and an idea that's really concrete, but it's something you've already doing. How much more could we do if you just had more funding? This is what we're doing. Barely any money. Imagine we can do with like a lot of money. I'm gonna stop 'cause I'm a motor mount in the other person's not like pause. I'm also wrote notes. I came prepared, kind of. One of the questions wasn't asked to talk about was how do you go about designing and developing a program and then moving on to implementation. So I'll talk a little bit about designing a program and then implementing it. I would say. Fleshing out, there's like a couple of steps to it, hello. Can you hear her now? Hello. Yeah, you're really quiet, but I can hear you. I think I can put it on speaker. Alright, can you hear me OK? OK, I'm gonna keep talking then I'm good. I just put it on speaker. Technology it's so fun. Talking about designing and implementing a program, so I think. I think that fleshing out the details of your idea and then for me it was a lot of identifying the things that could go wrong. Like anything and everything that could go wrong. Trying to anticipate those things and plan accordingly, and then hopefully not all of those things go wrong, but you at least have somewhat of a plan to pivot when things do go wrong. And I think the biggest thing is is learning from your mistakes too. We did not. Like our first year we were burnt out after like two days but we had like three more days to two to work. And I think we've come a long way from from. From that from that first year into developing something more sustainable. Sorry my 80D is not like helping the situation right now. OK. I think I'm. These are just like random things that I wrote down too, so sorry if this seems unfair, joined, but. I think clearly defining like rules of your idea, the more that you can clearly define roles and what the parameters are such as, like how schools this, what the space limitations are, what your time limitations are. The more that you can like clearly write those things down and being agreement with your team beforehand. I think the more that that helps. And I think another biggest thing is, is that that we did not learn for a long time. Was creating a budget first before you start, and I think it's hard to, especially for not a nonprofit, yet you're just doing a program. It's hard to. Have a have an idea of what your budget is when you just have the idea, but the more you can kind of sit down and and figure out what exactly it costs to do what you're doing, and then from there figure out what you can get for free or what you can get donated. What you can get at low cost. It still gives you an idea of what you need to tell your donor of how much money it actually costs to do the program you wanna do, but. And also proving to them that you found resources to do that we can do more if they if they fund you. Add last thing I'll say about designing and implementing a program is like Lizette said when I walked into the room, including like determining before you even sit down …

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19. The Theory of Government

The Public Interest Theory of Government

The basic model of government that underlies most of the discussions that we have

undertaken so far is called the Public Interest Model. This model is based on simple majority voting as the basis for decision making by the public authority. When issues are presented in the public forum and decided by a simple majority democratic process, the median voter casts the deciding vote. Because of this, the Public Interest model is sometimes called the Median Voter

Model.

The Median Voter model has a simple and congenial interpretation in the context of the

demand and supply of public goods. Let the supply of a public good be flat (as this is not central to the argument). The aggregate demand for the public good is the vertical sum of the individual demands. Let the individuals have different demands (heterogeneous demanders) but let them be symmetrically distributed. That is, at every level of the public good, there is a distribution of demand prices for that level of the public good in the vertical dimension by the individuals in the polity. Assume that the distribution is characterized by the normal distribution (one of many symmetric distributions). This means that the average demand price is equal to the demand price of the median individual. There are a lot of people at this demand price (the mode is also equal to the median) and a lot of people nearly identical (67% of the people fall within +/- one standard deviation). Now assume that the government officials present referenda asking for authority and tax funding to provide a given amount of the public good. Assume that the tax revenues will be raised by a uniform per capita tax per unit of the public good provided. The officials continue to present larger and larger proposals until a referendum is voted down. In this fashion, the amount of the public good that is provided by government is determined by the demand of the median voter. The last referendum approved by the voters is the one where the median voter's demand price is exactly equal to his tax price. The interesting characteristic of this model is that the level of the public good chosen in this fashion is the level where the aggregate demand curve is equal to the supply curve. Hence, that is the optimal amount of the public good.

The tax prices are not "optimal" in the sense that half the people are willing to pay more

and half the people don't want to pay as much as they are forced to. But government gives them no choice in either direction so there is

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