Business Qualitative Research Design
Secondly, I want you to read and review both responses below: to the same question and comment on them. We want to be critical but in a proper fashion. You might suggest some other ideas or sources…, Or you might suggest a different way to think about the question and why you think that way. If you have external sources other than what is given in the course, and please cite and reference accordingly using the APA seventh edition style guide. Provide 2 sources as evidence at least to each response. Two paragraphs each with references. 1st Response What are some research topics that would best be addressed using a qualitative approach? Research topics involving human beings are best addressed using a qualitative approach. Qualitative research captures information about human matters, to include “the often contradictory behaviors, beliefs, opinions, emotions, and relationships of individuals” (Mack et al., 2005). Capturing how people experience an issue in narrative form is the strength of qualitative research (Mack et al., 2005). The business community is ripe with qualitative research opportunities. Broad subjects about employment culture are relevant for qualitative research, including employee engagement, employee satisfaction, pride in working for the employer, and willingness to recommend the employer. Surfacing employee opinion extends beyond the cultural components as well. Qualitative research can also be used to capture employee opinion on internal process matters. For example, I am currently working on a project that involves creating a partner value creation plan. As part of this process I am looking for problems and asking employees within the partner team to tell me about the problems we have. After capturing the problems, we surface how we might address those problems and what would have to be true in order to address them in that way. Surfacing problems with internal processes or methods is a topic best addressed using a qualitative approach. Customer satisfaction and engagement is another research topic best addressed using a qualitative approach. The experience customers have with the products and services being delivered are identified through qualitative research. Customer opinions on quality, responsiveness, price, speed, value, and loyalty are often measured to help determine what is working (and what isn’t). Mack et al. (2005) highlighted the most common qualitative research methods are participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. Researchers are monitoring and listening for naturally occurring behaviors, individual perspectives and experiences, and broad overviews from specific groups (Mack et al., 2005). This is frequently done in the software market when testing the design of an application. Specifically, the design of the user interface (UI) and user experience (UX). When a user of the software interacts with an application, they take certain actions to fulfill a use case. When those actions can be done effortlessly, the software would likely be considered to have great UI/UX. Great software design just doesn’t happen. It is intentionally applied based on research. Research teams monitor how people click through various web sites and surface why they took those actions to complete the task. These studies illuminate a design that is best for the user to fulfill the task. It’s more enjoyable when it’s easy. When you say, “it’s so easy to buy things on Amazon,” a huge contributing factor to that is the design of the application and Amazon’s understanding of what we want when we enter a shopping experience. Compare and contrast the qualitative and quantitative approaches to research. How are they different, and how do they complement one another? Mack et al. (2005) provided a comparison of qualitative and quantitative approaches by looking at several variables, to include general framework, analytical objectives, question format, data format, and flexibility in study design. Before going into some of the detailed differences, the most important difference is flexibility (Mack et al., 2005). Quantitative approaches are rigid to ensure the results can be compared across a range of participants and in various locations whereas qualitative approaches allow for spontaneity (Mack et al., 2005). Generally, the quantitative approach seeks to confirm a hypothesis whereas the qualitative approach seeks to explore (Mack et al., 2005). In this way, these methods also complement one another. Before a hypothesis about certain phenomena can be formed and confirmed, it first needs to be explored. The methods in quantitative research include structured questionnaires, surveys, and observations, which include closed-end questions. The qualitative process uses less structured methods, such as in-depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observation, which have open-ended questions (Mack et al., 2005). These various structures also complement each other. An in-depth interview may help to inform a questionnaire, or a survey may inform a participant observation. Mack et al. (2005) shared the analytical objectives of a quantitative approach are to quantify variation, predict causal relationships, and describe the characteristics of a population. In contrast, Mack et al. (2015) described the analytical objectives of the qualitative approach to describe variation, individual experiences, and group norms, and explain relationships. Quantitative seeks to quantify and predict whereas qualitative seeks to describe. This also aligns with the data format used to cover each approach. Quantitative is numerical and qualitative is textual (Mack et al., 2005). The analytical objectives and data format complement one another because analyzing numbers is only half the story. A narrative goes along with the numbers to provide a more complete picture of a particular phenomena. There is more to research than quantifying variations, yet we also know there is more to research than using text to describe phenomena. Words and numbers. Suppose you are the co-author of an academic paper that is being prepared for publication. The original research idea is yours, but you let your co-authors handle the data collection and actual writing of the report. Who should claim lead authorship in this scenario? The fairness in publication credit states that authorship is based on the quality and quantity of contributions and should be worked out with the various contributors before the project begins (Trochim et al., 2005). For this example, I will imagine that I shared my original idea with a few of my research buddies and asked them if they would be interested in helping. I was upfront about the work to be done and they understood they would handle the data collection and writing. I requested that I retain authorship credit as the person who got this paper off the ground. However, acknowledging they would be doing significant work, I communicated the way my authorship would be listed is as the project originator and their authorship would be listed for their respective contributions. We agreed to this, in writing, to ensure our authorship credit would be properly recognized upon completion. References Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K., Guest, G., & Namey, E. (2005). Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide. Family Health International. Trochim, Donnelly, & Arora, K. (2015). Research methods: The essential knowledge base. Cengage Learning. (g) 2nd Response 2. What are some research topics that would best be addressed using a qualitative approach? Social science research rooted in feelings or opinions are best addressed by qualitative methods. I have long stated that I try to pursue inspiration and perspective. Qualitative studies may be used to obtain differing perspectives of a subject matter or potentially what the prevailing perspective is relative to a research question. If the answer to a research question lies in polling, observing, or interviewing participants, qualitative studies are the best method to obtaining data. Compare and contrast the qualitative and quantitative approaches to research. How are they different, and how do they complement one another? Sometimes it is useful to answer a question with a question. How much did the war in Iraq cost? A quantitative approach might analyze the dollars of expense in terms of soldier salaries, munitions costs, transportation, building materials, resulting disability expenses, increases to populations eligible for VA health benefits, and so on, pursuing the actual dollars of costs to the war. A qualitative study might examine the resulting the global confidence viewpoints of the United States and our involvement, local Iraqi sentiments, or potentially a survey of impact to families of soldiers that missed key moments in their children’s upbringing. How can those costs be quantified? They are different in that they seek different types of information. They complement one another in that the true, total costs of the war in Iraq involve more than a surface review of the quantifiable costs. Suppose you are the co-author of an academic paper that is being prepared for publication. The original research idea is yours, but you let your co-authors handle the data collection and actual writing of the report. Who should claim lead authorship in this scenario? Civility and logic dictate these types of matters. Considerations for lead authorship should be rooted in the level of contributions of the team members. At times, depending on the type of research performed, the varying disciplines of the contributors may come into play. For instance, if I were to develop a research idea for a paper contributing to research in clinical psychology, and a clinical psychologist collected data and wrote the bulk of the paper, concession of lead authorship would be appropriate. Conversely, if a clinical psychologist came up with the idea, allowed me to collect the data and write the bulk of the content, but made significant contributions to the design of the research methodology and analysis of the data, concession of lead authorship would again be appropriate. Does (or should) past performance enter into the conversation? There is a potential for greater readership with prominent name recognition. I feel this crosses some ethical tipping point, however, as the level of involvement may progress to the contribution being solely name recognition. That being said, if the idea, research design, collection, analysis, and content production assignments are discussed prior to the study, wouldn’t the logical choice be to debate, analyze, and determine the order of author precedence prior, as well? Deciding on lead authorship prior to the work seems to be the most logical choice.
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