State the type of study that was conducted (see methods section of article, it must be one of the above study types).

Review the attached article and answer the following questions in discussion format Please.

1. State the type of study that was conducted (see methods section of article, it must be one of the above study types).

2. What is the research question? 

3. What was known or unknown before the study was conducted (see introduction of article)? 

4. What was the purpose of the study (should be at end of introduction)? 

5. What was the outcome and was it consistent with the researcher(s)’ original research question (see results and conclusions)? 

6. What recommendation(s) did the researcher offer for future studies (see conclusions)? 

7. Do you feel the findings and research design are real and valid? Why or why not? Please review the lesson for this week and your text book readings to understand what is meant by valid.

1H6 HUIHHIHIUHUH (1] “lb WEEKIy Hulk .1 Lord Byron The phrase ‘cost of living crisis’ is bandied about by politicians, charities, bankers and a host of others. But what does it really mean? I took a straw poll among some friends and family and asked them what they thought it meant. All of them guessed that it was probably something to do with rising prices. The think-tank Institute for the UK Government defines the UK’s cost of living crisis as ‘the fall in real disposable incomes (that is, adjusted for inflation and after taxes and benefits) that the UK has experienced since late 2021’.2 However, I prefer the more realistic definition in ‘The Big lssue’3 (the world ‘s most widely circulated street newspaper founded to offer homeless people, or individuals at risk of homelessness, the opportunity to earn a legitimate income): ‘a situation in which the cost of everyday essentials like groceries and bills are rising faster than average household incomes’.’ Recent projections by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development estimate that the world economy will be a percentage point of GDP growth lower than expected.5 According to the World Bank’s recent Commodity Markets Outlook report, ‘the war in Ukraine has dealt a major shock to commodity markets, altering global patterns of trade, production, and consumption in ways that will keep prices at historically high levels through the end of 2024′.6 The increase in energy prices over the past 2 years has been the largest since the 1973 oil crisis. Price increases for food commodities (of which Russia and Ukraine are large producers) and fertilizers (the production of which rely on natural gas) have been the largest since 2008.6 Increasing food and energy prices by themselves have an impact on inequalities. In addition, according to the Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2022, ’60 per cent of least developed and other low-income countries are already at high risk of, or in, debt distress’.7 An United Nations Conference On Trade And Development analysis of historical data8 indicates that civil unrest and increases in agri—food commodity prices are highly correlated This ‘perfect storm’ following the social and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic can have knock-on effects of social unrest as illustrated by the situation in Sri Lanka. Antonio Guterres, the United Nations SecretaryeGeneral at a press conference to launch the report on the impact of the conflict in Ukraine on food security, energy and financing said: ‘for people around the world, the war [in Ukraine], together with the other crises, is threatening to unleash an unprecedented wave of hunger and destitution, leaving social and economic chaos in its wake. No country or community will be left untouched by this costeofeliving crisis.’ A paper for the United Nations Development Programme in July 20229 undertook the analysis of data from 159 countries. It projects that the current costeofeliving crisis may have pushed over 51 million people into extreme poverty at $1.90 a day, and an additional 20 million at S 3.20 a day, with hotspots in Subesaharan Africa, particularly in the Sahel, the Balkans and the Caspian Basin. The vicious cycles of poverty, hunger and inequalities created by the crisis shows that no one dimension of the crisis can be fixed in isolation, and no country is immune to its effects. A plethora of reports and policy papers from local, national and international think—tanks, agencies, etc. outlining various recommendations are available. The consensus appears to be that urgent action is needed and existing policies and tools will need to be used flexibly and appropriately in the first instance. However, as the crisis will ‘leave deep and longelasting scars’, further medium and longwterm policy proposals will be needed subsequently. ‘Crises and deadlocks when they occur have at least this advantage, that they force us to think’ 1° and think we must and act collectively at local, national and global levels. As always, the public health community and its leaders have a role in gathering evidence, influencing governments and prompting policy makers to plan and implement appropriate policies to protect communities from the costeofe living crises and further widen inequalities.

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