Assess the alignment of your colleague’s proposed null and alternative hypotheses with the research question. Explain your reasoning and provide alternative suggestions.
After reading your colleague’s post, consider the following in your reply:
• Assess the alignment of your colleague’s proposed null and alternative hypotheses with the research question. Explain your reasoning and provide alternative suggestions.
• Evaluate your colleague’s proposed research design and explain whether you agree with the research design chosen. Provide a brief rationale for your opinion and cite the resources as necessary.
• Identify potential threats to internal and external validity that your colleague has not mentioned. Recommend possible solutions to the areas of internal and external validity in the research design proposed by your colleague.
• Review the ethical implications your colleague has described and identify any additional potential ethical issues.
REPLY TO MY CLASSMATE’S DISCUSSION BY ANSWERING THE
ABOVE INSTRUCTIONS
DISCUSSION 1(Tiairra)
Apply the scientific method to the information included within the scenario and develop a null and a research hypothesis based on it.
Null: The increased active participation of the instructor does not affect the level of motivation displayed by the students.
Research Hypothesis: The purpose of this research is to test the hypothesis that more participation from teachers in class discussions will, in turn, lead to higher levels of motivation among students. The purpose of this research is to provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that those students who participate in the intervention approach experience an increase in motivation to take part in group discussions.
Review the quantitative research designs in the required readings and choose one that is suitable for your research question and hypotheses. Explain why this choice is most appropriate to test your hypotheses.
The educators concluded that the experiment should consist of two distinct parts for each educator. As stated by Skidmore (2008), the initial segment functions as a control group and is unaffected by any experimental intervention, whereas the subsequent section does undergo the intervention. Although Skidmore’s essay does not explicitly state the specific test employed in this instance, it utilizes the Pretest-Posttest control group Design. Skidmore (2008) explains that in experimental research, one group, known as the experimental group, receives a specific intervention or therapy (referred to as X), while another group, known as the control group, does not receive any intervention or receives an alternative intervention. This inquiry aims to identify potential internal
threats to the validity of the study and elucidate the measures intended to safeguard against these threats. Apply concepts of ethics to the study that is going to be done and discuss the consequences of this kind of research about the populations and cultural considerations that will be represented in the samples that will be used in the scenario. Because this is a post-test rather than a pretest, we may say that this is a random assignment rather than a random sampling. Experiments are concerned with an independent variable that may cause or predict the outcome of the dependent variable, as Skidmore describes (Skidmore, 2008).
Describe the target population, the desired sample, and any cultural considerations that may be involved.
Children in the sixth grade can benefit from jigsaw instruction, the targeted sample is the variables of the results from fourth graders learning in a jigsaw setting in the classroom. The study lasted for five weeks and focused on children in the sixth grade. In the course of conducting this research, no cultural factors were taken into account or measured in any way. However, sixth graders who participated in a study that did not protect their rights as students evaluated the atmosphere and culture of the Jigsaw classroom. This was done to gauge how the pupils felt about the environment in the classroom (Stanczak et al., 2022).
Identify potential internal and external threats to validity. Explain how you might mitigate these threats.
Since this is a post-test and not a pre-test, we know that the participants were selected at random. According to what Skidmore has to say about experiments, they focus on an independent variable that may cause or predict the outcome of the dependent variable (Skidmore, 2008). The scenario depicts the intervention itself as the independent variable, while the answers of the participants are depicted as the dependent variable. Because the course is delivered online, there is some uncertainty over how valid the experiment is. There is a potential for unethical behavior due to the involvement of youngsters. Consent that is given after being fully informed would be required, and the parents should be kept informed as well. However, there is little information supplied about either the population or the culture in the situation, thus it would be vital to consider the children’s culture.
Determine ethical issues that would need to be addressed. Explain what you would do to ensure an ethical study.
The student’s right to privacy and the laws that protect those rights were violated, which is a breach of ethics. In addition, several students had to be excluded from the research project; however, this could have been prevented if you had explained to each participant that the questionnaire must be returned within a fair amount of time to compare (Creswell,2018). Before I started my research, I would look back over the ethics guidance published by the American Psychological Association, particularly if I was going to be using children in the investigation. Ensuring that the parents, children, and teachers who are participating in the study are provided with both a written and verbal
explanation of what outcomes can be anticipated from the quantitative research being conducted here. In addition, adhering to all of the criteria and avoiding any potentially sensitive topics that could infringe on the rights and privacy of participants is required. (“Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.,” 2002).
References Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. (2002). American Psychologist, 57(12), 1060–1073. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.57.12.1060Links to an external site.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE.
Skidmore, S. (2008). Experimental design and some threats to experimental validity: A primer Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association (New Orleans, LA, February 6, 2008). Retrieved from the ERIC database in the Ashford University Library.
Stanczak, A., Darnon, C., Robert, A., Demolliens, M., Sanrey, C., Bressoux, P., Huguet, P., Buchs, C., & Butera, F. (2022, August). Do jigsaw classrooms improve learning outcomes? Five experiments and an internal meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(6), 1461–1476. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000730
After reading your colleague’s post, consider the following in your reply:
• Assess the alignment of your colleague’s proposed null and alternative hypotheses with the research question. Explain your reasoning and provide alternative suggestions.
• Evaluate your colleague’s proposed research design and explain whether you agree with the research design chosen. Provide a brief rationale for your opinion and cite the resources as necessary.
• Identify potential threats to internal and external validity that your colleague has not mentioned. Recommend possible solutions to the areas of internal and external validity in the research design proposed by your colleague.
• Review the ethical implications your colleague has described and identify any additional potential ethical issues.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.57.12.1060
https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.57.12.1060
https://uagc.instructure.com/courses/121367/modules/items/6182278
https://uagc.instructure.com/courses/121367/modules/items/6182278
https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000730
REPLY TO MY CLASSMATE’S DISCUSSION BY ANSWERING THE
ABOVE INSTRUCTIONS
DISCUSSION 2 (Latacha)
“What amount and intensity of exercise is likely to relieve symptoms of depression?”
Null and Alternative hypotheses to the research question
Ho: Exercise is likely to relieve symptoms of depression
Ha: To relieve symptoms of depression, one must exercise for X amount of time at Y intensity level.
Appropriate to test hypotheses
An approach to the research question “What amount and intensity of exercise is likely to relieve symptoms of depression?”, I would use an experimental design. This way I have more control over the study by showing cause and effect using a random sample and an independent variable (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). Nullifying the theory that exercise is likely to relieve symptoms of depression, because you could argue that “exercise” is subjective. Thus, typing on your computer for 10 hours is not considered exercise because the result is one is still depressed.
Describe the target population, sample, and cultural considerations.
The target population would be baby boomers who are sedentary, and the desired sample size would be 120, an equal number of men and women who have mild symptoms of depression—as stated by their physicians. I would not be concerned with cultural considerations because the goal of the study is to show cause and effect, by determining the length of time and intensity level needed to relieve symptoms of depression.
Identify internal and external threats and mitigate efforts.
Potential internal threats are human participants may not show up for the required participation dates for the study. I would mitigate that by identifying how depression is measured and evaluate those metrics to determine if it is feasible to reduce the number of participant (IV) visits to yield the same results. The external threats would be environmental. Is testing done in a lab, gym or outside in nature? For this, I would separate the IVs into groups where there is an equal number of men and women in a lab, gym, and out in nature. I would test with separate instruments based on the environment.
Determine ethical issues that would need to be addressed.
To ensure ethical integrity, the participants and I would discuss in detail Section 8.02 of the ethics code, Informed consent, subsection (2), their right to decline to participate, and (3) the foreseeable consequences of withdrawing, Section 8.08, Debriefing, Section 4.01 Confidentiality, and Section 4.02, Limits of Confidentiality (American Psychological Association, 2017), mainly since the experiment would be conducted in a group setting.
Thank you,
Tach Branch-Dogans
References American Psychological Association. (2017, January). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Ethics. https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/indexLinks to an external site
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE.
https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index
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