These assignment will cover the reading material for that week. The assignment will be two full pages, single-spaced, 12-point font, 1? margins, no heading.
These assignment will cover the reading material for that week. The assignment will be two full pages, single-spaced, 12-point font, 1” margins, no heading. I only want your name at the top and nothing else; again, two FULL pages, which will be between 1300-1400 words in length.
There is no prompt. These assignment will include your thoughts on the assigned reading; there is no prompt. It is expected that the assignment will be well edited, thoughtful, and written in true assignment format. Points will be deducted for short assignment, poor grammar, bullet points, and the like. The assignment will be checked with turnitin.com, so do not collaborate with others. Quotes from the book can be used but should not be the majority of your assignment and should be marked as quotations so as not to plagiarize. The assignment should not show more than 10% match with other sources in Turnitin.com. If so, points will be deducted.
These assignment can include: personal stories of experiences you have had related to this section, information from the research you found in the books that sheds more light on the topic, questions/arguments about the reading you want to bring to light, thoughts on applications of the material to your own life, etc. This is your time to show you thorough read the material and understand it.
**DO NOT use Grammarly, ChatGPT, SpinBot or any outside software to help write these assignment or a 0 will be given.
Mallicoat, Women, Gender, and Crime Core Concepts, Second Edition Chapter 4: Women, Gender, and Victimization: Intimate Partner Abuse and Stalking
1
Introduction (1 of 4)
History of violence within relationships.
Rule of thumb.
Banning the legal right to beat wives.
Limited enforcement.
Mallicoat, Women, Gender, and Crime Core Concepts 4e. © 2024 SAGE Publishing.
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4.3. Discuss some of the historical and contemporary issues in IPA.
Introduction
History of violence within relationships:
Historically, violence within relationships has been well documented.
Women were considered the property of men, and wife beating as a form of discipline was legal and accepted.
Rule of thumb:
In the Roman times, men were allowed to beat their wives with a rod as long as its circumference is no greater than girth of the base of the man’s right thumb.
This continued as a guiding principle of legalized wife beating, which later influenced the legal structures of the early settlers in America.
Banning the legal right to beat wives:
In 1871, Alabama and Massachusetts became the first states to take away the legal right of men to beat their wives.
In 1882, wife beating became a crime in the state of Maryland.
Many states resisted the ban on the grounds that the government should not interfere in the family environment.
Limited enforcement:
Defining wife beating as a crime meant that the act would receive criminal consequences.
However, husbands rarely received any significant penalties for their actions.
2
Introduction (2 of 4)
Battered women’s movement.
Nonarrest policy.
Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment (MDVE).
Mallicoat, Women, Gender, and Crime Core Concepts 4e. © 2024 SAGE Publishing.
3
4.3. Discuss some of the historical and contemporary issues in IPA.
Introduction
Battered women’s movement:
Rise of the feminist movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s gave a foundation for the battered women’s movement
Small scale efforts such as shelters and counseling programs appeared throughout the United States during the 1970s.
Nonarrest policy:
Police officers received training about domestic violence calls for service, and many officers saw their role as a peacemaker than as an agent of criminal justice.
Homicide rates continued to increase because of the murders of women at the hands of their intimate partners.
Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment (MDVE):
Battered women’s movement led to systemic changes in how the police and courts handled cases of domestic violence.
Recidivism rates were significantly lower when an arrest was made compared to cases in which police simply “counseled” the aggressor.
However, replication studies indicated that arresting the offender led to increases in violence.
3
Introduction (3 of 4)
Violence Against Women Act (VAWA).
Office on Violence Against Women (OVW).
VAWA: renewed expanded every five years.
Mallicoat, Women, Gender, and Crime Core Concepts 4e. © 2024 SAGE Publishing.
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4.3. Discuss some of the historical and contemporary issues in IPA.
Introduction
Violence Against Women Act (VAWA):
By 1989, the United States had over 1,200 programs for battered women and provided shelter housing to over 300,000 women and children.
In 1994, Congress passed the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) as part of the Federal Crime Victims Act.
Provided funding for battered women’s shelters and outreach education, and funding for domestic violence training for police and court personnel.
Provided opportunity for victims to sue for civil damages as a result of violent acts perpetrated against them.
Office on Violence Against Women (OVW): Created in 1995, it administers grant programs aimed at research and community programming toward eradicating intimate domestic and intimate partner abuse in our communities.
VAWA: renewed expanded every five years:
VAWA expired on December 22, 2018, with the federal government shut down, and the reauthorization was stalled.
Republican and Democrat representatives disagreed on key protections for transgendered victims and offenders.
In March 2021, a bipartisan bill was passed by the House and is waiting for consideration by the Senate.
4
Introduction (4 of 4)
The Violence Against Women Act:
Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act.
Violence Against Women Act and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act.
Violence Against Women Act Reauthorization:2013 and 2021
Mallicoat, Women, Gender, and Crime Core Concepts 4e. © 2024 SAGE Publishing.
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4.3. Discuss some of the historical and contemporary issues in IPA.
Introduction
The Violence Against Women Act:
2000-Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000
Division B—Violence Against Women Act
Allocated $3.33 billion in grant funds (2001–2005)
Enhanced federal laws for domestic violence and stalking
Added protections for immigrant victims
Added new programs for elderly and disabled victims
Included victims of dating violence into VAWA protections and services
2005-Violence Against Women Act and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005
Allocated $3.935 billion in grant funds (2007–2011)
Created repeat offender penalties
Added protections for trafficked victims
Provides housing resources for victims
Enhanced resources for American Indian and Alaska Native populations
Provides increased training for health care providers to recognize signs of domestic violence
Enhanced protections for illegal immigrant victims
2013- Violence Against Women Act Reauthorization of 2013
Allocated $3.378 billion in grant funds (2013–2018)
Continues funding for grants for research and services
Maintains and expands housing protections
Expands options for tribal courts to address domestic violence
Requires reporting procedures for dating violence on college campuses
Prohibits discrimination for LGBT victims in accessing services
Maintains and increases protections for immigrant victims
2021 (Proposed)- Violence Against Women Act Reauthorization of 2021
Bars gun ownership for individuals convicted on misdemeanor domestic violence or stalking offenses
Closes the “boyfriend loop” to expand gun ownership prohibitions to dating partners.
Increases access to women’s shelters to transgendered women
Allows transgendered offenders to serve in prisons that align with their gender identity, not birth assignment.
Ends impunity for non-native perpetrators who engage in acts of sexual and domestic violence on tribal lands.
5
Defining and Identifying Intimate Partner Abuse (1 of 3)
Wife battering.
Domestic violence.
Intimate partner abuse (IPA).
Terms vary between different research studies.
Mallicoat, Women, Gender, and Crime Core Concepts 4e. © 2024 SAGE Publishing.
6
4.1. Define intimate partner abuse (IPA).
Defining and Identifying Intimate Partner Abuse
Wife battering:
The term wife battering fails to identify cases of violence outside of marriage, such as violent relationships between cohabitating individuals, dating violence, or even victims who were previously married to their batterer.
This exclusion often denies these victims any legal protections or services.
Domestic violence: Combines the crime of woman battering with other contexts of abuse found within a home environment.
Intimate partner abuse (IPA): Captures any form of abuse between individuals who currently have, or have previously had, an intimate relationship.
Terms vary between different research studies:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines intimate partner abuse as physical, sexual or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse.
National Violence Against Women survey extended the definition of intimate partner abuse to include cases of rape/sexual assault, physical assault, and stalking behaviors.
Bureau of Justice Statistics include additional crimes within the discussion of IPA, such as homicides and robberies involving intimate partners.
6
Defining and Identifying Intimate Partner Abuse (2 of 3)
1.2 million persons affected in 2019.
Misdemeanor offense.
Not visible to community.
Mallicoat, Women, Gender, and Crime Core Concepts 4e. © 2024 SAGE Publishing.
7
4.2. Explain the rates and prevalence of IPA.
Defining and Identifying Intimate Partner Abuse
1.2 million persons affected in 2019:
According to National Crime Victimization Survey, an estimated 1.2 million persons were experienced violence from domestic relationship in 2019.
59.7% of these cases involved violence by a current or former intimate partner.
In the majority of cases, men are the aggressor and women are the victim (85%).
Misdemeanor offense: Most crimes of intimate partner abuse are considered a misdemeanor offense, even for repeat offenders.
Not visible to community:
Much of the abuse is not visible, making it difficult to measure the extent of these acts or to provide outreach and services for victims.
Many are reluctant to report cases of abuse to anyone due to the high levels of shame that they feel as a result of the abuse.
Others believe that the police will be unable to help, are blamed for causing the violence, or were told to fix the relationship with the offender.
7
Defining and Identifying Intimate Partner Abuse (3 of 3)
Emotional abuse.
Economic abuse.
Escalating to murder.
Mallicoat, Women, Gender, and Crime Core Concepts 4e. © 2024 SAGE Publishing.
8
4.4. Distinguish between the different types of IPA and how it impacts victims.
Defining and Identifying Intimate Partner Abuse
Emotional abuse:
Emotional abuse is a way in which perpetrators seek to control their victims, whether it be in telling them what to wear, where to go, or what to do.
They may act jealous or possessive of their partner, sometimes even turn violent.
Emotional abuse continues when a batterer blames the victim for the violent behavior by suggesting that “she made him do it” or by telling the victim that “you deserve it.”
Women are more likely to experience social isolation and property damage within the context of emotional abuse compared to men
It robs the victim of her self-esteem and self-confidence, as victims fail to identify that they are victims of intimate partner abuse if they do not experience physical violence.
Economic abuse:
Involves acts that damage the victim’s ability to be self-sufficient.
It becomes difficult for a victim to leave their batterer, as it restricts access to finances.
Extends to both jeopardizing one’s employment status or prohibiting them from working.
Escalating to murder:
For a small number of women, physical violence in an intimate relationship escalates to murder.
Death was the culmination of a relationship that had been violent over time.
The presence of a weapon significantly increases the risk of homicide.
Three-fourths of intimate partner homicide victims had tried to leave their abusers, refuting the common question of “why doesn’t she leave?”
8
The Cycle of Violence
Three distinct time frames:
Tension building.
Abusive incident.
Honeymoon period.
Mallicoat, Women, Gender, and Crime Core Concepts 4e. © 2024 SAGE Publishing.
9
4.4. Distinguish between the different types of IPA and how it impacts victims.
The Cycle of Violence
The cycle of violence is made up of three distinct time frames.
Tension building:
In this stage, a batterer increases control over a victim.
As anger begins to build for the perpetrator, the victim tries to keep her partner calm by minimizing any problems in the relationship.
During this time, the victim may feel as though she is walking on eggshells because the tension between her and her partner is high.
Abusive incident: During this period, the batterer is highly abusive, and engages in an act of violence toward the victim.
Honeymoon period:
During this stage, the offender is apologetic to the victim for causing harm.
He often is loving and attentive and promises to change his behavior.
In this stage, the perpetrator is viewed as sincere and in many cases is forgiven by the victim.
Unfortunately, the honeymoon phase does not last forever, and in many cases of intimate partner abuse, the cycle begins again, tensions increase, and additional acts of violence occur.
Over time, the honeymoon stage may disappear entirely.
9
Victims of Intimate Partner Abuse (1 of 9)
Dating Violence
Violence between unmarried people.
Prevalence rates vary.
Teens and young adults are at high risk.
Students are more knowledgeable.
Mallicoat, Women, Gender, and Crime Core Concepts 4e. © 2024 SAGE Publishing.
10
4.4. Distinguish between the different types of IPA and how it impacts victims.
Victims of Intimate Partner Abuse
Dating Violence
Dating violence: intimate partner abuse in relationships where people are unmarried and may or may not be living together; violence that occurs between two people who are unmarried; teenagers are seen as the most at-risk population.
Prevalence rates vary:
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey:
8.2% of students reporte
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