The effect of war in economy

CONTENTS NO Subject (A) (B) 1 INTRODUCTION 2 AIM No of paragraph No of page From To From To (C) (D) (E) (F) A-1 A-1 3 4 5 SECOND GULF WAR 6 IRAQ WAR WITH AMERICA 7 CONCLUSION 8 REFERENCES 9 ANNEX (A) INTRODUCTION 1. Iraq is an Arab Islamic country, located at the head of the Arabian Gulf in the Southwest Asian region. Iraq borders are Turkey from the north, Iran from the east, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait from the south, Jordan, Syria as well as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from the west as shown in annex (A-a) figure (1). Baghdad is the capital and the largest city of Iraq. Iraq became part of the great Islamic state in the seventh century AD and absorbed the Arab Muslim civilization. 2. Iraq gained its independent on 3rd October 1932 AD from the league of Nations United States after the British Mandate on it. Three-quarter of Iraq population at the present time is made up from Arabs. In addition to that, it also includes a large number of the Kurdish population who are concentrated in the north of the country and who granted autonomy with the framework of a single state. 3. Regime: The Iraqi constitution promulgated on 22nd September 1968 AD, which became effective on 16th July 1970 AD, that Iraq is a republic. According to the constitution, the president presides over the Republic of Iraq and who is the commander-in-chief of its armed forces. He is elected for a limited period through the revolutionary command council, which consists of thirteen members from the senior leaders of the Baath party. The president of the republic is chaired the revolutionary command council. The revolutionary command council also draws the government policy. The president of the republic appoints a council of ministers which implements government programs and policies. 4. Iraq is divided into 18 governorates and the president of the republic appoint a governor for each province. Therefore, there are three Kurdish provinces autonomously as independent Kurdish regions since 1972. 5. In 1958 AD, the monarchy was overthrown and the Republic of Iraq was established. The Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party controlled Iraq from 1968 to 2003. After the invasion of the United States and its allies in 2003, Saddam Hussein’s Ba’ath party was removed from power and pluralistic parliamentary elections were held in 2005. The US presence in Iraq ended in 2011, but the Iraqi insurgency -1- continued. There are many wars that Iraq has fought in the past years. Which are represented in three main wars: the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988), the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (1990-1991) and the American invasion of Iraq 2003. AIM 6. The aim of this report is to give an overview about Iraq wars and the precise details about them. IRAQ WAR WITH IRAN 7. The longest war of the twentieth century erupted between Iran and Iraq in September 1980 and ended in August 1988, leaving more than a million dead and seriously damaging the economies of both countries. The events of the war are as follows: a. The war broke out for several reasons, foremost of which is the Iranian propaganda based on exporting the revolution and the intensification of the dispute between Iraq and Iran over the demarcation of borders, especially in the Shatt al-Arab region overlooking the oil-rich Arabian Gulf. The Islamic Revolution took place in Iran in 1979, and Iran’s new leaders raised the slogan of exporting the revolution, which worried the Arab countries surrounding Iran, especially Iraq and the Gulf states. The Ba’ath regime in Iraq sensed this danger due to the old Shiite presence in the country. b. The dispute over the Shatt al-Arab goes back to ancient times. Throughout the Ottoman era, it remained a line of contact between the Ottoman Empire and Iran and remained subject to the Ottoman Empire under the Constantinople Agreement of 1913, which stipulated that Iranian sovereignty is limited to the areas east of the Shatt al-Arab. The 1937 agreement defined the borders in the Shatt al-Arab itself up to Abadan, and the border dispute was one of the reasons that delayed Iran’s recognition of Iraq’s independence. Iran viewed the Shiite-majority south of Iraq, full of shrines, as a spiritual depth that could not be abandoned. In 1975, Iraq and Iran signed the Algiers Agreement, which included Iran’s abandonment of its support for the Kurds in exchange for Baghdad’s recognition of the Shatt al-Arab in equality between the two countries. -2- c. After the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979, political relations between Iraq and Iran worsened, as the two countries exchanged the withdrawal of ambassadors in March 1980 and the reduction of the level of diplomatic representation. 1975 with Iran and considering the entire waters of the Shatt al-Arab as part of the Iraqi territorial waters. With the frequency of combat incidents on the borders, the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council decided on September 22, 1980 to launch a military campaign against Iran and the Iraqi army advanced quickly, and the Iraqi leadership assessed that the war would be rapid and limited. d. As Iraq thought that the Iranian army was weak after a campaign of arrests carried out by the new Iranian authorities, however, the advance of the Iraqi forces sparked a comprehensive national mobilization that was fueled by the official Iranian propaganda based on two dimensions: one of them is a religious dimension that argues that the war is between an Islamic regime and another secular Baathist, while the second dimension is fueling the flame of Arabian nationalism and its past glory. After the initial gains of the Iraqi army, the most important of which was the control of Muhammarah, Abadan, and areas in central Iran, the vast Iranian mobilization created a measure of balance between December 1980 and 1981. The UN Security Council had issued a resolution on September 28, 1980 calling on the two sides to stop fighting and negotiate. e. But both sides of the conflict did not show any interest in the resolution. In February 1982, the Iranian army retook Abadan and large areas in the center of the country. By the summer, the Iranian army had begun launching attacks on Iraq. Iraq accepted the ceasefire resolution issued by the Security Council in July 1982, but Iran refused to abide by it. In the following two years, Iran focused its efforts on controlling Basra, and Iraq responded by launching the urban war in April 1984, which wasmassive air campaigns targeting Iranian cities, and Iran responded with missile strikes on Iraqi military and economic targets. While the war was raging on the ground, there was another war targeting oil tankers and merchant ships of the two countries. f. Before expanding to include the supporting countries, including the Iranian warships attacking a number of Kuwaiti commercial ships, which prompted Kuwait to request international assistance to protect its ships. The Arab countries – with the exception of Algeria, Libya and Syria – sided -3- with Iraq and benefited from generous support from the Gulf states. The Iraqi war and armament effort amounted to more than three billion dollars annually. As for the actors, their role remained marginal until 1986, when Iran began targeting Kuwaiti oil tankers. Kuwait requested American protection, which Washington first hesitated to provide, then decided to deploy warships in the Gulf to escort the Kuwaiti tankers. Iraq got its weapons from France, China and the Soviet Union. g. As well as from the United States on a lesser scale, although several sources talk about Iraq obtaining Western logistical support represented in satellite images of Iranian army sites, as well as providing equipment and ammunition. As for Iran, it got weapons from some communist countries and other countries, and it also got support with weapons and ammunition from Syria and Libya. IRAQ WAR WITH KUWAIT 8. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait an attack launched by the Iraqi army on Kuwait on August 2, 1990, and the military operation lasted for two days and ended with the Iraqi forces seizing the entire Kuwaiti lands on August 4, then a puppet government was formed headed by Colonel Alaa Hussein during August 4-8 under the name of the Republic of Kuwait. The consequences of the invasion are: a. The Iraqi government announced the day August 9, 1990 Kuwait annexed Iraq and abolished all international embassies in Kuwait, in addition to declaring Kuwait the 19th governorate of Iraq. As for Taif, Saudi Arabia, the Kuwaiti government was formed in exile, where the Emir of Kuwait, the Crown Prince and several ministers were present. b. On 26th February, 1991, after the second Gulf War. The IranianIranian war Kuwait and Saudi Arabia supported Iraq economically, and Kuwait reached Iraq to $44 billion. The time has come to pay these costs by raising oil prices by reducing the percentage of OPEC oil production. Its sign begins with the decline in oil prices. More cooperation and the United Arab Emirates and the Emirates with production quotas estimated at one and a half million barrels on 10th July, 1990. c. Events began to take an escalating curve by the Iraqi regime, as Iraq began to accuse Kuwait that Kuwait had carried out unlicensed exploration for oil on the Iraqi side then, the Iraqi President Saddam Hussein stated -4- that the 8-year Iran-Iraq war was to defend the eastern gateway to the Arab world and that Kuwait and Saudi Arabia should negotiate debts or cancel all of its debts on Iraq. The International Monetary Fund estimates the size of Iraq’s debts to Kuwait at sixty billion dollars. Saddam Hussein asked the Gulf states for $10 billion as a grant to Iraq and asked to lease the Kuwaiti islands of Warba and Bubiyan. Diplomatic efforts did not bear fruit in easing tensions. At the end of July 1990, a meeting was held in Jeddah between a Kuwaiti delegation and an Iraqi delegation. This meeting resulted in the approval of Kuwait providing a grant of 9 billion dollars, and King Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud donating 10 billion dollars on the condition that the border between Kuwait and Iraq be demarcated. SECOND GULF WAR 9. Second gulf war. It is also called Operation Desert Storm or the Kuwait Liberation War (January 17 to February 28, 1991) is a war launched by the coalition forces of 34 countries led by the United States of America against Iraq after taking permission from the United Nations to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation. The consequences of the war are as follows: a. The conflict developed in the context of the first Gulf War, and in 1990 Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing oil by drilling in an oblique manner, and when Iraq invaded Kuwait, economic sanctions were imposed on Iraq and the Security Council demanded that the Iraqi forces withdraw from Kuwaiti territory. b. After that, the United States and Britain prepared for war and began the process of liberating Kuwait from Iraqi forces in January 1991, where the operations achieved an important victory that paved the way for the coalition forces to enter parts of Iraq. c. The Iraqi forces responded by firing a number of Scud missiles at Israel and the Saudi capital, Riyadh. The war between Iran and Iraq was called the First Gulf War, and this war was called the Second Gulf War, but it is sometimes called the Gulf War or the First Gulf War to differentiate between it and the invasion of Iraq in 2003. The United States calls this war Desert Storm. Especially the Westerners, and they believe that this is the name of the entire conflict, even though the United States Postal Service issued a stamp in 1992 bearing the name “Operation Desert Storm” in a -5- way that leaves no room for doubt that this is the name of the operation alone. d. The US Army also awarded “Campaign Medals” to those who served in Southwest Asia. Shortly after Iraq’s occupation of Kuwait, US President George Bush Sr. began sending American forces to Saudi Arabia. This operation was called Desert Shield. At the same time, he tried to persuade a number of other countries to send their forces to the scene of events. Eight countries sent ground forces to join the Gulf forces consisting of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States’ 17 heavy and 6 light brigades, in addition to nine American naval regiments. e. Four countries have sent units of their warplanes to join the Saudi, Qatari and Kuwaiti air forces, in addition to the US Navy, and the latter’s naval air force. f. On the other hand, Iraq possessed a few artillery boats and missile boats, but it made up for this shortage in the huge number of ground forces, amounting to 1.2 million soldiers, 5,800 tanks, 5,100 other armored vehicles, and 3,850 artillery pieces, which increased the combat capability of the Iraqi ground forces. Iraq also possessed 750 combat aircraft and bombers, 200 other air components, missile defenses, and precision machine guns. g. Each of the countries involved in this conflict gave its own name to this operation, so the United States called it Operation Desert Storm and Operation Desert Shield, and the United Kingdom called Operation Granby, after John Manners, Marquess of Granby Village and one of the most famous military commanders. Canada called it Operation Friction and France called it Operation Doggett. IRAQ WAR WITH AMERICA 10. The occupation of Iraq was an invasion and comprehensive military control carried out by America and Britain in Iraq between March 20, 2003 and December 18, 2011 under the pretext of possessing weapons of mass destruction, which led to the overthrow of the regime of President Saddam Hussein, human losses estimated at one million dead and injured, millions of displaced persons, material -6- losses for both parties estimated at trillions of dollars, and the country’s slide into sectarian violence It peaked during 2006-2007. The exact events of the war are: a. On September 4, 2002, CBS News said it had obtained documents showing that the decision to invade Iraq was taken by then-US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, an hour after the September 11, 2001 attacks on Washington and New York. b. The network added that the documents indicate that Rumsfeld addressed his military aides, saying: “Think about whether it is appropriate to strike Saddam Hussein at the same time, and not just Osama bin Laden,” although all US reports have blamed those attacks on Al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden. The network’s leaks came at a time when the US administration, led by George W. Bush, shifted its focus from Afghanistan to Iraq and intensified its efforts to convince congressional leaders and American and international public opinion of its plans to invade, and following Bush’s statements in which he accused Iraq of being an “ally of alQaeda” and said that “it is not an option for us not to do so.” Something about the serious threat posed by the Iraqi program to produce strategic weapons. c. In the autumn season fall of the same year (2002) the British government headed by Tony Blair published a report warning of “the dangers posed by Iraq’s possession of weapons of mass destruction” in an attempt to win the support of the British people and world public opinion in favor of the invasion of Iraq. Despite the declared pretext of weapons of mass destruction, various other reasons (political, economic, and even civilized) have remained under discussion in the international media and in the corridors of international politics, and some of them have become more convincing to observers based on the course of events and war money, and the secrets of their preparations are revealed. d. At the forefront of these reasons is the enthusiasm of the American and British governments to seize Iraq’s enormous oil wealth. There have been many reports of incitement to invade Iraq by officials of major American oil companies. e. They infer the validity of this that the US Department of Defense (the Pentagon) awarded Halliburton – without submitting bids – in November 2003 two different contracts, the first with seven billion dollars for the rehabilitation of Iraqi oil infrastructure and the supply of refined oil products -7- in Iraq, and the second to provide logistical support to US forces in the Middle East and Asia Central, worth $8.6 billion. f. Secret British government documents also confirmed the existence of a strong relationship between oil companies and institutions and the invasion of Iraq, and said that plans to exploit the Iraqi oil reserves were discussed between government officials and the major international oil companies, especially British ones (including the companies “Shell”, “BP” and “BP”). J”) a year before the date of the invasion of Iraq. g. The documents stated that the government told these companies that it was necessary for British oil companies to have their share of the huge Iraqi reserves of oil and gas, as a reward for the role that London would play, which is represented in its political and military commitment to the American plans that seek to overthrow the Iraqi regime. In early January 2003, Bush announced – in a speech at Fort Hood, Texas, the most important US military base – that his country was ready and ready to move militarily “if Iraq refused to disarm its weapons of mass destruction” and added that his country “does not want to invade Iraq, but liberate Iraq.” The Iraqi people” and expressed confidence in “a decisive victory because America has the best army in the world.” h. Bush accused Saddam Hussein of posing a real threat to America and its allies because he had previously used weapons of mass destruction as well as against his own people, and accused him of “defying the demands of the United Nations not to provide a credible declaration of his nuclear, biological and chemical weapons programs to the UN inspectors,” who have resumed their inspection work in Iraq. Late November 2002. During the same month, both Blair and former US President George W. Bush met at the White House, where Blair’s foreign affairs advisor Sir David Manning wrote a memo summarizing Bush’s remarks at the meeting, which says that “the start of the military campaign has been tentatively set to be in The tenth of March, when the bombing operations will begin. i. Although the British government recognized – upon the issuance of United Nations Resolution No. 1441 on November 8, 2002 – the need to issue another resolution before embarking on any legal military action, it secretly agreed with Washington to go ahead with the war against Iraq five months before the invasion without the need for a UN resolution Second, as revealed by a secret document published in August 2011. On March 7, 2003 -8- the British government informed the Attorney-General, Lord Peter Henry Goldsmith, of the need to prepare a decision on the legality of waging war on Iraq without the need for a new UN resolution to legitimize the invasion, which Goldsmith agreed to After he had been rejecting him for the previous months, as revealed by secret British documents published by David Cameron’s government on April 30, 2010. j. About twenty countries have joined the United States and Britain in addition to the Iraqi opposition forces, such as the Peshmerga forces of the two main parties in Iraqi Kurdistan led by Jalal Talabani and Massoud Barzani, and organizations residing in the diaspora, such as the Shiite parties refugee in Iran such as the Dawa Party and the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, and other movements and personalities living in the West come in Its vanguard is Ahmed Chalabi, who played a major role in weaving the threads of the invasion. k. The invasion operations – which Washington and London called “Operation Freedom for Iraq” – from its beginning until the occupation of Baghdad lasted 19 days, during which the invading forces faced resistance from the Iraqi army, which was fighting without air cover. l. As for the period between the moment of the fall of the capital, Baghdad, until the end of December 2007, the number of US military operations in Iraq reached about 569 military operations. The Iraqi governorates and regions vary in their intensity, as Baghdad comes first, then Anbar Governorate, and then the rest of the provinces. m. The number of American soldiers in Iraq reached its peak in 2007 with the deployment of 170,000 soldiers to provide security and confront the armed Iraqi resistance operations, and then about fifty thousand of them remained at the end of the combat operations in August 2010. n. The presence of the occupation forces in Iraq lasted for about nine years, during which various manifestations of chaos and destruction prevailed, but the American forces and their allies also received heavy losses in lives (4,500 American soldiers were killed and about 30,000 others were wounded, while only 179 British soldiers were killed) and property, due to the military operations of the resistance factions Iraq, which was mostly Sunni. o. Estimates of the total number of Iraqis killed in the invasion vary depending on where they were issued; According to a study prepared by -9- the British Polling Institute in the summer of 2007, the number of Iraqis killed by the invasion had reached about one million people, out of the 26 million inhabitants of Iraq. A report by the British scientific journal “The Lancet” issued in October 2006 estimated the number of dead at no less than 655,000. p. As for the World Health Organization, it believes that the Iraqi death toll ranges between 104 thousand and 230 thousand, which is close to the estimates of the WikiLeaks documents leaked in 2010, which indicated that 109,000 Iraqis were killed since the beginning of the invasion. While the US military admitted the killing of about 77,000 Iraqis between January 2004 and August 2008, including about 63,000 civilians, and the rest of the military. The newspaper reported that; The British Daily Telegraph on March 16, 2013 – in a study of the costs of the invasion published its outcome on the occasion of its tenth anniversary – that it cost the United States alone more than 801 billion dollars, and said that if the study added the high benefits of the American debt due to the war, the bill of the invasion may exceed three trillion of dollars. q. On December 18, 2011, the United States announced that its army completed its withdrawal from Iraq that day, and that the withdrawal came in implementation of the security agreement signed with the Baghdad government in 2008, after the latter refused to grant thousands of American soldiers’ legal immunity. Britain began withdrawing its forces from southern Iraq in early April 2009 and completed it permanently on May 22, 2011. CONCLUSION 11. In conclusion, Iraq fought in wars and battles throughout its history. the Iraqi armed forces, which arose in 1921 after the establishment of the modern Iraqi state, and the Iraqi army began to play important roles in the modern history of Iraq, and also played an active role in all wars related to the Arab-Israeli conflict in the face of Israel since 1948 until 1973, which made it the main pillars of Arab security. In overall, these wars and battels caused many losses to all parties of the countries participating in this conflict. On the other hand, military forces in Iraq accomplished many things. They have abolished Hussein regime, instilled democracy as the new Iraq government. They have also captured, tried and convicted Saddam. He was charged with war crimes and was executed and -10- eventually he was hanged. In addition to that, United States military are still in Iraq, they are trying to assist Iraqi soldiers to fight ISIS. REFERENCES 1. Books SN Book title (A) 1 (B) (C) The Aladdin mysteries Al Mudaris and secrets of the fall of Baghdad Global Encyclopedi Arabic a works Encycloped publishing ia and distribution 2 Author name Editio n Place of Date of Date of publication publicatio retrieval n (E) (F) (G) 1425 AH / 20/02/22 Dar AlRaqim for 2004 AD Publishing and Distribution Encyclopedi 1419AH / 22/02/22 a works 1999 AD publishing and distribution (D) First secon d 2. Internet SN Research topic Website address (A) 1 (B) Heavy losses for the US invasion of Iraq The First Gulf War and The Second Gulf War (c) http://www.aljazeera.net/encyclo pedia/military/2016/1/26 https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 2 -11- Date of retrieval (D) 24/02/22 26/02/22 ANNEX (A) Figures Date: 20/02/2022 a. Figure (1) Iraq geographical map. A -1

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