INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
We have sufficiently covered the “View of Life”, including characteristics of living things and how they are classified. We will now move on to explore the chemical basis of life, in Chapter 2.
The first portion of Chapter 2, “Chemical Elements”, covers the elements and molecules that make up living things. Since the chemical nature of living things is vital to understanding their molecular and cellular functioning, it is critical that you know the basic chemistry of these macromolecules that control life. Therefore, your next assignment will prepare you to become familiar with the alphabets of chemical compounds, so that you will be able to use shortcuts when writing the many equations used that model their reactions (rxns).
To begin this process, you are assigned to:
– view the video of a guest chemistry professor on Introduction to Chemistry and complete Part I.
– review the periodic table and complete Part II.
Note: The video and periodic table are in the next two frames following this assignment .
Part I.
From your viewing, you MUST define the terms below as given during the lecture video only (Do not google for answers). Don’t forget, if you Google for answers or do not use the video, you will not get credit for your answers. Be sure to number the definitions as the terms are numbered in the assignment.
Click on the link after this assignment link to view the video.
1. Chemistry
2. Atom
3. Element
4. Molecule
5. Compound
6. Chemical Reaction
7. Mixture
8. Homogeneous Mixture
9. Heterogeneous Mixture
Part II. Using the (Periodic Table) link after the video link, write the symbols for the following elements. All symbols should begin with a capital letter, followed by a lower case for two (2) letter symbols. Place symbols in a chart (as shown below) next the name of the element.
SYMBOL OF EMLEMENTS:
Element
Symbol
Element
Symbol
Element
Symbol
Element
Symbol
1. Aluminum
12. Chlorine
23. Lithium
34. Platinum
2. Antimony
13. Cobalt
24.Magnesium
35. Potassium
3. Argon
14. Copper
25.Manganese
36. Silver
4. Arsenic
15. Curium
26. Mercury
37. Sodium
5. Barium
16. Fluorine
27.Molybdenum
38. Strontium
6. Beryllium
17. Gold
28. Neon
39. Sulfur
7. Boron
18. Hydrogen
29. Nickel
40. Tin
8. Bromine
19. Iodine
30. Nitrogen
41. Tungsten
9. Calcium
20. Iron
31. Osmium
42. Uranium
10. Carbon
21. Krypton
32. Oxygen
43. Xenon
11. Chromium
22. Lead
33. Phosphorus
44. Zinc
PLEASE SUBMIT ONLY CORRECT AND COMPLETE ASSIGNMENTS.
ORGANIC DEFINITIONS
For the next assignment, you will review some properties of organic molecules. There are more basic terms that you will need to know the definitions of in order to understand these properties. Your assignment will prepare you for understanding those properties that are unique to these compounds.
This assignment has two parts and should be completed as follows:
Part I.
You are assigned to read Chapter 2, and define the terms below:
Be sure to do the assigned reading above, (not Google) as an explanation of these terms is clearly provided.
1.Radical
2.Hydrophilic/polar
3.Hydrophobic/nonpolar
4.Acid
5.Base
6.pH scale
7.Phosphate bond
8.Hydrogen bond
9.Ionic bond
10. Covalent bond
11. Isotope
12. Proton
13. Neutron
14. Electron
15. Periodic table
16. Buffer
17. Bohr’s model
18. Octet rule
19. Ions
20. Hydrogen ion
21. Hydroxyl ion
22. Neutral compound
Part II.
Chemical bonds hold together the atoms that form the molecules required for life. Studying life requires us to study the different types of chemical bonds, including:
• Covalent bonds • Polar covalent bonds • Ionic bonds • Hydrogen bonds
Knowing how atoms and molecules interact at the level of chemical bonding provides a basis for understanding more complex interactions in chemistry and biology.
After you thoroughly understand bonding from your reading, complete test questions 1-10 below: Highlight your choice.
1. What types of bonding is illustrated in sharing of electrons?
a. Covalent bond
b. Polar covalent bond
c. Ionic bond
d. Hydrogen bond
e. a and b
2. What is the relationship between polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds?
a. There is no relationship between these two types of bonds
b. The formation of hydrogen bonds induces the formation of polar covalent bonds
c. The formation of polar covalent bonds creates the centers of partial positive and partial negative charge that are required for the weak electrostatic interactions associated with hydrogen bonds
d. Both types of bonds directly use pairs of shared electrons
e. Both types of bonds are based on electrostatic interactions.
3. What is the physical nature of the hydrogen bond?
a. There is a strong electrostatic attraction between a positive charge and a negative charge.
b. There is a weak electrostatic attraction between a positive charge and a negative charge.
c. Two electrons are equally shared in a bonding orbital between the oxygen and the hydrogen atom.
d. Two electrons are unequally shared in a bonding orbital between the oxygen and the hydrogen atom, such that a polar covalent bond is formed.
e. None of the above.
4. What type of bonding is illustrated when electrons are transferred?
a. Covalent
b. Polar covalent bond
c. Ionic bond
d. Hydrogen bond
e. None of the above
5. What common feature is shared by the sodium and chloride ions?
a. Both ions have unpaired electrons in their outermost energy levels.
b. Both ions have electrons in the third energy levels.
c. Both ions have eight electrons in their outermost energy levels.
d. Both ions have complete outermost energy levels, resulting in great stability.
e. Both c and d are correct
6. What type of bonding is illustrated when electrons are shared unequally?
a. Covalent bond
b. Polar covalent bond
c. Ionic bond
d. Hydrogen bond
e. None of the above
7. What feature of the bond between hydrogen and oxygen is most important in explaining how water can act as a powerful solvent?
a. The electrons
b. The atomic nuclei
c. Ionic bonds
d. Covalent bonds
e. The unequal electron distribution that produces the partial positive and partial negative charges associated with the hydrogen bond
8. What type of bonding is illustrated when the oxygen of one water molecule bonds with the hydrogen of another?
a. Covalent bond
b. Polar covalent bond
c. Ionic bond
d. Hydrogen bond
e. None of the above
9. An atom’s orbital with one electron combines with another atom’s orbital that also contains one electron. What is produced?
a. A bonding orbital containing two electrons
b. A covalent bond
c. A molecule
d. A hydrogen bond
e. Responses a, b, and c
10. How many electrons are associated with a single covalent bond between two atoms?
a. Zero electrons
b. One electron
c. Two electrons
d. Four electrons
e. Eight electrons
Be sure to make complete statements or write out questions and answers. You may highlight the correct answer. (Please do not use only ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, etc.))
You are required to number each response as they are numbered in the assignment.
SUBMIT ANSWERS TO PARTS I and II
ORGANIC ELEMENTS
Throughout this course, we will constantly compare living and non-living things. In this case, our focus will be the chemistry of living and non-living organisms.
There are specific elements that make up living things, which are in contrast to non-living. To understand the chemical basis for living things, it is important that you are able to distinguish between those elements that make up living things.
Out of the 92 natural elements, there are six basic elements, all of which are typically found in living organisms. Your assignment is to list the six basic elements, and include a minimum three sentence chemical descriptions of each. For example : ( Provide, number of protons, neutrons, electrons, and atomic number (as one description), and group, period in the periodic table, charge, or binding properties, as the second and third descriptions). Do not just state number of protons, neutrons, electrons, as three separate descriptions.
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