The Respiratory System
After reading and studying this chapter, the successful student should be able to:
1. Explain how the delicate respiratory exchange surfaces are protected from pathogens, debris, and other hazards.
2. Name and describe the primary functions of the respiratory system.
3. Identify the organs of the upper respiratory tract and describe the function of each structure.
4. Identify the organs of the lower respiratory tract and describe the function of each structure.
5. Describe the changes that occur in the mucosa of the respiratory tract as air moves toward the respiratory membrane.
6. Summarize the physical principles governing the movement of air into and out of the lungs (Boyle’s Law).
7. Name the respiratory muscles and describe the actions of the muscles during pulmonary ventilation.
8. Explain respiratory rates, respiratory minute volume, alveolar ventilation and anatomical dead space with respect to adapting pulmonary ventilation to meet tissue demands for oxygen.
9. Be able to calculate VE and VA with a given set of numbers for f, VT, and VD.
10. Name and describe the various respiratory volumes and calculate the four respiratory capacities.
11. Summarize the physical principles governing the diffusion of gases into and out of the blood (including Dalton’s Law and Henry’s Law).
12. Discuss the structure and function of hemoglobin, explain the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, and describe the effects of PO2, PCO2, pH, and temperature on this curve.
13. Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are picked up, transported, and released in the bloodstream.
14. Explain how pulmonary diseases (such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis) affect compliance and airway resistance.
15. Explain the importance of surfactant and name the type of cells that produce surfactant.
16. Describe the brain stem structures that influence the control of respiration.
17. Explain the events of quiet breathing versus forced breathing.
18. Identify and discuss reflex respiratory activity in pulmonary ventilation.
19. Describe the various diseases/disorders related to the respiratory system.
20. Describe the effects of smoking on respiratory function and the development of lung cancer.
This study guide covers the majority of information on the exam but not all of it. You are still responsible for any information that was covered in the notes but not put on this guide (intentionally or unintentionally). Good Luck and Study Hard!!
PRACTICE
1. Oxygen combines with hemoglobin to form _______________________________________________.
1. The greatest percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in plasma as _________________________.
1. Exchange of gases between the blood and the tissue cells is known as __________________________.
1. The openings between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx are called _________________________.
1. The structure forming the Adam’s apple is the __________________________ of the thyroid cartilage.
1. When the pleural cavity fills with air, the condition is known as ________________________________.
1. The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs is called _________________________.
1. Boyle’s Law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of gas _________ as the volume of the container its housed within increases.
1. Labored breathing is known as __________________________________________________________.
1. The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each inspiration and exhalation during normal resting breathing is called ________________________________________________________.
1. As the partial pressure of oxygen increases, the percent saturation of hemoglobin will _____________.
1. Another name for the voice box is the ____________________________________________________.
1. Name the tissue found lining the trachea __________________________________________________.
1. Which is higher during an exhalation: atmospheric pressure or alveolar pressure? _________________
1. How does the contraction of the diaphragm affect breathing? _________________________________
1. Name the portion of the medulla that regulates respiration and is called the pacemaker. ____________
1. Name the structure that covers the glottis during swallowing. _________________________________
1. Name the structures within the nasal cavity that create turbulence. _____________________________
1. What covers the nasopharynx during swallowing? ___________________________________________
1. Which type of tissue is common to the Type II pneumocytes? __________________________________
1. As pH decreases (more acid), hemoglobin saturation _________________________________________
1. The palatine tonsils are located in which region of the pharynx? ________________________________
1. Which type of hypoxia is associated with cyanide poisoning? __________________________________
1. The amount of air that does not participate in gas exchange because it is still in the conducting zone and never reaches the alveoli is called ____________________________________________________.
1. The amount of air that remains in the lungs after forcible exhalation is called _____________________.
1. The factor affecting pulmonary ventilation which is described as the amount of stretch the lungs can undergo is called _____________________________________________________________________.
1. What four units of measurement might be used to reflect the pressure of gases in the clinical setting? ____________________________________________ Which one is used most often? ______________
1. Name the two primary respiratory muscles. ________________________________________________
1. Name the curvature of the left lung that accommodates the tilt of the heart. _____________________
1. Name the last branch of the conducting zone. ______________________________________________
1. Name the structure that forms the roof of the nasal cavity. ___________________________________
1. Name the surface of the lungs that contacts the rib cage. _____________________________________
1. What pressures are added together to calculate vital capacity? ________________________________
1. What is the average respiratory rate of a young healthy adult? _________________________________
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