Researchers describe language as having six different properties. Describe the six properties. Explain which two properties
Researchers describe language as having six different properties.
- Describe the six properties.
- Explain which two properties you think are the most important.
Researchers have learned a lot about the physiology of language through lesion studies in humans.
- Find at least one scholarly research article that utilized lesions studies and one scholarly article that studied language with an alternative method.
- Describe the rationale for using lesion studies to understand physiological functions such as language and speech.
- Explain some of the problems with using lesion studies.
- Describe some of the alternative methods to lesions studies.
Respond to at least two of your classmates responses to discussion.
Valerie Jeffcoat posted Mar 1, 2022 4:46 AM
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Researchers describe language as having six different properties.
· Describe the six properties.
1. Reflexivity- Allows language to be used to think and talk about itself
2. Displacement- Allows user to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment
3. Arbitrariness- There is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning
4. Productivity- Allows users to create new expressions
5. Cultural Transmission- The process where knowledge of a language is passed from one generation to the next
6. Duality- A property of language where linguistic forms has two simultaneous levels of sound production and meaning
· Explain which two properties you think are the most important.
In my opinion I think that reflexivity and cultural transmission are two of the most important properties of language. Reflexivity enables us to learn new language and to comprehend certain word qualities (Goldstein, 2018). Cultural transmission is one of the fundamental traits that distinguishes human language from animal communication. One of the best ways cultural transmission works is through observation.
Researchers have learned a lot about the physiology of language through lesion studies in humans.
· Describe the rationale for using lesion studies to understand physiological functions such as language and speech.
One of the most well-established and prominent methodologies in neuroscience is studying the impact of brain injuries on behavior and cognition. Case studies of individuals with localized brain injury in the 19th century offered the first evidence that complex cognitive processes, such as those underpinning language, have dissociable components that are dependent on various brain areas (Vaidya et al, 2019). Lesions may provide a close look into the inner workings of certain brain systems. Injury patient data can aid in the understanding of complex brain networks, as well as the location and functions of various learning systems (Goldstein, 2018).
· Explain some of the problems with using lesion studies.
You can't directly explore the functions of a specific brain region since you only looking at how the rest of the brain works without that area.
· Describe some of the alternative methods to lesions studies.
In addition to lesion techniques, analyzing the electrical activity produced by the brain's neurons may be used to understand more about it. Placing detectors in the brain to study the responses of specific neurons is one method, which is mostly used with animals. Electroencephalography is a less intrusive method that may be used on living people (EEG). Because brainwave patterns change in each condition, an EEG can reveal whether a person is sleeping, awake, or anesthetized. EEGs can also track the waves produced when a person is reading, writing, or speaking, and they're useful for diagnosing brain disorders like epilepsy.
Referecene:
Dronkers, N. F., Wilkins, D. P., Van Valin, R. D., Redfern, B. B., & Jaeger, J. J. (2004). Lesion analysis of the brain areas involved in language comprehension. Cognition, 92(1), 145–177. https://doi-org.su.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.11.002
Goldstein, E. B. (2018). Cognitive Psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience, (5th ed.). Cengage. ISBN: 9781337408271
Nordquist, Richard. (2020). The Cultural Transmission of Language. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-cultural-transmission-1689814
Vaidya, A. R., Pujara, M. S., Petrides, M., Murray, E. A., & Fellows, L. K. (2019). Lesion Studies in Contemporary Neuroscience. Trends in cognitive sciences, 23(8), 653–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.05.009
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Week 8 Discussion
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Brittany Ross posted Mar 1, 2022 4:13 AM
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The six properties of language are arbitrariness, reflexivity, displacement, productivity, duality, and cultural transmission. Arbitrary refers to the absence of intrinsic connection between the sound of a word and its meaning. (Percitsvaig, 2011). Reflexivity refers to the fact that unlike animals, we are able to reflect and talk about understanding language itself. The displacement property refers to how we can put ourselves in the future and in the past. We can also discuss things that don't exist such as the easter bunny or the tooth fairy. Duality deals with how letters by themselves are meaningless. "the basic sound units of speech, such as P-I-G, are normally meaningless by themselves. They only become meaningful when combined into sequences such as Pig." (Williamson, 2014). Cultural transmission is known as one of the primary characteristics separating human language from animal communication. (Nordquist, 2020). There is horizontal transmission, vertical transmission, and oblique transmission.
Lesion studies aim to draw conclusions about the spoken language by studying different parts of the brain that is damaged. (Wilson, 2017). By studying these damaged parts of the brain, one can make inferences about the resulting language deficits. Researchers can use voxel-based mapping and voxel-based morphometry. Scientists use these methods to find language deficits using fiber pathways that test the different components of the spoken language. (Wilson, 2017). Some problems of lesion studies are that brain damage rarely just affects one portion of the brain. "Neuroplasticity and recovery can complicate the interpretation of lesion-deficit correlations." (Wilson, 2017). Alternative methods include manipulation methods such as TMS, pharmalogical agents, optogenetics, and chemogenetics. (Vaidya, 2019). Additional methods include fMRI, electrophysiology, and PET imaging.
Percitsvaig, A. (2011). Six things we have and they don't-part 1. https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/language-and-mind-/six-things-we-have-and-they-dont-part-1.html
Williamson, G. (2014). Duality and Productivity in Language. https://www.sltinfo.com/duality-and-productivity-in-language/
Nordquist, R. (2020). The Cultural Transmission of Language. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-cultural-transmission-1689814
Wilson, S.M. (2017). Lesion-symptom mapping in the study of spoken language understanding. Language, cognition and neuroscience, 32 (7), 891-899. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2016.1248994
Vaidya, A.R., Pujara, M.S., Petrides, M., Murray, E.A., & Fellows, L.K. (2019). Lesion Studies in Contemporary Neuroscience. Trends in cognitive sciences, 23 (8), 653-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.05.009
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