On how many continents and in how many countri
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Module 14: Leadership, Culture, and Decision-Making
This week, we learned about different types of leadership directives and leadership styles. As a reflection of these principles, visit the website of General Electric (https://www.ge.com/) , a powerful MNC in energy and power systems, health care, finance, and appliances.
Discover GE’s international operations, learn about its product lines, review its new and existing members on the board of directors, and review its latest annual report. Then answer these questions with a focus on GE’s leadership:
1. On how many continents and in how many countries does GE do business? Does GE offer different product lines in different countries? If so, why, and if not, why not?
2. Using the Managerial Grid (Fig.13-2), in which country or countries could GE apply each of the 5 management styles? Give examples of each of the 5 styles.
3. Using the Managerial Grid (Fig. 13-2), which leadership style do you think the GE corporate CEO could implement on a global basis, and why?
4. Reflect on this Module and this course and explain whether the leadership style you chose in # 3 above matches your skills, abilities, and personality. Why or why not?
Embed course material concepts, principles, and theories, which require supporting citations along with two scholarly peer-reviewed references supporting your answer. Keep in mind that these scholarly references can be found in the Saudi Digital Library by conducting an advanced search specific to scholarly references. Embed course material concepts, principles, and theories (including supporting citations) along with at least two current, scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles.
You are required to reply to at least two peer discussion question ‘’ Need to provide this Part from your Side through providing two to three lines of information of the subject with their reference of each peer respond’’. post answers to this weekly discussion question and/or your instructor’s response to your posting. These post replies need to be substantial and constructive in nature. They should add to the content of the post and evaluate/analyze that post's answer. Normal course dialogue does not fulfill these two peer replies but is expected throughout the course. Answering all course questions is also required.
Be sure to support your statements with logic and argument, citing all sources referenced. Post your initial response early and check back often to continue the discussion. Be sure to respond to your peers’ posts as well.
Keep in mind that current scholarly references can be found in the Saudi Digital Library by conducting an advanced search. Current research means published in the last five years.
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Chapter 13 in International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior
Chapter 13 PowerPoint slides Module 14 PowerPoint slides – Alternative Formats in International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior
Bonsu, S., & Twum-Danso, E. (2018). Leadership style in the global economy: A focus on cross-cultural and transformational leadership. Journal of Marketing and Management, 9(2), 7-52.
Muralidharan, E., & Pathak, S. (2019). Consequences of cultural leadership styles for social entrepreneurship: A theoretical framework. Sustainability, 11(4), 965.
Recommended:
Choromides, C. (2018). Leadership and change management: A cross-cultural perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 24(2), 575-578.
Shafai, A. (2018). Servant-leadership in higher education in Saudi Arabia. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 12(1), 297-335.
,
International Management
© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 13
Leadership across Cultures
© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Learning Objectives
Describe the basic philosophic foundation and styles of managerial leadership
Examine the attitudes of European managers toward leadership practices
Compare and contrast leadership styles in Japan with those in the United States
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Learning Objectives (continued)
Review leadership approaches in China, the Middle East, and developing countries
Examine recent research and findings regarding leadership across cultures
Discuss the relationship of culture clusters and leader behavior on effective leadership practices, including increasing calls for more responsible global leadership
© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Effective Global Leadership
Essential competency of leading MNCs
Helps companies enter and operate in new markets
Achieved through the use of structured programs that:
Are designed to develop skills and capabilities
Help the firms become more culturally sensitive, adaptable, and able to effectively manage in challenging global environments
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Leadership
Process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward the achievement of some particular goal or goals
Leaders and managers should:
Develop skills in effective communication, planning, organizing, and problem solving
Exhibit the ability to focus on the future while maintaining current organizational trends
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Table 13.1 – Perceived Differences: Managers versus Leaders
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International Leadership
Areas that help compare the foundations
Philosophical grounding of how leaders view their subordinates
Theory X, theory Y, and theory Z
Leadership approaches as reflected by autocratic-participative behaviors of leaders
Authoritarian, paternalistic, and participative
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Philosophical Assumptions of Theory X Managers
Workers do not like to work and will avoid it whenever possible
Workers have little ambition, try to avoid responsibility, and like to be directed
Primary need of employees is job security
Use of coercion, control, and threats of punishment is necessary
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Philosophical Assumptions of Theory Y Managers
Expenditure of physical and mental effort at work is as natural to people as resting or playing
People will exercise self-direction and self-control if committed to the goals
Under proper conditions, the average human being learns not only to accept but to seek responsibility
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Philosophical Assumptions of Theory Y Managers (continued)
Commitment to objectives relies on the rewards associated with their achievement
Capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination, ingenuity, and creativity is widely distributed throughout the population
Intellectual potential of the average human being is only partially tapped under conditions of modern industrial life
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Philosophical Assumptions of Theory Z Managers
People are motivated by a strong sense of commitment to be part of a greater whole
Employees seek out responsibility and look for opportunities to advance in an organization
Employees who learn different aspects of the business will be in a better position to contribute to the broader goals of the organization
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Philosophical Assumptions of Theory Z Managers (continued)
Organization will engender in employees strong bonds of loyalty, making the organization more productive and successful
By making commitments to employees’ security through lifetime or long-term employment
© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Types of Leadership
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Authoritarian leadership
Use of work-centered behavior designed to ensure task accomplishment
Paternalistic leadership
Use of work-centered behavior coupled with a protective employee-centered concern
Participative leadership
Use of both work- or task-centered and people-centered approaches to leading subordinates
Figure 13.1 – Leader-Subordinate Interactions
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Figure 13.2 – The Managerial Grid
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Areas Relevant to Leadership
Help identify the attitudes toward leadership practices across countries by investigating:
Capacity for leadership and initiative
Sharing information and objectives
Participation
Internal control
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Role of Level, Size, and Age on European Managers' Attitudes toward Leadership
Higher-level managers tend to express more democratic values than lower-level managers in some countries
Company size tends to influence the degree of participative-autocratic attitudes
Younger managers are more likely to have democratic values in terms of:
Leadership and initiative
Sharing information and objectives
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Japanese Leadership Approaches
Paternalistic
Have greater belief in the capacity of subordinates for leadership and initiative
People express attitudes toward the use of participation to a greater degree than others
Above average in sharing information and objectives and using internal control
Place a strong emphasis on ambiguous goals
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Japanese Leadership Approaches (continued)
Benefits
Leader maintains stronger control of the followers
Manager ensures that the personnel are prepared to deal with any situation and all its ramifications
Leader maintains order and provides guidance
Drawback
Subordinates spend a lot of time overpreparing their assignments
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Table 13.4 – Japanese versus U.S. Leaderships Styles
Source: Adapted from William Ouchi, Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981).
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Variety Amplification and Variety Reduction
Variety amplification: Creation of uncertainty and the analysis of many alternatives regarding future action
Used by Japanese managers
Variety reduction: Limiting of uncertainty and the focusing of action on a limited number of alternatives
Used by U.S. managers
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Findings of Research on Emerging Leaders in China
Show that the new generation group:
Scored significantly higher on individualism than the current and older generation groups
Scored significantly lower on collectivism and Confucianism than the other two groups
Show that leadership is culturally influenced
Greater exposure to Western societal influences may result in leadership styles similar to those of Western managers
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Table 13.5 – Differences between Middle Eastern and Western Management
Source: From M. K. Badawy, “Styles of Mideastern Managers,” California Management Review 22, no. 3 (Spring 1980), pp. 51–58.
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Table 13.5 – Differences between Middle Eastern and Western Management (continued)
Source: From M. K. Badawy, “Styles of Mideastern Managers,” California Management Review 22, no. 3 (Spring 1980), pp. 51–58.
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Leadership Approaches in India
Focus should be on individuals and maintaining awareness of the tasks that need to be completed
Indians and the Anglo-Americans are:
Similar in attitudes toward capacity for leadership and initiative, participation, and internal control
Different in sharing information and objectives
Show that participative leadership may be common and effective in developing countries
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Leadership Approaches in Latin America
Transitional nature of managers within the region increases as globalization increases
Mexico – Combination of authoritarian and participative behaviors
Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia – Authoritarian
Peru – Style is closer to those in the U.S. than previously assumed
Participative styles may gain importance as countries become economically advanced
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Transformational, Transactional, and Charismatic Leadership
Transformational leaders: Motivate followers to accept new goals and new ways of doing things
Transactional leaders: Exchange rewards for effort and performance
Charismatic leaders: Inspire and motivate employees through charismatic traits and abilities
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Findings and Insights about Leadership
Research has discovered that:
Much more universalism in leadership is present than believed previously
Most effective managers are transformational leaders and are characterized by four interrelated factors (4 I’s)
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4 I’s
Idealized influence
Inspirational motivation
Intellectual stimulation
Individualized consideration
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Qualities for Successful Leaders
Ability to cooperate
Independence
Leadership ability
Ability to take initiatives
Aim and result orientation
Creativity
Ability to motivate and inspire others
Business orientation
Age
Extrovert personality
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Qualities for Successful Leaders (continued)
Customer ability
Analytic Ability
Ability to communicate
High level of energy
Responsibility
Enthusiasm and involvement
Organization skills
Team builder
Self-motivated
Flexibility
Precision
Dynamic personality
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Leader Behavior, Leader Effectiveness, and Leading Teams
Culture is vital in explaining how leaders act in order to be effective:
In affective cultures, such as the United States, leaders tend to exhibit their emotions
In neutral cultures, such as Japan and China, leaders tend not to show their emotions
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Cross-Cultural Leadership: Insights from the GLOBE Study
Leadership behavior can be categorized into:
Charismatic/value-based: Captures the ability of leaders to inspire, motivate, and encourage high performance outcomes from others based on a foundation of core values
Team-oriented: Emphasizes effective team building and implementation of a common goal among team members
Participative: Involves others in decisions and decision implementation
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Cross-Cultural Leadership: Insights from the GLOBE Study (continued)
Humane-oriented: Comprises supportive and considerate leadership
Autonomous: Independent and individualistic leadership behaviors
Self-protective: Ensures safety and security of the individual and group through status-enhancement and face-saving
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Relationship between Cultural Values and Leadership Attributes
GLOBE researchers concluded the following:
Collectivism I values (Sweden and other Nordic and Scandinavian countries) were likely to view Participative and Self-Protective leadership behaviors favorably
In-Group Collectivism II values (Philippines and other East Asian countries) were positively related to Charismatic/Value-Based leadership and Team-Oriented leadership
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Relationship between Cultural Values and Leadership Attributes (continued 1)
Gender Egalitarian values (Hungary, Russia, and Poland) were positively associated with Participative and Charismatic/Value-based leader attributes
Performance Orientation values (Switzerland, Singapore, and Hong Kong) were positively associated with Participative and Charismatic/Value-Based leader attributes
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Relationship between Cultural Values and Leadership Attributes (continued 2)
Future Orientation values (Singapore) were positively associated with Self-Protective and Humane-Oriented leader attributes
Societal Uncertainty Avoidance values (Germany, Denmark, and China) were positively associated with Team-Oriented, Humane-Oriented, and Self-Protective leader attributes
Societal Humane Orientation values (Zambia, the Philippines, and Ireland) were positively associated with Participative leader attributes
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Relationship between Cultural Values and Leadership Attributes (continued 3)
Societal Assertiveness values (the United States, Germany, and Austria) were positively associated with Humane-Oriented leader attributes
Societal Power Distance values (Morocco, Nigeria, and Argentina) were positively correlated with Self-Protective and Humane-Oriented leader attributes
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Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS)
Focuses on positive outcomes, processes, and attributes of organizations and their members
Consists of three subunits:
Enablers – Capabilities, processes, and structure of the environment
Motivations – Unselfish, altruistic, or as having the ability to contribute without self-regard
Outcomes or effects – Vitality, meaningfulness, exhilaration, and high-quality relationships
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40
Authentic Leadership
Authentic leaders possess an all-encompassing package of traits, styles, behaviors, and credits
Authentic leaders:
Do not fake their actions
Are driven from inter
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