October 1, 2023

Is there a correlation between higher self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders and lower scores for burnout, occupational stress, and intent to leave?

Requirements: follow document

ADHA Prospectus Form

Students | Complete your within this form. Write your responses in the white spaces using a scholarly tone and include in-text citations and APA reference entries where appropriate. You can click on underlined terms and headings for descriptions, resource links, and examples located in the . For additional prospectus information and resources, refer to the . Complete the within this form using the information from earlier sections and self-assess your research design alignment. Submit this completed form into for formal evaluation and feedback when your committee chair indicates that you are ready to do so.

Student’s Name | Shaterri Bush Student ID | A00987525

Program and Specialization* | DDHA Submission Date |

*Remember that your study focus must be within the realm of your program and specialization area.

Evaluators Only | Complete this section and provide feedback on responses and rubric scores in the form where noted.

Committee Chairperson Name: Dr. Sallie Marie Willis Overall Assessment:

Second Committee Member Name: Overall Assessment:

PhD Program Director: Dr.Kristin Wiginton Overall Assessment:

Research Design Alignment Table | Using an alignment table can assist with ensuring the alignment of your research design.

Note. At the prospectus stage, not all items in the table below can be identified (e.g., data points, data analysis). Please complete the things that you have placed in this prospectus form. You will revisit this form to adjust as needed during proposal development and finalize your research design.

Note. The information in the first column must align with all rows, and each RQ row must show alignment across the columns.

Once your Research Design Alignment Table is completed, reflect on your design alignment. Ask yourself:

Is there a logical progression from the research problem to the purpose of the study?

Does the identified framework ground the investigation into the stated problem?

Do the problem, purpose, and framework in the left-hand column align with the RQ(s) (all rows)?

Does each RQ address the problem and align with the purpose of the study?

Does the information across each row match/align with the RQ listed for that row?

By row, will the variables listed address the RQ?

By row, will the analysis address the RQ?

By row, can the analysis be completed with the data points that will be collected?

Appendix

The Doctoral Prospectus

The Doctoral Prospectus is a brief document that provides preliminary information about your doctoral research and is used in two ways:

It serves as the tentative plan for developing the proposal and is evaluated to ensure doctoral-level work (e.g., feasibility, alignment, etc.).

It provides information used to assign the committee University Research Reviewer.

Prospectus approval from the committee chair, second committee member, and a program-level designee is required for you to move forward and work on your proposal. The plan is subject to change, and parts of your research design may need to be adjusted after you complete your exhaustive literature review during proposal development.

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Title

Example

The Relationship between Nurse Leader Self Efficacy, Burnout, and Intent to Leave

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Supporting Literature

The most important step in the research process is and reading articles related to the general area you want to investigate. The site is based on an identified . As you read and learn, you will narrow your focus. This is how you will locate a discipline-specific research problem.

[Note: articles and .]

First, you will need to determine your search terms or and the you should search. As you conduct your search of the literature, stay organized by keeping a .

Example for this Form

The keywords and databases searched included hospital nurse leader retention, nurse leader intent to leave employment, nursing burnout, nursing stress, and nursing turnover in MedLine, PubMed, and NIH.

As you , you must also organize your research. A is one way to help you visualize what has and has not been done in your field. It will help you understand the scholarly works related to your area of interest. The importance of organizing and recording your review of literature cannot be overstated. You will refer to your notes as you write, so start on the right track from the beginning!

[Suggestion: If you keep your search log in an Excel workbook, use the second tab in the same workbook for your literature review matrix.]

For this prospectus form, include the complete APA reference entry and (a) an in-text citation; (b) what they studied; (c) what they found; and (d) why this is important concerning your study. This evidence justifies your research problem. These sources explain that this problem is meaningful to the discipline or professional field. The background literature must include the following:

3-5 credible sources within the last five years that all talk about the same professional practice problem

Reference entries related to the framework

Reference entry related to the Nature of the Study.

Additional reference entries that support and justify the research problem.

[Note: During proposal development, you will conduct an review and your sources rather than summarize.]

Supporting Literature Examples

Justification Literature

William, C. & Looker, H. (2020). The influence of frontline manager job stress on burnout, commitment, and turnover intention: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49, 1800-1833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.09.006

(a) William and Looker (2020); (b) studied the relationship between nurse manager job strain, burnout, lower organizational commitment, and higher turnover intention; (c) they found that nurse leaders have a high turnover, job strain, and burnout; (d) this in important concerning my study because establishes a direct relationship between an operational problem and conditions influencing the problem.

Heido, S., Bron, P., Frazer, K., & Wing, C., (2019). A quantitative analysis of factors influencing nurse leaders’ intent to stay or leave employment. Journal of Nursing Management, 23, 105-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/ 12252

(a) Heidi et al., 2019; (b) studied the prevalence of nurse leaders intending to leave their jobs; (c) they found that up to 40% of nurse leaders will leave their jobs in the next two years as a result of burnout and work dissatisfaction; (d) this is important concerning my study because it supports the currency and significance of the operational problem.

Adral, J., Link, A., & Borg, T. (2018). Predictors of occupational stress, health and well-being in nurse managers: A cross-sectional survey study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 12, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/ ijnurstu.2017.05

(a) Adral et al. (2018); (b) studied predictors of occupational stress with nurse leaders; (c) they found that nurse leaders are making the difficult decision to leave their jobs while reporting increasing levels of burnout due to increasing occupational stressors; (d) this is important concerning my study because it justifies the operational problem and future magnitude of the problem.

Wing, C. & Lasky, H. (2019). The influence and impact of frontline manager job strain on burnout, commitment, and turnover intention: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 18, 1500-1533. https://doi.org/10.985/j.ijnurstu.2015.09.006

(a) Wing & Lasky (2019); (b) studied the causes and influences of nurse leader burnout and commitment; (c) they found that job strain and stress had a direct relationship to nursing leaders’ commitment to employment and intent to leave employment; (d) this is important concerning my study because it justifies that an operational problem exists with job stress, burnout, and intent to leave employment for nurse leaders.

Supporting Literature

Teal, Y., Zack, S., Gate, X. Andrew, Z., Wang, S., Link, H., Lang, Y., Goatz, L., Lutz, L. & Donalds, Z. (2020).

General self-efficacy modifies the effect of stress on burnout in nurses with different personality types. BMC Health Services Research, 81, 367-385. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018

(a) Teal et al., (2020); (b) studied self-efficacy as one type of self-influence that moderates burnout in professionals who serve others; (c) they found that increasing self-efficacy may serve as a protector against burnout or a way to heal from existing burnout; (d) this is important about understanding the connection between protecting and healing from the burnout that results with intent to leave employment.

Figueroa, C., Harrison, R., Chauhan, A., & Meyer, L. (2019). A rapid review of priorities and challenges for health leadership and workforce management globally. BMC Health Services Research, 1, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4080-7

(a) Figueroa et al. (2019); (b) studied challenges healthcare leaders are facing with workforce management; (c) they found that healthcare executives are challenged with sustaining a health services leadership workforce that provides safe, accessible, high-quality, people-centered care across the health care services continuum; (d) this is important about my study because it supports the social health problem facing healthcare administrators.

McFitz, G., Jackvilee, D., Vickson, M., & Williams, L. (2019). Surviving workplace adversity: a qualitative study of nurses and midwives and their strategies to increase personal resilience. Journal of Nursing Management, 24, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12293

(a) McFitz et al. (2019); (b) studied how strategies used by nurses and midwives to increase personal residence to workplace stress; (c) they found that nursing professionals can survive workplace adversity using their internal self-motivation, self-organization, and involvement in support networks; (d) this is important about my study because it supports the positive impact intrinsic motivation, organization and support network may have mitigated the negative effects of burnout.

Framework Literature

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.

(a) Bandura (1997); (b) studied the ability of a person to regulate one’s level of motivation and behavior; (c) he found that individuals who could regulate one’s motivation and behavior were defined by their destiny whereby and not an external environment that might cause them to fail due to stress; (d) this is important about my study because it establishes a framework that connects the conditions surrounding employment burnout and to possible intent to leave employment.

Nature of Study Literature

Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Leon-Guerrero, A., & Davis, G. (2020). Social statistics for a diverse society (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

(a) Frankfort-Nachmias, Leon-Guerrero & Davis (2020); (b) published textbook on quantitative linear regression research design; (c) found how a Pearson correlation can help to understand the magnitude or impact of one variable on another; (d) this is important about determining a statistical significance between the dependent and independent variable in the study.

AONL (2019). American Organization of Nursing Leadership. Database for nursing employment, job satisfaction, self-efficacy, and retention. Retrieved from

(a) AONL (2019); (b) the AONL houses secondary data on nurse leaders; (c) will provide access to secondary data collected from nursing managers using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS) and Leader Efficacy Questionnaire (LEQ); (d) it is important about my study because it will provide data points for the dependent and independent variable to be analyzed.

Rubric Standard | Justified > Is presented that this problem is significant to the discipline and professional field?

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Problem

Social Problem

The situation or issue experienced by a population or within your discipline that prompted you to search the literature to find out more is sometimes called a social problem. It is the issue that students see “on the ground.” The social problem often prompts students to think about a topic of interest. Usually, such a topic is one that students identify with, sometimes having personally experienced some aspect of the problem as it exists in the world.

Social Problem Example

The issue that prompted me to search the literature is that hospital executives are challenged with sustaining a health services leadership workforce that provides safe, accessible, high-quality, people-centered care across the health care services continuum.

Research Problem

A research problem is a focused topic of concern, a condition to be improved upon, or a troubling question that is supported in scholarly literature or theory that you study to understand in more detail, which can lead to recommendations for resolutions. It is the research problem that drives the rest of the dissertation: the purpose, the research questions, and the methodology.

Research Problem Example

In one sentence, the specific research problem is that hospitals struggle to retain nurse leaders due to increasing levels of nursing burnout due to increasing occupational stressors.

Gap

The need to address an identified must be clear and relevant to the discipline and area of practice. Keep in mind that a hole in the research is not, in and of itself, a reason to conduct research. The gap relates to the rubric standard: Meaningful.

Research Gap Example

Although researchers have investigated this issue, there is very little, or no literature on the role self-efficacy plays in nurse leader burnout, employment stressors, and intent to leave employment.

Rubric Standard | Meaningful > Has a significant problem and gap in the research literature been identified?

Rubric Standard | Original > Does this doctoral study have the potential to make an original contribution?

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Purpose

To address your stated research problem, what is the purpose of your study? Will you describe, compare, explore, examine, etc.? Be sure to clarify your variables/concepts of interest. For example: In quantitative studies, state what needs to be studied by describing two or more factors (variables) and a conjectured relationship related to the identified gap or problem.

Purpose Example

This quantitative study aims to examine if there is an association between the self-efficacy of nurse leaders and self-reported burnout, occupational stress, and intent to leave.

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Framework

The framework includes the relevant to your topic. Align the framework with your study’s problem, purpose, research questions, and background. This theoretical or conceptual framework is the basis for understanding, designing, and analyzing ways to investigate your research problem (data collection and analysis). Provide the original scholarly literature (citing original authors) on the theory and concepts, even if it is more than five years old. Please do not cite secondary sources.

Example Theoretical Framework

The theories and concepts that ground this study include Bandura’s (1997) theory of self-efficacy, focusing specifically on one’s perception of how well one can achieve something that appears beyond their reach.

Next, explain how these theories and concepts relate to your research problem, purpose, and the nature of your study. Your topic/approach should align with the identified framework so that you will either build upon or counter the previously published findings on the topic.

Example Connection for the Conceptual Framework

The logical connections between the framework presented and my study approach include Bandura’s (1997) theoretical work, which shows that an individual can influence self-efficacy. Further, subsequent research application of Bandura’s theory offers guidance that increasing self-efficacy may protect against burnout (Teal et al., 2020).

Rubric Standard | Grounded > Is the problem framed to enable the researcher to either build upon or counter the previously published findings on the topic?

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Research Question(s) and Hypotheses

List the overarching that are informed by the study purpose that will be used to address the research problem. A research question informs the research design by providing a foundation for generating null and alternative hypotheses in quantitative studies.

Research Questions Example

RQ1 – Is there a correlation between higher self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders and lower scores for burnout, occupational stress, and intent to leave?

H₀1 – There is no statistically significant correlation between higher self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders and lower scores for burnout, occupational stress, and intent to leave.

Ha1 – There is a statistically significant correlation between higher self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders and lower scores for burnout, occupational stress, and intent to leave.

RQ 2 – Are self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders associated with scores for burnout, occupational stress, and intent to leave after controlling for age, gender, and race/ethnicity?

H₀1 – There is no statistically significant association between self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders and self-reported scores for burnout, occupational stress, and intent to leave after controlling for age, gender, and race/ethnicity.

Ha1 – There is a statistically significant association between self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders and self-reported scores for burnout, occupational stress, and intent to leave after controlling for age, gender, and race/ethnicity.

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Nature of the Study

Explain the systematic approach (research design) you plan to use to address your research question(s). Examples of study design are as follows:

Quantitative—for experimental, quasi-experimental, or non-experimental methods; treatment-control; repeated measures; causal-comparative; single-subject; predictive studies; or other quantitative approaches

Research Design Example

To address the research questions in this quantitative study, the approach I plan to use will include a Pearson Correlation that will be used for RQ1 to understand the correlation between the independent variable and each of the dependent variables (Frankfort-Nachmias, Leon-Guerrero, & Davis, 2020). A multivariate multiple regression analysis will be used to address the second research question in this quantitative study (Frankfort-Nachmias, Leon-Guerrero, & Davis, 2020).

A reference entry for the work on which this approach is based:

Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Leon-Guerrero, A., & Davis, G. (2020). Social statistics for a diverse society (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Then, for your planned research design, present the type of data you need and a list of possible secondary data sources that could be used to address the proposed research question (s). At this point, you should know the type of data needed to address your research question(s). Identify the data source and how the data will be accessed. Possible , by program, are available on the Center for Research Quality website. [Note. This is your tentative plan, so keep in mind that things might need to be modified during the proposal stage—particularly after you have completed your exhaustive literature review.]

Data Source Example

For my planned research design, I will need to request access to the American Organization for Nursing database. The secondary data exist for the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) and Leader Efficacy Questionnaire (LEQ).

Next, provide the specific data points you plan to use to answer your research question(s). Data points are the particular variables or types of information that you will use in your analysis. For example, items on a survey or types of interview questions (not the actual survey or interview questions). When using secondary data, you must ensure the data include the dependent and independent variables or data points you need to address your research question.

Example

The MBI-HSS will provide data points for nursing leader burnout, occupational stress, and intent to leave, and LEQ will offer data on nursing leader self-efficacy ratings.

Finally, provide information on limitations, challenges, and barriers that may need to be addressed when conducting this study. These may include access to participants, data, separation of roles (researcher versus employee), instrumentation fees, etc. If you are considering collecting data on a sensitive topic or from a vulnerable population, early consultation with the Institutional Review Board (IRB; [email protected]) during your prospectus process is recommended to gain ethics guidance that you can incorporate into your subsequent proposal drafts and research planning. [Note. Find more information on research ethics and potential “red flag” issues in the .]

Example

Limitations include participant responses that may vary from one organization to another and are not captured in the existing dataset. Also, the statistical analyses include multiple variables from two different scales. Both challenges can be overcome; however, the researcher must take time to work through the challenges when conducting the study. The researcher has consulted with an instructional specialist from Walden’s Center for Research Quality (CRQ) and will continue to work with committee mentors and CRQ tutors during the doctoral study process.

Rubric Standard | Feasible > Can a systematic method of inquiry be used to address the problem, and does the approach have the potential to address the issue while considering potential risks and burdens placed on research participants?

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Significance

Here you explain how your study addresses the significant, discipline-specific issue that you identified and will contribute to your field, discipline, professional practice, etc., to positive social change. Detail how your findings might support the professional practice or allow practical application (answer the So what? question).

Example

This study is significant because it will add to the growing knowledge on self-efficacy, burnout, occupational stress, and turnover of nurse leaders. Depending on the results, healthcare leaders can implement strategies to support the development of self-efficacy in nurse leaders or encourage healthcare leaders to look at variables or systems to reduce burnout and turnover for nurse leaders. Providing nurse leaders with the skill to develop higher levels of self-efficacy may reduce turnover while stabilizing the patient care environment and creating social change.

Rubric Standard | Impact > Does this doctoral study potentially affect positive social change?

Rubric Standard | Objective > Is the topic approached objectively?

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Research Design Alignment Table | Using an alignment table can assist with ensuring the alignment of your research design.

Note. The information in the first column must align with all rows, and each RQ row must show alignment across the columns.

My Doctoral Research (MDR)

If you have not done so, you should familiarize yourself with the system. The DR system was designed to assist you and your committee in navigating your doctoral research journey, from the beginning through the final approval. The various landing pages in MyDR will track your progress and serve as a central location for resources to support that progress. There is a process flow tool where you exchange and store faculty evaluations and feedback on your work as you progress along that journey.

You will be entered into the MyDR system when the academic program approves your committee chair and second member nominees. At that point, you can access MyDR from the homepage of your dissertation completion course in Blackboard. Your prospectus will be the first document you submit for approval in MDR.