In approximately 2 pages per question answer 3 out of the 4 questions listed below.

In approximately 2 pages per question answer 3 out of the 4 questions listed below. The information used in your essay should only come from your textbook. If you use outside sources you will be downgraded. All exams should be double spaced, 12 point, and written in Times New Roman. The exam is due on July 24th. No late exams will be accepted.

1. Illustrate the primary instruments of modern U.S. foreign policy with specific examples of how they are used.

2. How does the United States use various international organizations to achieve its foreign policy goals?

3. What alternatives exist to war or military action when the United States feels that its national security is threatened by another country?

4. Are some interest groups more effective at influencing political outcomes than others? Explain why or why not.

REQUIRED TEXT: Theodore J. Lowi and Benjamin Ginsberg, “American Government: A Brief Introduction” 15th Edition (December 17, 2018), W.W. Norton & Company,

2 pages per question