The Hawaiian Hot Spot125 points totalIntroduction: Review th
The Hawaiian Hot Spot125 points totalIntroduction: Review the text on hot spot volcanism and recall that hotspots produce a string of dormant volcanoes behind an active volcano. Because we know the age of the volcanoes and theirdistance from the hot spot we can use the dormant volcanoes produced by a hot spot to determine the speed and direction that a tectonic plate is moving. This exercise will guide you through that process.There are a couple of different ways to do this. One would be to recognize that if a dormant volcano is 5 million years old and is sitting 450 km from a hot spot then it has moved 450 km in 5 million years. If we divide 450 by 5 we get 90 km/Ma. That unit is kilometers per million years (Ma is an abbreviation for millions of years). This is not a particularly useful unit. A million years is a very long time so it’s difficult to really understand how fast a speed given in km/Ma really is. For most of what we do, we measure speeds in miles per hour. You know how long and hour is and you know how far a mile is so it’s a useful unit. For Plate tectonic velocities it’s best to measure the speed in centimeters per year (cm/yr). Doing this gives a number usually between 5 and 15 or so which is a very useful and manageable unit. Since there are 100,000 centimeters in akilometer converting from km/Ma to cm/yr is relatively easy: divide my 10. So 90 km/Ma is 9.0 cm/yr.Speed of Movement of the Pacific PlateUse the map below to figure out how fast the Pacific plate has been moving since Oahu formed over the hot spot. The questions on the next page will guide you through the process.1)How old are the lava flows on Oahu? ___________ Ma (5 points)2)Use the Map scale to determine how far Oahu is from the hot spot (which is the brand new underwater volcano Loihi) ___________ km (5 points)3)Divide the distance (#2) by the time (#1) to get a speed for the Pacific plate ___________ km/Ma (5 points)4)Now divide by 10 to convert to cm/yr ___________ cm/yr (5 points)5)What direction did Oahu move as it moved off of the hotspot. This is the direction that the Pacific plate is moving. _____________ (5 points)While this technique is useful it’s limited in that it doesn’t take advantage of all the data we have. We have age and distance data for the entire Emperor Seamount Chain as well as the Hawaiian Islands. The following exercise will guide you through the process of using all the available data tolearn about the speed and direction that the Pacific plate has been moving.First the data.#NameAge (Ma)Distance from the hotspot (km)1Kilauea0.2003Mauna Kea0.38545Kohala0.431006East Maui0.751827Kahoolawe1.031858West Maui1.322219Lanai1.2822610East Molokai1.7625611West Molokai1.9028012Koolau2.6033913Waianae3.7037414Kauai5.1051915Niihau4.8956517Nihoa7.2078020unnamed 19.6091323Necker10.30105826La Perouse12.00120927Brooks Bank13.00125630Gardner12.30143536Laysan19.90181837Northampton26.60184150Pearl & Hermes20.60229152Midway27.70243257unnamed 228.00260063unnamed 327.40282565Colahan38.60312865aAbbott38.70328067Daikakuji42.40349369Yuryaku43.40352072Kimmei39.90366874Koko48.10375881Ojin55.20410283Jingu55.40417586Nintoku56.20445290Suiko 159.60479491Suiko 264.7048606)One of the most effective and easiest ways to analyze data is to graph them. Plot the valuesthat describe volcanic islands 83, 86, 90 and 91 onto the graph below. (10 points)0102030405060700500100015002000250030003500400045005000Graph 1. Linear relationship between the age of island lava rocks and the distance of the island from the hotspotAge of the island lava rocks, in million years (Ma)Distanceoftheislandfromthehotspot,km7)Once you’ve graphed your points use a ruler to draw one straight line that goes throughthe ‘cloud’ of points. Don’t try to ‘connect the dots’ . Instead draw a straight line that centers about half the data points above the line and about half below. (5 points)8)The slope of this line is the average speed that the Pacific plate has been moving over the past 65 million years or so. Calculate the slope of the line. The slope of a line equals the change in y divided by the change in x for two points on the line. Locate two points on theline that are easily quantified using the axes. Describe the point highest on the graph first.Y value of point 1 ____________km X value of point 1 ________________ MaY value of point 2 _____________ km X value of point 2 _______________ Ma Difference between Y values ____________ km Difference between the X values ____________ MaNow divide these differences or changes. Divide the change in y by the change in x : ____________km / ____________Ma=____________ km/Ma (5 points)Convert km/Ma to cm/yr (like you did in question # 4)Speed of the Pacific tectonic plate ____________ cm/yr (5 points)Direction of Movement of the Pacific Plate. Look at the map below.Note that there is a bend in the seamount chain (labeled bend). The Daikakuji seamount is locatedright at the bend.9)How long ago did the bend happen? _________ million years ago (hint: you have a data set that includes Daikakuji) (5 points)10) Keeping in mind how plates move over hot spots, what direction was the Pacific plate moving between the formation of Meiji and Daikakuji? ________________ (5 points)11)What direction has the Pacific plate been moving since the formation of Daikakuji? ______________ (5 points)Summer of 2018 Eruption of Kilauea FissureAs of the Summer of 2018, the Kilauea volcano on the Island of Hawaii is undergoing a tremendous eruptive cycle. At the same time, Volcano De Fuego in Guatemala has erupted killing 62 people. This exercise will explore both eruptions.Map of the of the lava flows on Hawaii as of July 9th 201812) Given what you know about Hawaii does it make sense to you that the lava flows are confined to the southeast side of the island? Why or why not. (hint: think about where the hotspot is. (5 points)13) The map tells us that there is 11.2 square miles of lava as of July 9th. The entire big island has an area of 4028 square miles. Divide 11.2 by 4028 then multiply that number by 100 to calculate what percentage of the big island has been covered by the latest eruption. _____________% of the Big Island. (round it to 3 decimal places) (5 points)14) Now that a channel has been established lava is reaching the sea from fissure 8, in roughly 13 minutes. Let’s calculate how fast it’s moving in miles per hour1. Convert 13 minutes to hours. Divide 13 minutes by 60 minutes/hour 13 min = _____________ hrs (5 points) 60 min/hr2. It is roughly 8 miles from fissure 8 to the sea. Divide this distance by the travel time yougot above to get the speed the lava is flowing in miles per hour. Speed = Distance = 8 miles = Speed of the lava _____________ mph. (5 points) Time _____ hrs15) Does that number seem fast or slow to you? Do you think that lava would be flowing that fast if it wasn’t in a channel and was just flowing over open ground? (5 points)16) Above is a photo of the location of the Fuego Volcano in Guatemala at the edge of the North American Tectonic plate. How is this tectonic setting different from the Hawaiian volcanoes? (5 points)17) Read the following article about the Fuego Volcano. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/06/04/volcano-erupts-in-guatemala-killing-at-least-25-injuring-dozens-more/?utm_term=.be27f64a0551… and the following about the Hawaii eruption. https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/986439/hawaii-volcano-update-kilauea-eruption-lava-flow-hazards-latestHow do these two eruptions differ? (5 points)18) What is the main chemical difference in the composition of the magmas/lavas that is causing these two events to be so different? (5 points)19) How is the tectonic setting and type of mantle crust that is generating the magma (noted in question 16) related to the chemical difference you talked about in question 18? (5 points
Collepals.com Plagiarism Free Papers
Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we'll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.
Get ZERO PLAGIARISM, HUMAN WRITTEN ESSAYS
Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper?
Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials.
We write plagiarism Free Content
Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties.
Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.
