Describe two different ways that Shanghai or its characters express their understanding of your chosen concept (i.e., Ethics, Gender, Self+Other). Explain

HIST 87: Winter 2025 Paper 1 Rubric

Point totals in ( ).

_____ (1) Identifies concept that paper will address (i.e., Gender, Self + Other, Ethics). _____ (2) Provides two examples of concept; _______ (1) the examples come from Shanghai. _____ (2) Provides appropriate citation for each example. _____ (2) Explains how these examples differ from each other. _____ (2) Turns paper in on time and in prescribed format.

HIST 87: Winter 2025 Citation Worksheet

I. Citation Guidelines Cite the source of a quotation, data point, or paraphrase immediately following the quote or statement derived from that source. Since we will only be citing course materials, we can use a simplified citation style: in parathesis, cite the last name of the author and the page number from which you derived the data point. For example:

• This sentence shares a piece of evidence from Reading #3 (Reading #3 Author's Last Name, p. page number for the fact).

• The Taihō Code allowed 30 days for officials to travel by sea between Dazaifu and Kyoto (von Verschuer, p. 308). • The Petition of Owari claimed that “the corvée duties” were “heavy” (Petition of Owari, quoted in von Verschuer, p. 308).

II. Practice A. Read the following two excerpts 1. Excerpt from von Verschuer, “Life of Commoners in the Provinces: The Owari no genbumi of 988,” p. 317:

“Whereas Shinano hemp and glazed ceramics were specialties of Owari Province, other tax supplies, including lacquer, oil, and Indian madder, were provided to the Heian court by many other provinces. The lacquer was stocked in the storehouses of the Ministry of Treasury (Ōkurashō) and used in the imperial workshops, which produced lacquer dishes, furniture (chests and frames for screens), palanquins, and other equipment for the imperial family. Oil was also used at imperial craft shops.”

2. Excerpt from Sei Shōnagon, The Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon, p. 40:

“For example, if they are married to a provincial governor and their daughter is chosen to take part in the Gosechi dances, they do not have to disgrace themselves by acting like provincials and asking other people about procedure.”

See reverse side for exercise….

B. Complete the following paragraph by filling in the correct citations. Sei Shōnagon imagined that geography and knowledge of etiquette distinguished residents of

the provinces from those of the imperial capital (______________, p. ____________). Yet in

fact the life of etiquette that she so valued in the capital was wholly dependent on products

from the provinces. For example, the Heian court received hemp and glazed ceramics from

Owari province. Lacquer, a central material for dishes, furniture, and palanquins, arrived from

other provinces (____________, p. ____________).

HIST 87: Meeting 2B Key Terms

A. Today’s Historical Periods 1. Review Kofun Period, 300-538 (burial mounds; rise of Yamato clan) Asuka Period, 538-710 (establishment of Imperial Court and ritsuryō system) Nara Period, 710-784 (first permanent capital, “Heijō-kyō”) Heian Period, 784-1185 (second permanent capital) Kamakura Period, 1185-1333 (Minamoto shogunate, HQ in Kamakura) Muromachi Period, 1338-1573 (Ashikaga shogunate, HQ in Kyoto) 2. New Paekche Kingdom, 18 BCE – 660 CE Sui Dynasty, 581-618 Later or Unified Silla Kingdom, 668-935 Tang Dynasty, 618-907 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, 907-979 Song Dynasty, 960-1279 Koryŏ Kingdom, 918-1392 B. Today’s Chronology c. 400: Introduction of Chinese learning to Japanese islands via Paekche Kingdom (Korean peninsula) 600s: Yamato Court sends 10 embassies to Sui and Tang courts (100-600 people per embassy). 607: Prince Shōtoku sends embassy to Sui court with letter identifies himself as “son of heaven in land where the sun rises.” 700s: Yamato Court sends 9 embassies to Tang Court. 701: Taihō Code 712: Compilation of Kojiki, a history of the “divine land” and the Imperial (Yamato) Court 720: Compilation of Nihon shoki, the first of the Six National Histories 800s: Yamato Court receives embassies from Po-hai Kingdom; increased private commerce with China and Korea makes sending embassies less critical. 804 and 838: Yamato Court sends 2 embassies to Tang Court. 894: Embassies to Tang discontinued at urging of Sugawara no Michizane. 901: Sugawara no Michizane exiled to Dazaifu; dies two years later. 920: Completion of Kokinwakashū (Collection of waka from ancient and modern times). 930: Flooding and fires kill numerous Fujiwara in Heian-kyō. 936: Ki no Tsurayaki completes Tosa nikki (Tosa diary). 970: Minamoto no Tamenori writes Kuchizusami (Fun with learning) for his student Fujiwara no Matsuo-gimi. 993: Posthumous promotion of Sugawara no Michizane to Senior First Rank. 996: Publication of The Pillow Book.

c. 1030s: Fujiwara no Akihira writes Tettsui den (Biography of an iron hammer). c. 1050: Fujiwara no Akihira writes Shinsarugakuki (An account of the new monkey music). C. Key Terms 1. tennō 天皇 Term for “emperor” that rises to use in the Yamato court in the 7th century around the time of Emperor Temmu. Theoretically distinguished the Yamato emperor from the emperors of Chinese dynasties, who more commonly (though not exclusively) used the title huangdi 皇帝 (Jp. kōtei). Ooms (2009, p. 155) notes that around the same time the term came into regular usage in Japan, the third Tang emperor Gaozong also adopted it. So it’s possible that the two different terms are evidence of a forked path in political thought and practice, rather than an attempt to create a uniquely Yamato form of emperorship. 2. kanshi 漢詩 Poetry written in Japan in Chinese and using Chinese forms. Sugawara no Michizane was a famous kanshi poet. 3. waka 和歌 Poetry written in Japanese kana (syllables), which were derived from Chinese characters, in particular syllable patterns. Examples include Kojiki, Man’yōshū, and Kokinwakashū. 4. sarugaku 猿楽 Literally, “monkey music.” Nighttime carnival entertainments popular from the 11th to the 14th centuries. D. Key Quotes, Images, Etc. 1. From the Meng ch’iu, trans. Watson (The seeking of the unenlightened, c. early Tang): “Wang Jung was simple and efficient, P’ei K’ai was honest and liberal-minded.” 2. From Minamoto no Tamenori’s Kuchizusami (Fun with learning, 970), trans. and paraphrase Ury 1999:

(a) “Geography”: “The Three Passes”; “The Seven High Mountains”; “The Nine Tumuli”; “The Three Bridges.” (b) “Human Beings”: “the five emperors of Chinese high antiquity; three dynasties of Hsia, Yin, and Chou; eleven emperors of the Former and the twelve of the Later Han; the nine lesser disciplines of Confucius and other notables; names for the barbarians of the four directions; six kinds of portentous dreams; three conditions under which a man cannot spurn his wife; the seven grounds for divorcing her; three kinds of subordination which wife owes husband (father before marriage, husband upon marriage, son after husband’s death); three persons to whom a man owes loyalty (father, teacher, lord); organs and cavities of the body; words for various degrees of direct ancestor and direct descendant; kinds of persons and transgressions to be forgiven; the dangerous years in

a human life (13, 25, 37, 49, 61, 73, 85, 91); charm to protect against a bad dream or make a good dream come true; a verse to chant if you come across a dead man in the road at night.”

(i) Five Emperors = Yellow Emperor; Zhuanxu; Emperor Ku; Emperor Yao; Emperor Shun. (ii) Barbarians in Four Directions = Dongyi 東夷 (East); Nanman南蠻 (South); Xirong ⻄戎 (West); Beidi 北狄 (North).

See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Barbarians.

3. From Fujiwara no Akihira, Shinsarugakuki (An account of the new monkey music, c. 1050): “The eldest daughter’s husband is a famous gambler. He is a master with the shaker – the dice fall as he bids. Gaming-table incantations flow from his silver tongue, and he excels in the arts of strategy. He surpasses even Enkan Michihiro at rolling ‘fives and fours’ and ‘fours and threes,’ cutting lines on the board, executing the Chinese roll, and at handling all kinds of shakers, dice, special techniques, and dice-game arguments….” (trans. Joan Piggott, quoted in Shirane, ed., Traditional Japanese Literature, 494). 4. Prince Shōtoku’s letter to the Sui Court, 607: “The son of heaven [emperor] in the land where the sun rises [⽇本] addresses a letter to the son of heaven in the land where the sun sets.” 5. Sandai jitsuroku (True history of the three reigns of Japan; 901): “On the thirtieth day of the fifth month of the fourteenth year of Jōgan [872], a great serpent appeared in one of the halls of the official provincial Buddhist temple in Suruga. There were thirty-one copies of the Heart Sutra wrapped around a single roller, and it ate them. The monks who witnessed this tied a rope around its tail and hung it upside down from a tree. Shortly afterward, it disgorged the sacred books and fell on the ground half dead, but then it suddenly revived” (Ury 1999, 363, paraphrasing Sandai jitsuroku).

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HIST 87: Meeting 2A Key Terms

January 14, 2025 A. Today’s Historical Periods Kofun Period, 300-538 Asuka Period, 538-710 [with Kofun, “the Yamato Period”] Nara Period, 710-784 Heian Period, 784-1185 Kamakura Period, 1185-1333 Muromachi Period, 1338-1573 B. Today’s Chronology 552: Introduction of Buddhism to Japan via Paekche Kingdom (Korean Peninsula). 646: Taika Reform (“Taika” = Great Change) establishes ritsuryō system. 701: Taihō Code establishes the theoretical basis for government under ritsuryō system. 784: Capital established in Heian-kyō (present-day Kyoto). 967: Regency Period of the Heian era begins. 996: Sei Shōnagon completes The Pillow Book 1017: Fujiwara no Michinaga appointed as Regent (highpoint of Fujiwara power) 1068: Regency Period ends. C. Key Terms 1. ⽒ uji The clan groups of the Kofun period (300-538). As defined by William H. McCullough: “A loosely knit, patrilineal kin group of nobles whose members shared an ancestral or guardian deity, bore a common patronymic (except for the imperial clan, which had no name) and hereditary title of status, acknowledged a common chieftain, and were usually buried together in a clan cemetery.”1 Clans managed governance in and around the Nara plain from the 4th to mid-7th century.2 2. ⼤化 taika Literally, “great change.” The Taika Reforms of 646 centralized authority in the imperial court through land tenure and tax reform. The Yamato clan controlled the imperial court. Leaders of other clans were granted official positions with stipends to encourage their participation in the new system. 3. 律令 ritsuryō

1 William H. McCullough, “The capital and its society,” in The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. II, ed. Donald H. Shively and William H. McCullough, 97-182 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 128. 2 Delmer H. Brown, “The Yamato Kingdom,” in The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. I, ed. Delmer M. Brown, 108- 162 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).

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Literally, “law and order.” The Taika Reform (646) created a new system of land tenure and taxation, and created “sustenance households” (jikifu) linked to court rank, which centralized authority and power under the Yamato court. The Taihō Code of 701 codified the system into a series of administrative and penal codes that centralized authority among a hereditary aristocracy and an imperial court.3 4. ⾷封 jikifu Sustenance household. Court officials appointed at Fifth Rank and higher received large grants of tax-free rice land, which they used to support their positions and activities in the capital. These ranks (and their attendant sustenance households) were largely hereditary. In the early Heian period, nobility at the Third Rank and above came from around 20 clans. Officials at the Fourth and Fifth rank came from around 150-200 clans. The number of clans with members at these ranks declined over the Heian period as the Fujiwara consolidated power by controlling court offices. At the same time, the Court began granting sustenance households to nobles of lower ranks, gradually diluting the economic power associated with all but the highest ranks.4 5. 摂政 sesshō Regent. The official charged with governing the realm on behalf of a child emperor. From 858 to 967, the office was used only sporadically. Between 967 and 1068, what historians call “the Regency Period,” the office was in use continuously, and generally occupied by a member of the Fujiwara’s Northern House.

3 David Lu, "Law and Administration Under the Taihô-Yôrô Code," Japan: A Documentary History (ME Sharpe, 1997), 29-36. 4 McCullough, “The Capital and Its Society,” 131.

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D. Key Images, Tables, Quotes 1. Sei Shônagon, The Pillow Book, #1, “In Spring It Is the Dawn.” “In the winter the early mornings [are the most beautiful]. It is beautiful indeed when the snow has fallen during the night, but splendid too when the ground is white with frost; or even when there is no snow or frost, but it is simply very cold and the attendants hurry from room to room stirring up the fires and bringing charcoal, how well this fits the season’s mood! But as noon approaches and the cold wears off, no one bothers to keep the braziers alight, and soon nothing remains but piles of white ashes.” 2. Murasaki Shikibu, author of Tale of Genji, c. late 10th century: Sei Shônagon is “dreadfully conceited. She thought herself clever, and littered her writings with Chinese characters, but if you examined them closely, they left a great deal to be desired. Those who think of themselves as being superior to everyone else in this way will inevitably suffer and come to a bad end, and people who have become so precious that they go out of their to be sensitive to the most unpromising situations, trying to capture every moment of interest, however slight, are bound to look ridiculous and superficial. How can the future turn out well for them?” 3. Amino Yoshihiko’s Map of Ancient Japan — image in Canvas 4. The Reform Edict of Taika, 646 (from Lu, “The Taika Reforms,” p. 27): “In lieu [of titles to lands], sustenance households shall be granted to those of the rank of Daibu (Chief of a bureau or ward) and upwards on a scale corresponding to their positions. Cloth and silk stuffs shall be given to the lower officials and people, varying in value.” 5. "Ritsuryô State" (律令 ritsuryô, literally "law" and "order") Ritsu" 律 referred to the criminal code and "ryô" 令 referred to the administrative code. The specific code to which "ritsuryô" referred was the "Taiho Code," which was promulgated in the first year of Taihô (701). This code was based on a model from the Tang Court in China. But, in contrast to the administrative code of the Tang Court, which theoretically opened up administrative positions to scholars regardless of lineage, the Taihô Code consolidated authority in a hereditary aristocracy and the imperial household. 6. Table reproduced from The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 2

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7. Table reproduced from The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 2

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8. Map reproduced from Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2007)