Create a conversation starter about these learnings. If we study history so that we don’t repeat the mistakes of the past, what do we need to learn and know from
1) Read the provided YAWP readings.
http://www.americanyawp.com/reader/23-the-great-depression/herbert-hoover-on-the-new-deal-1932/
http://www.americanyawp.com/reader/23-the-great-depression/huey-p-long-every-man-a-king-and-share-our-wealth-1934/
2) Watch the videos provided.
https://fod-infobase-com.occc.idm.oclc.org/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=36219&loid=59394
4
3) Review the Dust Bowl presentation provided.
4) Read pages 723 – 747 and 762 – 773 of the US History online textbook.
5) Listen to the songs provided.
youtube.com/watch?v=vYLIxvXYELk&list=RDvYLIxvXYELk
Using the instructions above, the provided learning materials, and your own research:
1) Create a conversation starter about these learnings.
2) If we study history so that we don't repeat the mistakes of the past, what do we need to learn and know from this time period?
3) Pose questions to your fellow students to create further discussions.
Many people starting putting their cups upside down in the cabinets to keep the dust out of them, and they slept with wet washcloths on their faces, waking with mud caked on the cloth. Does your family place the cups upside down in the cabinets?
What else do you want to discuss about this topic?
The Dust Bowl 1931-1941
During the 1930’s, the Great Plains suffered from deadly dust storms.
Causes of the Dust Bowl
Drought that began in 1931 worsened over the next 5 years.
Overgrazing of cattle
Plowing by farmers destroyed the grasses that once held down the soil.
No crop rotation
The strong winds of the Great Plains picked up the loose, dry soil.
The first black blizzard occurred on September 14, 1930.
1932 – 14 storms; 1933 – 38 storms; 1934 – 56 storms
Doctors and hospitals began reporting cases of a strange sickness, leading to a number of deaths.
later termed dust pneumonia.
In May, 1934, a severe storm blew dirt from Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas as far east as New York City and Washington D.C.
The day after April 14, 1935, known as Black Sunday, an Associated Press reporter used the term "Dust Bowl" for the first time.
"Three little words achingly familiar on the Western farmer's tongue, rule life in the dust bowl of the continent – if it rains."
The population of the Great Plains was 800,000 in 1880, rising to 5.6 million by1930.
In 1935 46.6 million acres of crops failed on the Great Plains, and many lost more than half their planted acreage.
Dust storm Baca Co., Colorado, Easter Sunday, 1935
"One of South Dakota's Black Blizzards, 1934"
Stratford, Texas -1935
Farmer and sons, dust storm, Cimarron County, Oklahoma, 1936.
Farm foreclosure sale. (Circa 1933)
Effects of the Dust Bowl:
Farmers could barely make a living, causing many to leave their homes for the west.
Farm Security Administration: Families on the road with all their possessions packed into their trucks, migrating and looking for work. (Circa 1935)
Many farmers became migrant farmers as they moved from region to region looking for work.
Farmers whose topsoil blew away joined the sod caravans of "Okies" on Route 66 to California. (Circa 1935)
Unable to pay their mortgages or taxes, many families packed up and left without notice.
Toward Los Angeles, California. 1937. (Dorothea Lange.)
Upwards of 2.5 million people abandoned their homes in the South and the Great Plains and went on the road.
Migrant family looking for work in the pea fields of California. (Circa 1935)
Arkansas squatter for three years near Bakefield, California. Photo by D. Lange. (Circa 1935)
Migrant farmers from Arkansas became known as Arkies.
Young Oklahoma mother; age 18, penniless, stranded in Imperial Valley, California.
Migrant farmers from Oklahoma became known as Okies.
Dorothea Lange's “Migrant Mother.”
1935 – dust storm from the Midwest blew into Washington D.C., darkening the skies over the Lincoln Memorial.
LEGACY OF THE DUST BOWL
Large areas of Oklahoma grasslands disappeared.
Farmers learned new farming methods and techniques
Throughout California, especially in the San Joaquin Valley, Okies have implanted their own brand of populist conservatism.
Comanche National Grasslands restored in SE Colorado
The U.S. government created the Soil Conservation Service
a group for researching and funding ways to fight the threat of desertification in America.
Could It Happen Again?
Lubbock, TX experienced 35 dust storms in 1973-74.
Water used to irrigate much of the Great Plains comes from an underground lake known as the Ogallala Aquifer, which stretches from southern SD through northern TX, covering approximately 174,000 square miles.
Estimates suggest it will be depleted by the year 2020, and that means that the Great Plains could again turn into the Great American Desert.
Phoenix, AZ –July, 2011
A dust storm known as a "habub" rolls into downtown Phoenix on Tuesday night, July 5, 2011, bringing strong winds and low visibility. Habubs are part of Arizona's annual monsoon season, which is now in full swing
27
Phoenix, AZ –July, 2011
Phoenix, AZ –July, 2011
Lubbock, TX –October, 2011
Lubbock, TX –October, 2011
DECEMBER 19, 2012
Blowing dust across the South Plains Wednesday afternoon as seen from a plane flying overhead.
Image looking west from the Science Spectrum around 1pm.
32
Dust Bowl Children
Alison Krauss & Union Station
Alison Krauss & Union Station
Peter Rowan
Paper Airplane
2011-04-12T07:00:00Z
℗ 2011 Alison Krauss. Under exclusive license to Rounder Records. Manufactured and distributed by Concord Music Group Inc.
2011-04-18 15:19:35
Universal:isrc:USRO21166502
,
U.S. History
SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS P.SCOTT CORBETT, VENTURA COLLEGE VOLKER JANSSEN, CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY AT FULLERTON JOHN M. LUND, KEENE STATE COLLEGE TODD PFANNESTIEL, CLARION UNIVERSITY PAUL VICKERY, ORAL ROBERTS UNIVERSITY
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Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1: The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1 The Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2 Europe on the Brink of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.3 West Africa and the Role of Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Chapter 2: Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 1492–1650 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.1 Portuguese Exploration and Spanish Conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.2 Religious Upheavals in the Developing Atlantic World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.3 Challenges to Spain’s Supremacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.4 New Worlds in the Americas: Labor, Commerce, and the Columbian Exchange . . . . 52
Chapter 3: Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 1500–1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.1 Spanish Exploration and Colonial Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.2 Colonial Rivalries: Dutch and French Colonial Ambitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.3 English Settlements in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.4 The Impact of Colonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Chapter 4: Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 1660–1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.1 Charles II and the Restoration Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4.2 The Glorious Revolution and the English Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.3 An Empire of Slavery and the Consumer Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.4 Great Awakening and Enlightenment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 4.5 Wars for Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Chapter 5: Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests, 1763-1774 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 5.1 Confronting the National Debt: The Aftermath of the French and Indian War . . . . . . 126 5.2 The Stamp Act and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 5.3 The Townshend Acts and Colonial Protest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.4 The Destruction of the Tea and the Coercive Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 5.5 Disaffection: The First Continental Congress and American Identity . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Chapter 6: America's War for Independence, 1775-1783 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.1 Britain’s Law-and-Order Strategy and Its Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.2 The Early Years of the Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6.3 War in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 6.4 Identity during the American Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Chapter 7: Creating Republican Governments, 1776–1790 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 7.1 Common Sense: From Monarchy to an American Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 7.2 How Much Revolutionary Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 7.3 Debating Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 7.4 The Constitutional Convention and Federal Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Chapter 8: Growing Pains: The New Republic, 1790–1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 8.1 Competing Visions: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 8.2 The New American Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 8.3 Partisan Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 8.4 The United States Goes Back to War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Chapter 9: Industrial Transformation in the North, 1800–1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 9.1 Early Industrialization in the Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 9.2 A Vibrant Capitalist Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 9.3 On the Move: The Transportation Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 9.4 A New Social Order: Class Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Chapter 10: Jacksonian Democracy, 1820–1840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 10.1 A New Political Style: From John Quincy Adams to Andrew Jackson . . . . . . . . . 274 10.2 The Rise of American Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
10.3 The Nullification Crisis and the Bank War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 10.4 Indian Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 10.5 The Tyranny and Triumph of the Majority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Chapter 11: A Nation on the Move: Westward Expansion, 1800–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 11.1 Lewis and Clark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 11.2 The Missouri Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 11.3 Independence for Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 11.4 The Mexican-American War, 1846–1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 11.5 Free Soil or Slave? The Dilemma of the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Chapter 12: Cotton is King: The Antebellum South, 1800–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 12.1 The Economics of Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 12.2 African Americans in the Antebellum United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 12.3 Wealth and Culture in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 12.4 The Filibuster and the Quest for New Slave States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Chapter 13: Antebellum Idealism and Reform Impulses, 1820–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 13.1 An Awakening of Religion and Individualism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 13.2 Antebellum Communal Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 13.3 Reforms to Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 13.4 Addressing Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 13.5 Women’s Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Chapter 14: Troubled Times: the Tumultuous 1850s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 14.1 The Compromise of 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 14.2 The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Republican Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 14.3 The Dred Scott Decision and Sectional Strife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 14.4 John Brown and the Election of 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Chapter 15: The Civil War, 1860–1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 15.1 The Origins and Outbreak of the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 15.2 Early Mobilization and War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 15.3 1863: The Changing Nature of the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 15.4 The Union Triumphant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Chapter 16: The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 16.1 Restoring the Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 16.2 Congress and the Remaking of the South, 1865–1866 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 16.3 Radical Reconstruction, 1867–1872 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 16.4 The Collapse of Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Chapter 17: Go West Young Man! Westward Expansion, 1840-1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 17.1 The Westward Spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 17.2 Homesteading: Dreams and Realities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 17.3 Making a Living in Gold and Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 17.4 The Loss of American Indian Life and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 17.5 The Impact of Expansion on Chinese Immigrants and Hispanic Citizens . . . . . . . . 501
Chapter 18: Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business, 1870-1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 18.1 Inventors of the Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 18.2 From Invention to Industrial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 18.3 Building Industrial America on the Backs of Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 18.4 A New American Consumer Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Chapter 19: The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 19.1 Urbanization and Its Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 19.2 The African American “Great Migration” and New European Immigration . . . . . . . 548 19.3 Relief from the Chaos of Urban Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 19.4 Change Reflected in Thought and Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Chapter 20: Politics in the Gilded Age, 1870-1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11740/1.3
20.1 Political Corruption in Postbellum America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 20.2 The Key Political Issues: Patronage, Tariffs, and Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 20.3 Farmers Revolt in the Populist Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 20.4 Social and Labor Unrest in the 1890s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Chapter 21: Leading the Way: The Progressive Movement, 1890-1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 21.1 The Origins of the Progressive Spirit in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 21.2 Progressivism at the Grassroots Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 21.3 New Voices for Women and African Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 21.4 Progressivism in the White House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Chapter 22: Age of Empire: American Foreign Policy, 1890-1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 22.1 Turner, Mahan, and the Roots of Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 22.2 The Spanish-American War and Overseas Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 22.3 Economic Imperialism in East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 22.4 Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Foreign Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 22.5 Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Chapter 23: Americans and the Great War, 1914-1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 23.1 American Isolationism and the European Origins of War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 23.2 The United States Prepares for War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668 23.3 A New Home Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 23.4 From War to Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 23.5 Demobilization and Its Difficult Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
Chapter 24: The Jazz Age: Redefining the Nation, 1919-1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 24.1 Prosperity and the Production of Popular Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 24.2 Transformation and Backlash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 24.3 A New Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 24.4 Republican Ascendancy: Politics in the 1920s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Chapter 25: Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? The Great Depression, 1929-1932 . . . . . . . . 723 25.1 The Stock Market Crash of 1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 25.2 President Hoover’s Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 25.3 The Depths of the Great Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740 25.4 Assessing the Hoover Years on the Eve of the New Deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Chapter 26: Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 26.1 The Rise of Franklin Roosevelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 26.2 The First New Deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 26.3 The Second New Deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Chapter 27: Fighting the Good Fight in World War II, 1941-1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 27.1 The Origins of War: Europe, Asia, and the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 27.2 The Home Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795 27.3 Victory in the European Theater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 27.4 The Pacific Theater and the Atomic Bomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
Chapter 28: Post-War Prosperity and Cold War Fears, 1945-1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 28.1 The Challenges of Peacetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 28.2 The Cold War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 28.3 The American Dream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834 28.4 Popular Culture and Mass Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 28.5 The African American Struggle for Civil Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Chapter 29: Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 29.1 The Kennedy Promise . . . . . .
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