University of Winchester 1

Guide to the Harvard System of Referencing

This referencing guide has been adapted and expanded from a guide originally created by

Janice de Sousa (2008), with contributions from Bridget Egan (2010) and Vasiliki Tzibazi (2014)

Current authors: Rosie Johnson and Gary Jones

© University of Winchester

Revised 7th September 2017

How to use this manual

The first part of this manual (pages 4-10) shows you how to cite references in the main body

of your essay. Read this carefully as it provides you with a range of examples on how citations

can be incorporated into your writing. The examples are indented and are of a smaller font to

distinguish them from the text of the manual.

The second part of the manual shows you how to compile the reference list at the end of your

essay. If you have downloaded the colour version (recommended), you will see that the

various elements which make up the reference are depicted in different colours. This is to help

you distinguish these elements. When you reference, you should use the same font, size and

colour as you use for the rest of your essay. The style, font and layout have been approved by

the Dyslexia Team in Student Services.

If you have downloaded the interactive version, you can click on any one of the main items

listed in the contents (with the control key depressed) and this will take you directly to its

place in the manual.

This is a dynamic document. If you find examples we have not included, please contact

[email protected] and we shall endeavour to make the appropriate additions

at the end of the current semester.

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Table of Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5

Why is referencing important?…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5

Plagiarism …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5

Quality of Sources………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5

Quantity of Sources ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6

Non-English Sources …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6

Step A: In–text citation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6

1 Conventions for integrating quotations into your writing …………………………………………….. 6

1.1 Summarising ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6

1.2 Paraphrasing ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7

1.3 Quoting …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7

1.4 Publication titles …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8

1.5 Short Quotations – direct quotations of fewer than two sentences ………………………………. 8

1.6 Long Quotations – direct quotations of two sentences or more …………………………………… 8

1.7 Integrating quotations into your own writing …………………………………………………………….. 9

2 Editing quotations …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9

2.1 Omitting sections of a quotation ………………………………………………………………………………. 9

2.2 Adding or changing words in a quotation …………………………………………………………………. 10

2.3 Highlighting errors/problems in an original source ……………………………………………………. 10

3 Other conventions for in-text citations ……………………………………………………………………. 10

3.1 In-text citation of chapters in edited publications……………………………………………………… 10

3.2 In-text citation of dual author texts …………………………………………………………………………. 10

3.3 In-text citation of multiple author texts …………………………………………………………………… 11

3.4 In-text citation of texts with no attributed authors …………………………………………………… 11

3.5 In-text citation with no attributed date ……………………………………………………………………. 11

3.6 In-text citation of corporate author (organisation) ……………………………………………………. 11

3.7 In-text citation of multiple texts ……………………………………………………………………………… 12

3.8 In-text citation of authors with more than one publication in a year …………………………… 12

3.9 In-text secondary citations …………………………………………………………………………………….. 12

3.10 In-text citations from online sources ……………………………………………………………………….. 12

3.11 Figures, diagrams, tables and screen captures ………………………………………………………….. 13

3.12 Page numbering ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13

3.13 Quotations in languages other than English ……………………………………………………………… 13

3.14 Icelandic texts – references to authors ……………………………………………………………………. 14

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Step B: Compiling the list of references …………………………………………………………………………………. 15

1 BOOKS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15

1.1 Single author book ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15

1.2 Subsequent edition of a book …………………………………………………………………………………. 15

1.3 Edited book ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15

1.4 Multiple author book …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16

1.5 Chapter in book ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16

1.6 Translated book ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16

1.7 Lines within plays ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17

1.8 Introduction or preface in book or playtext ……………………………………………………………… 17

1.9 E- book/open access ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 17

1.10 Audiobook ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18

1.11 Kindle, Ipad, Nook or similar tablet …………………………………………………………………………. 18

2 ARTICLES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19

2.1 Journal article ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19

2.2 Online journal article …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19

2.3 Journal Article (pdf version only) …………………………………………………………………………….. 19

2.4 Newspaper article …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 20

2.5 Online newspaper article ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 20

2.6 Reprint of a journal article in a later journal …………………………………………………………….. 21

3 CONFERENCE PAPER, GOVERNMENT & OTHER PUBLICATIONS ………………………………. 21

3.1 Conference paper – published ………………………………………………………………………………… 21

3.2 Online conference paper ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 21

3.3 Government and corporate publications …………………………………………………………………. 22

3.4 Reports published online ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 22

3.5 Other online publications ………………………………………………………………………………………. 22

4 REFERENCE BOOKS AND RELIGIOUS WORKS …………………………………………………………… 23

4.1 Dictionaries and reference books ……………………………………………………………………………. 23

4.2 The Bible ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23

4.3 The Torah …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24

4.4 The Qur'an …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24

5 LEGAL DOCUMENTS ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 24

5.1 Acts of Parliament …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 24

5.2 Government Green paper ………………………………………………………………………………………. 25

5.3 Hansard ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25

5.4 Treaties ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25

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5.5 Legal Cases …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26

6 WEBSITES, SOCIAL MEDIA AND PODCASTS FROM WEBSITES. …………………………………… 26

6.1 Website ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26

6.2 Blog …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26

6.3 Twitter …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27

6.4 Facebook ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27

6.5 YouTube ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27

6.6 Podcast from website ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 28

6.6 TED Talks ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28

7 ALL OTHER MEDIA ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29

7.1 Film, DVD, video ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29

7.2 Television/Radio programme or series …………………………………………………………………….. 29

7.3 Radio from the internet …………………………………………………………………………………………. 30

7.4 Podcast from broadcast …………………………………………………………………………………………. 30

7.5 Music, CD, DVD, Spotify …………………………………………………………………………………………. 30

7.6 Sheet Music ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31

7.7 Photos, Pictures, Cartoons ……………………………………………………………………………………… 31

7.8 Teaching Resources and Posters ……………………………………………………………………………… 31

8 LIVE PERFORMANCE ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 32

8.1 Play ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32

8.2 Ballet or dance ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32

8.3 Street performance or Installation ………………………………………………………………………….. 32

8.4 Exhibition or Event ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33

8.5 Theatre or Performance Programme……………………………………………………………………….. 33

9 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION AND UNPUBLISHED WORKS ……………………………………… 33

9.1 Email, text, letter or conversation ………………………………………………………………………….. 33

9.2 Thesis and dissertation ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34

9.3 Lecture ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34

10 REFERENCING ANOMALIES ……………………………………………………………………………………. 35

10.1 Books with Icelandic author(s) ………………………………………………………………………………… 35

10.2 Chapter in book with an Icelandic author(s)……………………………………………………………… 35

10.3 Journal article with an Icelandic author(s) and non-Icelandic authors …………………………. 36

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Introduction

Students are required to acknowledge the sources they use in their written assignments. This process involves two steps:

a) An in-text citation where you include usually the surname only, date and page number of the work, the full details of which can be found in the reference list at the end of your essay. The citations are included in your word count.

b) The final list of references on a separate page at the end of the essay. This is written according to Harvard Referencing conventions. Interpretations of these conventions vary across subject areas and other faculties, but are consistent for the EHSC faculty and the University's recommended referencing guidelines recently compiled by Doctor Gary Jones to take effect from September 2014. Please study these conventions carefully and have this document open when compiling your referencing list. The reference list is not included in the word count of your essay.

Why is referencing important?

Referencing to existing theories, policy initiatives, research findings etc. is an essential part of academic writing and standard academic practice. It demonstrates the extent of your research and thereby reveals your understanding of the range and type of thinking in any given area. In short, references are used to:

 avoid plagiarism by acknowledging the source of an argument or idea

 help support your arguments and provide your writing with credibility

 enable the reader to locate the sources of your information

 show the full scope of your research.

If you fail to cite your sources, you can be accused of Poor Academic Practice or even Plagiarism. See the latest edition of the Academic Misconduct Policy on the University Intranet pages.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is an act of cheating, defined as 'the verbatim or near-verbatim copying or paraphrasing, without acknowledgement, from published or unpublished material attributable to, or which is the intellectual property of another, including the work of other students' (University of Winchester Academic Misconduct Policy, 2016:4).

You might be accused of plagiarism if you reproduce word-for-word or paraphrase sections from any published or unpublished work without appropriate acknowledgement of your source. This includes copying from another student's work. The penalties for plagiarism are severe, and you should familiarise yourself with the Academic Misconduct Policy (which can be found in the Policies, Guidelines and Regulations section on the University Intranet). Become proficient at using the Harvard System as soon as possible.

Quality of Sources

To present an academically credible piece of work, you must use reputable sources. These will include theoretical work accessed from books, journals and conference papers, some online sources (e.g. online academic journals), policy documents produced by governments and professional bodies, legal documents including Acts of Parliament, green papers and Hansard, academic research findings presented in peer-reviewed publications, and where appropriate, media and personal sources.

Many seemingly ‘academic’ websites are not subject to the same degree of academic scrutiny as articles and chapters published in books or journals; these websites can appear to offer useful sources of evidence and lines of argument, but on closer scrutiny fail to comply with the academic conventions

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(such as referencing) that are necessary to establish their academic authority. Such websites are not credible sources to cite in academic work, and the most obvious example is Wikipedia, which should never be cited in academic work.

Quantity of Sources

The number of sources appropriate for any academic assignment depends on the type of assignment set and factors such as:

 the subject

 the word length

 the level and depth of study

If in doubt about the appropriate quantity of references for an assignment, ask your tutor.

Non-English Sources

If you wish to reference or read non-English sources for your studies, please check with your tutors in

each module to ensure that they approve the use of such sources. When using non-English sources

please provide an English translation or paraphrase of relevant sections used for the assignments

available to the marking tutor. If quoting from a non-English text, quotes much be given in both

original language and an English.

Step A: In–text citation

1 Conventions for integrating quotations into your writing

When you summarise, paraphrase or quote a source, you must always cite the original author in your writing so that the reader is aware you are presenting or discussing another person’s ideas and not your own. The essential features of a citation are the author’s last name only, the year of publication and importantly (when a direct quotation is used) the page number.

Please note that a colon should be used between the year of publication and the page number (Smith, 2012:2) or when the quotation goes over two pages: (Smith, 2012:15-16).

Please note also that when the citation comes at the end of the sentence the punctuation mark comes after the citation. It also comes after the quotation mark, as in the second example below.

‘Without this engagement, there is no learning, but where the proper, wholesome and full engagement is sustained, learning will occur’ (Alred and Garvey, 2000:266). As Grant (2006:74) explains ‘the idea is that the coach primarily facilitates the construction of solutions rather than trying to understand the aetio

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