Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology
Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology
1. Sometimes anatomical terms come from origins that do not lend any insight into their meaning. True False
2. Feeling for swollen lymph nodes is an example of auscultation.
True False
3. We can see through bones with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). True False
4. Histology is the study of structures that can be observed without a magnifying lens. True False
5. Cells were first named by microscopist Robert Hooke. True False
6. All functions of the body can be interpreted as the effects of cellular activity. True False
7. The hypothetico-deductive method is common in physiology, whereas the inductive method is common in anatomy.
True False
8. An individual scientific fact has more information than a theory. True False
9. Evolutionary (Darwinian) medicine traces some of our diseases to our evolutionary past. True False
10. The terms development and evolution have the same meaning in physiology. True False
11. Organs are made of tissues. True False
12. A molecule of water is more complex than a mitochondrion (organelle). True False
13. Homeostasis and occupying space are both unique characteristics of living things. True False
14. Positive feedback helps to restore normal function when one of the body’s physiological variables gets out of balance.
True False
15. Negative feedback is a self-amplifying chain of events that tends to produce rapid change in the body. True False
16. Anatomists around the world adhere to a lexicon of standard international terms, which stipulates both Latin names and accepted English equivalents.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions
17. Feeling structures with your fingertips is called , whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called .
A. palpation; auscultation
B. auscultation; percussion
C. percussion; auscultation
D. palpation; percussion
E. percussion; palpation
18. Known as “the father of modern anatomy,” was the first to publish accurate drawings of the body.
A. Vesalius
B. Maimonides
C. Harvey
D. Aristotle
E. van Leeuwenhoek
19. The most influential medical textbook of the ancient era was written by .
A. Hippocrates
B. Aristotle
C. Galen
D. Vesalius
E. Avicenna
20. Which of these is the best imaging technique for routinely examining the anatomical development of a fetus?
A. Auscultation
B. PET scan
C. MRI
D. Sonography
E. Radiography
21. The terms physics, physiology, and physician come from a term that proposed to distinguish natural causes from supernatural causes.
A. Hippocrates
B. Plato
C. Schwann
D. Aristotle
E. Avicenna
22. Who was a physician to the Roman gladiators, learned by dissection of animals, and saw science asa method of discovery?
A. Hippocrates
B. Plato
C. Schwann
D. Aristotle
E. Galen
23. The process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject is called
A. experimental design
B. the deductive method
C. the inductive method
D. a hypothesis
E. statistical testing
24. Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid-resistant bacterium, Heliobacter pylori, lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers. This line of investigation is an example of .
A. hypothetical reasoning
B. hypothetico-deductive reasoning
C. the inductive method
D. experimental design
E. statistical analysis
25. An educated speculation or a possible answer to a question is called a(n) .
A. scientific method
B. theory
C. law
D. hypothesis
E. fact
26. The use of controls and statistical testing are two aspects of experimental design that help to ensure
A. an adequate sample size
B. objective and reliable results
C. experimental bias
D. psychosomatic effects
E. treatment groups
27. is a process that submits a scientist’s ideas to the critical judgment of other specialistsin the field before the research is funded or published.
A. Adjudication
B. Statistical testing
C. Falsification
D. Peer review
E. Hypothetico-deductive testing
28. Which of the following would contain the greatest amount of information that scientists consider to be true to the best of their knowledge?
A. A fact
B. A law of nature
C. A hypothesis
D. An equation
E. A theory
29. The study of the structure and function of cells is called .
A. cytology
B. gross anatomy
C. exploratory physiology
D. comparative physiology
E. radiology
30. established a code of ethics for physicians. He is considered the “father of medicine.”
A. Aristotle
B. Hippocrates
C. Galen
D. Vesalius
E. Hooke
31. A new drug apparently increases short-term memory. Students were divided randomly into two groups at the beginning of the semester. One group was given the memory pill once a day for the semester, and the other group was given a same-looking pill, but it was just sugar. The sugar pill is termed a(n) .
A. controlled pill
B. placebo
C. treatment pill
D. variable
E. effective dose
32. Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for four months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in the blood cholesterol. The other group was not given any garlic and after four months averaged a 3% reduction in cholesterol. The group that was not given the garlic was the group.
A. peer
B. test
C. treatment
D. control
E. double-blind
33. A change in the genetic composition of a population over time is called .
A. mutation
B. natural selection
C. selection pressure
D. evolution
E. adaptation
34. The constant appearance of new strains of influenza virus is an example of .
A. a model
B. evolution
C. selection pressure
D. survivorship
E. success
35. The principal theory of how evolution works is called .
A. natural pressure
B. selective pressure
C. darwinian pressure
D. natural adaptation
E. natural selection
36. Which of the following was an adaptation that evolved in connection with human upright walking?
A. Hair
B. Fully opposable thumbs
C. Stereoscopic vision
D. Color vision
E. Spinal and pelvic anatomy
37. Stereoscopic vision provides .
A. opposable perception
B. color
perception
C. depth perception
D. bipedalism
E. opposition of thumbs
38. A human is born before his/her nervous system has matured. This is traceable to .
A. their inability to regulate body temperature
B. skeletal adaptations to bipedalism
C. the arboreal habits of early primates
D. the conditions of modern civilization
E. the diet of early species of Homo
39. The species of modern humans is called .
A. Homo
erectus
B. Homo
sapiens
C. Homo
habilis
D. early
Homo
E. Australopithecu s
40. Most primates are , meaning they live in trees.
A. prehensile
B. bipedal
C. cursorial
D. troglodytic
E. arboreal
41. An is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas are microscopic structures in a cell.
A. organ system; organs
B. organ system; organelles
C. organ; organelles
D. organ; molecules
E. organelle; molecules
42. Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?
A. Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system
B. Organ system, organ, cell, tissue, organelle
C. Organ system, organelle, tissue, cell, organ
D. Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle
E. Organ, organ system, tissue, cell, organelle
43. Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?
A. Mitochondrion, connective tissue, protein, stomach, adipocyte (fat cell)
B. Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach
C. Mitochondrion, connective tissue, stomach, protein, adipocyte (fat cell)
D. Protein, adipocyte (fat cell), stomach, connective tissue, mitochondrion
E. Protein, stomach, connective tissue, adipocyte (fat cell), mitochondrion
44. A(n) is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.
A. macromolecule
B. organ system
C. organelle
D. organism
E. tissue
45. Taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to thinking about human physiology.
A. comparative
B. evolutionary
C. holistic
D. inductive
E. reductionist
46. approaches understanding of the human body by studying the interactions of its parts.
A. Naturalism
B. Reductionism
C. Vitalism
D. Holism
E. Rationalism
47. is the view that not everything about an organism can be understood or predicted from the knowledge of its components; that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
A. Naturalism
B. Reductionism
C. Holism
D. Materialism
E. Science
48. The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four, is an example of variation among organisms.
A. cellular
B. holistic
C. physiological
D. anatomical
E. reductionist
49. A surgeon needs to be familiar with different versions of anatomy. This is because of the phenomenon of
A. cellular adaptation
B. holistic medicine
C. physiological variation
D. anatomical variation
50. A hemoglobin level of 12g/dL is normal for an adult female, but low for an adult male. This is an example of .
A. cellular adaptation
B. holistic medicine
C. physiological variation
D. anatomical variation
51. are the simplest body structures considered alive.
A. Organ systems
B. Organs
C. Cells
D. Organelles
E. Molecules
52. All of the following are human organ systems except .
A. skeletal
B. endocrine
C. epidermal
D. reproductive
E. lymphatic
53. All of the following are organs except .
A. teeth
B. the skin
C. nails
D. the liver
E. the digestive system
54. Metabolism is the sum of all change.
A. external; physical
B. external; chemical
C. internal; chemical
D. internal; physical
E. stimulated; movement
55. We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called .
A. homeostasis
B. metastasis
C. responsiveness
D. adaptation
E. evolution
56. During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example
of .
A. negative feedback
B. positive feedback
C. dynamic equilibrium
D. integration control
E. set point adjustment
57. When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of .
A. negative feedback
B. positive feedback
C. dynamic equilibrium
D. integration control
E. set point adjustment
58. Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?
A. Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
C. Homeostasis
D. Equilibrium
E. Irritability
59. Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormoneinsulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream,
thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of .
A. negative feedback
B. positive feedback
C. dynamic equilibrium
D. integration control
E. set point adjustment
60. Which of the following is not an aspect that could result in physiological variation?
A. Age
B. Gender
C. Environment
D. Physical activity
E. These are all aspects that can cause physiological variation.
61. The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of , whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of
A. development; differentiation
B. growth; development
C. growth; differentiation
D. differentiation; growth
E. differentiation; development
62. Three common components of a feedback loop are , , and .
A. stimulus; integrating (control) center; organ system
B. stimulus; receptor; integrating (control) center
C. receptor; integrating (control) center; effector
D. receptor; organ; organ system
E. receptor; integrating (control) center; organ system
63. Negative feedback loops are .
A. homeostatic mechanisms
B. not homeostatic mechanisms
C. associated with “vicious circles”
D. self-amplifying cycles
E. usually harmful
64. The prefix hypo- means , whereas hyper- means .
A. front; back
B. right; left
C. inside; outside
D. clear; dark
E. below; above
65. The term fallopian tube (uterine tube) is an example of .
A. a Latin root used in medical terminology
B. the use of prefixes to name an anatomical structure
C. the use of suffixes to name an anatomical structure
D. an eponym
E. an acronym
66. Hypercalcemia means .
A. elevated calcium levels in blood
B. lowered calcium levels in bone
C. elevated sodium levels in blood
D. elevated calcium levels in bone
E. lowered calcium levels in the blood
67. The plural of axilla (armpit) is , whereas the plural of appendix is .
A. axillae; appendices
B. axillides; appendages
C. axillies; appendi
D. axilli; appendices
68. The plural of villus (hair) is , whereas the plural of diagnosis is .
A. villuses; diagnosises
B. villi; diagnoses
C. villus; diagnosis
D. villi; diagnosis
E. villuses; diagnosis
69. The lexicon of standard international anatomical terms is .
A. called Nomina Anatomica (NA)
B. formed from thousands of French word roots
C. called Terminologia Anatomica (TA)
D. formed from thousands of English word roots
E. formed from thousands of Italian word roots
70. The study of normal body structures is called .
A. biology
B. pathology
C. anatomy
D. microscopy
E. physiology
71. The study of how hormones function is called .
A. neuroanatomy
B. neurophysiology
C. endocrinology
D. histology
E. pathophysiology
72. The study of mechanism of disease is called .
A. histology
B. neuroanatomy
C. pathophysiology
D. endocrinology
E. neurophysiology
73. The study of how the body functions is called .
A. anatomy
B. chemistry
C. physiology
D. neuroanatomy
E. histology
74. A physiological is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another.
A. membrane
B. gradient
C. imbalance
D. feedback loop
E. barrier
75. Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of concentration to the area of concentration.
A. low; high
B. high; high
C. low; low
D. equal; equal
E. high; low
76. Which of the following is not an example of a physiological gradient?
A. Electrical
B. Tissue
C. Pressure
D. Thermal
E. Concentration
77. DNA is an example of an , whereas PET scan is an example of an .
A. eponym; abbreviation
B. acronym; eponym
C. eponym; acronym
D. abbreviation; acronym
E. acronym; abbreviation
78. Precise spelling is important in anatomy because .
A. there are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures
B. it’s easier to remember acronyms when spelled correctly
C. there are many different ways to spell certain terms
D. eponyms are difficult to memorize
E. it’s important to practice language skills
79.The ileum is , whereas the ilium is .
A. a muscle; a bone
B. a bone; a muscle C.
part of the hip bone; part of the small intestine
D. a bone in the wrist; a muscle of the back
E. part of the small intestine; part of the hip bone
80.Ultrastructure refers to the detailed structure to the level of the .
A. molecule
B.cell
C.organelle
D.tissue
81.What type of gradient cause the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences?
A.pressure gradient
B.electrochemical gradient
C.thermal gradient
D.concentration gradient
82. If a species of animal evolves over generations to grow a large fan-blade like growth on its back to catch the wind and cool its body, this would be an example of responding to .
A. selection pressure
B. adaptation
C. natural selection
D. climate change
83. Modern anatomical language is based on and because individuals speaking these languages made most of the early anatomical discoveries.
A. Greek; Latin
B. English; Japanese
C. English; Spanish
D. Roman; Latin
True / False Questions
84. Lou Gehrig disease is the eponym for amyotropic lateral sclerosis, made famous by the “icebucket challege.”
True False
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