What does impulsivity mean and how does it relate to sex?
Topic: Number of Sexual Partners and Impulsivity
Hypothesis: We hypothesize that men will have more sexual partners than women. In addition, we also hypothesize that individuals who are impulsive, will also have more sexual partners. Lastly, we hypothesize that there will be a relationship between gender and impulsivity, and it will be stronger among males in comparison to females.
Please visit the library or writing center (virtually) on how to find peer reviewed articles. You can start by researching;
Sexual differences between males and females
What does impulsivity mean and how does it relate to sex?
Are men more sexual than women? What does that even mean?
What Is an Annotated Bibliography? An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to journal articles. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 100 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited. These articles should be the ones you use for your introduction and final paper. However, I realize that sometimes, we may omit some and add other ones.
First, locate and record citations to the articles that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic. Briefly examine and review the actual items. Then choose those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic.
Cite the article using APA style.
Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the article. Include one or more sentences that (a) evaluate the authority or background of the author, (b) comment on the intended audience, (c) compare or contrast this work with another you have cited, or (d) explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic.
For this assignment you will be required to cite at least 10 articles. They should be used for your research paper part 1. Although, the first part of the paper only requires 4 journal articles, it is always a good idea to have more.
Please take a look at the document for an example of what an annotated bibliography looks like: The example is a bit longer than you should provide in yours. Please be brief on the summary, I am more concerned about the relevance. Like, yes your article talks about aggression in males, but how do you plan to use it in the paper. Be direct. The summary of the annotation should be 2-3 sentences, while the relevance should be 5-8 sentences.
Requirements: Annotated Bibliography.
1 Annotated Bibliography Calton, J. M., Cattaneo, L. B., & Gebhard, K. T. (2016). Barriers to help seeking for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer survivors of intimate partner violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 17(5), 585– 600. https://doi-org.lib.pepperdine.edu/10.1177/1524838015585318 Summary: This article explores the unique barriers and experiences LGBTQ members face when seeking assistance with the intimate partner violence (IPV) they are currently facing, or previously survived in a relationship. Through performing a literature review, they state that they found three major barriers at play: there is a limited understanding of IPV in LGBTQ communities, stigmas surrounding LGBTQ members, and systemic inequities currently in place. The journal then dives deeper into each category, giving in-depth reasonings and consequences behind each of the barriers. They conclude that to decrease the effects of these barriers, more research must be done along with implementing changes in policies and practices. They give their recommendations for each; and then emphasis that the most important change to aim for is to make these barriers more acknowledged by the masses so that the needs of this population can be properly addressed. Relevance: I theorize that as I do research, I will observe that members of the LGBTQ community experience higher rates of IPV then their hetero and cisgendered counterparts. I also theorize that the increased minority stress and systematic barriers to help-seeking that this community faces plays a big part in that. Understanding what the literature has to show as being the most common help-seeking barriers for LGBTQ members will be crucial to determining if my theory is correct. It will also be important when applying this information on top of low SES communities and their own barriers. Knowledge on LGBTQ experiences with IPV would be incomplete without insight on their experience coping with if afterwards.
2 Cannon, C., & Buttell, F. (2020). Research-supported recommendations for treating LGBTQ perpetrators of IPV: Implications for policy and practice. Partner Abuse, 11(4), 485–504. https://doi-org.lib.pepperdine.edu/10.1891/PA-2020-0025 Summary: This literature review explores the information we currently have on batterer intervention programs in gender minority relationships and recommends research-supported treatments to better help care for these perpetrators of IPV. They explain how the LGBTQ community experiences higher rates of IPV than their heterosexual counterparts yet have far worse access to and quality of care due to lower media attention, social stigmas, and systematic inequalities such as legal protection. This is all viewed and discussed through the context of recent changes in the human experience brought about by the COVID-19 virus. Relevance: This article poses an interesting question that I would not have considered myself but is an important aspect of IPV in the LQBTQ community nonetheless: How effective/ available is treatment for the perpetrators of LGBTQ IPV. Most of the literature focuses on the barriers and struggles of IPV survivors. But to treat the problem holistically, professionals need to be aware and competent in the treatment of the batterers. This also looks at IPV through a context specifically relevant to the present day, with COVID-19 changing how we interact with one and other, access resources, and manage our mental health. Edwards, K. M., & Sylaska, K. M. (2013). The perpetration of intimate partner violence among LGBTQ college youth: The role of minority stress. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(11), 1721–1731. https://doi-org.lib.pepperdine.edu/10.1007/s10964-012-9880-6 Summary: This study aimed to evaluate how the factors of gender minority-stress relate to the effects of IPV in LGBTQ college students. The study focused on college youth, sampling 391 people from ages 18-25 in same-sex relationships. The study used an inline questionnaire to
3 record info on the participants and the answers were measured using The Revised Conflict Tactic Scale (CTS2). The scale identified the presence of physical, sexual, or psychological abuse from the participant’s partner. Several questions and other scales were used to measure the degree in which the participants experience minority stress. The study found that the sample experience high rates of externalized minority stressors. For example, 73% of participants stated that they have experienced physical or verbal assault due to their sexual orientation. However, they also found that participants experience relatively low levels of minority stress due to demonstrated high levels of resilience. The study discusses how many aspects of LGBTQ-related minority stress perpetrates IPV. It states that internalized homonegativity is the best perpetrator. Relevance: To fully understand how IPV is present in the LGBTQ community, it is important to consider the problem through the lens of gender minority-stress. This is a community that faces unique challenges and stressors that may mediate the emergence or continuation of IPV. The information presented in this article clears up which parts of the LGBTQ experience is relevant to the rates of IPV shown in this and other articles. It is also important to collect information from various populations to increase the generalizability of the results and college students are historically open to participating. Gillum, T. L. (2019). The intersection of intimate partner violence and poverty in Black communities. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 46, 37–44. https://doi-org.lib.pepperdine.edu/10.1016/j.avb.2019.01.008 Summary: This article discusses how poverty can affect womens’ experience with domestic violence. The article looks at black women from both the US and the continent of Africa to see how being on the intersection of both low SES and IPV survivor identities can shape one’s
4 physical and mental wellbeing. Black women were chosen to be the topic of interest, as the black communities in both the US and Africa have historically faced systematic discrimination and inequality that have led and maintained a disproportionate percent of their population to poverty. Relevance: I have chosen to use this article in my paper due to the attention it has given to how low SES influences the experience of IPV. This study only looks at the population of black women. However, the information can be used to compare the heterosexual IPV experience with the LGBTQ one from the other articles. It also gives a deep insight into how IPV manifests in poverty-stricken black communities. By looking at what barriers and experiences these black women face, the LGBTQ community may benefit if those experiences and struggles are shared. Harden, J., McAllister, P., Spencer, C. M., & Stith, S. M. (2022). The dark side of the rainbow: Queer women’s experiences of intimate partner violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(1), 301–313. https://doi-org.lib.pepperdine.edu/10.1177/1524838020933869 Summary: This study focuses on how IVP manifests and works in female-only LGBTQ relationships. The study collected qualitative data from 19 studies between 2000-2019 to recognize barriers to finding support, common experiences of IPV shared by female-only relationships, and recommendations for professionals working with this population. Many IPV theories were produced with men as perpetrators and this article had to adapt minority stress and disempowerment theory to see IPV through a gender-neutral or female-with-female perspective. Relevance: This article is extremely important to my paper, as it highlights what the current literature says about IPV in lesbian relationships. IPV is not considered a large problem in female same-sex couples, as the focus is mainly in heterosexual and gay relationships (where a man is
5 present). My initial introduction to the concept of IPV was actually given to me through my bisexual sister who was telling me how big of a problem it is in the LGBTQ community as a whole, including lesbians. So, this paper was used to help inform myself on how the actual rates and experiences have been recorded. It also will hopefully be used in the paper to accurately represent an overlooked population in the context of IPV research. Harland, K. K., Peek-Asa, C., & Saftlas, A. F. (2021). Intimate partner violence and controlling behaviors experienced by emergency department patients: Differences by sexual orientation and gender identification. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(11–12), NP6125-NP6143. https://doi-org.lib.pepperdine.edu/10.1177/0886260518812070 Summary: This study tackled observing and comparing rates of IPV among patients of emergency departments. They found that there were significantly higher rates of IPV in LGBTQ individuals than their heterosexual counterparts. IPV was found to be most prevalent in gay and bisexual patients. Although surprisingly, there were no significant differences in IPV rates between males and females. This study also looked at the differences in rates of reporting IPV between heterosexual and LGBTQ communities. Relevance: This study clearly looks at the differences between IPV rates in heterosexual and the specific different LGBTQ communities in a clearly defined location (EDs) which is exactly what I am looking for. This will be great data to compare to the rates presented in other articles. Hester, M., & Donovan, C. (2009). Researching domestic violence in same-sex relationships—A feminist epistemological approach to survey development. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 13(2), 161–173. https://doi-org.lib.pepperdine.edu/10.1080/10894160802695346 Summary: This researchers in this article investigated the intersection between gender/sexuality and domestic violence within both LGBTQ and heterosexual relationships. The value in this
6 journal comes from how it tackles the design of a IPV questionnaire from a feminist epistemological approach, as feminism at its core questions power, gender, and sexuality. These are all relevant in the topic of IPV but may not always be the focus of the conversation around it. Using questionnaires, focus groups, and interviews, the researchers collected detailed and thorough data on IPV in heterosexual and LGBTQ communities. This article however, only focused on the development of the questionnaire. They concluded that “Using a feminist epistemological approach, rooted in understandings of experience of domestic violence, including experiences and intersections related to gender and sexuality, allowed development of a detailed survey approach that takes research a step further in analyzing domestic violence by moving beyond the generally heteronormative approaches of most surveys”. Relevance: This article is significant to the formation of my paper and understanding of IPV as it exemplifies the value in looking at a problem from another perspective. IPV in LGBTQ communities only recently began receiving the attention it requires, and most research on it so far includes a call to action, advocating for further research to be done. This article shows that taking a different approach (a feminist approach in this case) when conducting research has proven to be beneficial. This is great for informing my discussion or conclusion, as I will be making a call to action myself. Jordan, S. P., Mehrotra, G. R., & Fujikawa, K. A. (2020). Mandating inclusion: Critical trans perspectives on domestic and sexual violence advocacy. Violence Against Women, 26(6–7), 531–554. https://doi-org.lib.pepperdine.edu/10.1177/1077801219836728 Summary: This study used comprehensive interviews with transgender people working for domestic and sexual violence organizations to collect qualitative data on why there are still inequities for trans survivors despite the recent laws being passed to protect them. What they
7 found was that systematic discrimination towards transgenders was being practiced anyways. The article dives deeper into the 10 participants’ interviews and what kinds of discrimination are at play. Relevance: The information in this study is crucial for my paper. It is one of the only studies I could find out there that explicitly cares about the transgender community and acknowledges the uniqueness of their experience compared to the rest of the LGBTQ community. It also reveals how the current policies in place that are supposed to protect trans and other LGBTQ members have limits in their actual implementation. Langenderfer-Magruder, L., Whitfield, D. L., Walls, N. E., Kattari, S. K., & Ramos, D. (2016). Experiences of intimate partner violence and subsequent police reporting among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer adults in Colorado: Comparing rates of cisgender and transgender victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(5), 855–871. https://doi-org.lib.pepperdine.edu/10.1177/0886260514556767 Summary: This study examines what the lifetime prevalence and rate of police reporting of IPV in a sample LGTBQ adults are. Using an electronic, self-reporting survey, the authors gathered information on both cisgendered and transgender participants. They found that more than one fifth of participants have experienced IPV and a significantly higher rate of IPV is prevalent with transgenders. Relevance: This article may prove useful in further backing up the claims made about the transgender IPV experience or could be used as an introduction for the topic. Nothing about this info seemed too groundbreaking after reading the others, but it seems to be a solid survey that provides great evidence to support the paper.
8 Pyra, M., Weber, K., Wilson, T. E., Cohen, J., Murchison, L., Goparaju, L., & Cohen, M. H. (2014). Sexual minority status and violence among HIV infected and at-risk women. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(8), 1131–1138. https://doi-org.lib.pepperdine.edu/10.1007/s11606-014-2832-y Summary: This study set out to understand how sexual minority status relates to violence; and how participation in high-risk sex and substance use mediates that relationship. Using a longitudinal study to look at women with or at-risk of having HIV, the study found that bisexual women were at a higher risk of experiencing IPV than their heterosexual counterparts. They also found that multiple sex partners, cocaine use, and marijuana use were significant predictors for IPV. Relevance: This study sets itself apart by including substance use and high-risk sex in its analysis. It also used a longitudinal study, which may prove more accurate than the other studies, which used more convenient and accessible self-reported surveys. By looking at these variables, this study has discovered how these women are affected by stigmas based on their intersectional identity (racial minorities, sexual minorities, low socioeconomic status, or coping with violence, exploitation, mental illness (MIs), and substance use disorders (SUDs)) and how it may facilitate the presence of IPV within their lives. This could be used as a great segue or as connective tissue in my paper to link the LGBTQ and low SES communities I want to research and write about.
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