Anatomy Question

Body Planes Label: a. _____________________________________ b. _____________________________________ c. _____________________________________ d. _____________________________________ e. _____________________________________ Directional Terms 1. The directional term that refers to the area toward or at the front of the body is: ____________________________________ 2. The directional term that refers to the area toward or at the back of the body is: _____________________________________ 3. The directional term that refers to the area towards or at the midline of the body is : _____________________________________ 4. The directional term that refers to the area away from the midline of the body is : _____________________________________ 5. The directional term that refers to the area closer to the center of the body: _____________________________________ 6. The directional term that refers to the area farther from the center of the body” _____________________________________ 7. The directional term that refers to the area toward or at the body surface is : _____________________________________ 8. The directional term that refers to the area away from the body surface is : _____________________________________ 9. The directional term that refers to the area of two structures on the same side of the body is : _____________________________________ 10. The directio nal term that refer to the area of two structures on opposite sides of the body is: _____________________________________ 11. The directional term that refers to the area towards the head or upper part of the body is Definitions Anatomy: : Physiology: Pathology: Histology: Cytology: Homeostasis: Catabolism: Anabolism: Metabolism: Quadrants Label the numbered diagram: 1. 5. 2. 6. 3. 7. 4. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Body Cavities CHEMISTRY 1. What is the periodic table of elements? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Each element is made up of ___________, the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of the element. Each atom contains _____________, ____________, and___________ which surround a central __________. Match each of the following: 3) 4) 5) Proton Neutron Electron A) Neutral Charge B) Positive Charge C) Negative Charge 6) The number of protons in an atom = the number of ________ in an atom & the _________ number. 7) Protons + Neutrons = ________________ 8) There are 4 elements that compose most of the body’s mass, What are they? a. b. c. d. 9) Matter exists in 3 forms, What are they? a. b. c. 10) When two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them → A _________ bond is formed 11) When atoms lose or gain one or more valance electrons → An _________ bond is formed 12) An _______ is an atom that has a POSITIVE or NEGATIVE charge because it has __________ numbers of protons and electrons 13) An ________ of an atom is symbolized by writing its chemical symbol followed by the number of its __________ or ___________ charges. 14) A cation is a ____________ charged ______. A anion is a _____________ charged ______. 15) Explain the difference between NONPOLAR and POLAR covalent bonds _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Cell Structure and Function Directions: 1. Define cells’ role in the body. 2. Identify each of the following: 3. a. Describe the function of ciliated and flagellated cells in the body. b. Identify the following cilia and flagella anatomy. 4. a. Describe microvilli function. 5. Secretory vesicle or golgi complex.. a. Describe secretory vesicle functions. b. Identify each of the following: 6. Return again to the Generalized Cell homepage and click on a. Name the three types of cytoskeletal structures. cytoskeleton. b. Describe three primary cytoskeletal functions. 7. Centrosome a. What are the functions of the pericentriolar area and the centrioles? 8. Investigate lysosomes or peroxisomes. a. Explain lysosome functions. b. How are peroxisomes similar and how are they different? 9. From the Generalized Cell homepage, click either Smooth or Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. a. Describe the function of: smooth ER – rough ER – 10. The nucleus. a. Describe nucleus function. b. Identify each of the following. 11. Investigate the cytosol. a. What is the importance of the cytosol? 12. The plasma membrane. a. Explain the various functions of the plasma membrane. b. Identify each of the following: 13. The mitochondria a. Explain mitochondria function. b. Identify each of the following: 14. Describe ribosome function. Plasma Membrane Structure 1. a. Describe the general function of the plasma membrane. b. Identify each of the following: 2. Phospholipid bilayer a. Describe phospholipid bilayer structure relative to polar and nonpolar parts of the molecules. b. Identify the polar and nonpolar parts of a phospholipids molecule. 3. Cholesterol. a. Describe the function of cholesterol molecules in the plasma membrane. 4. What functions do membrane proteins have? Name ___________________________ Date_________ Class ________ Diffusion and Osmosis Worksheet How are the molecules moving in the examples below (1-9)? Write OSMOSIS or DIFFUSION. 1. The student sitting next to you just came from gym class and forgot to shower and you can tell. _____________ 2. After sitting in the bathtub for hours, your fingers start to look like prunes. _________ 3. The girl sitting two rows ahead of you put on too much perfume this morning._________ 4. One way to get rid of slugs in your garden is to sprinkle salt on them, so they shrivel up. ____________ 5. Yum! Something smells good. The neighbors are cooking on the grill! _____________ 6. Gargling with salt water when you have a sore throat causes your swollen throat cells to shrink and feel better. ________________ 7. Oxygen molecules move from the air sacs in the lungs across the cell membranes into the blood _____________ 10. Use arrows to indicate the direction of diffusion in each case: pass through the cell membrane. is a cell membrane. A) is a molecule that can B) 8. Robert sprays water on the veggies in the produce section to “plump them up”.________ 9. You put raisins in a glass of water and they plump up. _____________ Page 1 of 3 11. For each of the situations below use an arrow to indicate the net movement of sugar into or out of the cell. (Assume that the sugar molecules can pass through the cell membrane in each case.) 1% sugar 3% sugar 1% sugar 5% sugar 1% sugar 1% sugar 12. The cell membrane is made of a p__________________ b_________________. 13. The cell membrane is _________________permeable. This means that ____________ _______________________________________________________________. 14. Diffusion always causes particles to move from a region of _______________ concentration to a region of ______________ concentration. 15. Does a cell use energy when molecules diffuse in or out of the cell down the concentration gradient?____________ 16. _____________________ requires energy (ATP) to transport molecules against a concentration gradient. 17. In _____________________ and _________________ no energy is used. Which one needs a helper to get things across? _______________________ Descriptor Page 2 of 3 a) Moves particles like oxygen into cells 18. Concentration ______ 19. Diffusion ______ 20. Equal amount of water inside a cell as outside______ 21. More water outside a cell than inside______ b) Amount of a substance in a certain place 22. Osmosis______ c) Moves water into and out of cells 23. More water inside a cell than outside ______ d) Allows some substances through 24. Selectively permeable membrane _______ Match each term on the left with the best descriptor on the right. Use each only once. e) f) g) 25. You have just bought a tropical fish for your freshwater aquarium. Unfortunately, you do not realize it is a saltwater fish. Using your knowledge of osmosis, explain why this fish will not survive in your aquarium. ________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Fill in this table. Write whether solutes and water move INSIDE the cell or OUTSIDE the cell. • • Hint: With diffusion, solutes move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Hint: With Osmosis, wherever more salt is, water follows! Or, water also goes from an area of high amount of water to an area of low amount of water. DIFFUSION OSMOSIS Does the SOLUTE Does WATER move intracellular move fluid inside or outside inside or outside (inside the the cell? the cell? cell) extracellular fluid (outside of 26. 27. 5% salt 10% salt 28. 29. 10% salt 10% salt the cell) Page 3 of 3 30. 31. 3% glucose 1% glucose 32. 33. 2% protein 1% protein 34. 35. 9% salt 9% salt 36. 37. 13% water 25% water 38. 39. 59% water 45% water 40. 41. 90% water 92% water 42. 43. 74% glucose 87% glucose 44. Draw the cell membrane. Include the following: • Phospholipid bilayer-Draw the hydrophilic heads (color red) and hydrophobic tails (draw in blue). • Proteins-Draw the embedded proteins (color orange) • Label which side is the INSIDE of the cell and which side is the OUTSIDE of the cell. Page 4 of 3 Osmosis & Diffusion Review Sheet Fill in the Blank away diffusion solute low molecules permeable Name: high osmosis towards hypertonic vacuole semi-permeable hypotonic water concentration gradient 1. The cell membrane regulates and controls what kind of ___________move in & out of the cell. 2. When molecules spread from an area of high to low concentration to, it is called ____________. 3. As molecules diffuse, they create a _______________, which is a difference in concentrations across space. 4. Cell membranes are _________. This means that they only allow certain things to pass through. 5. A membrane that would allow ANYTHING to pass through it would be called ____________. 6. Diffusion is the movement of molecules. Osmosis is the diffusion of _________________. 7. ________________ is the process of water molecules moving across a cell membrane. 8. The direction that water molecules move is determined by the difference in the concentration of _________dissolved in the solvent inside and outside the cell. 9. Osmotic pressure, or osmosis, pushes water molecules ______________the area of greater solute concentration. 10. Water molecules are pulled ___________________ from areas of lower solute concentration. 11. The word hypertonic means ____________________concentration of solutes. 12. The word hypotonic means ____________ concentration of solutes. Isotonic Solutions 13.The concentration of the solutes inside the cell is ______ to the concentration outside the cell. (A) less than (B) greater than (C) equal to 14. Water molecules will move: (A) into the cell faster than out of the cell (B) out of the cell faster than they will move into the cell (C) in and out of the cell at the same rate 15. In animal cells, the cell membrane will: (A) shrivel up (B) be normal (C) expand & possibly burst 16. In the picture to the right, the movement of water across the membrane will be (A) mostly out (B) mostly in (C) in and out equally 10% salt 10% salt Hypotonic Solutions 17. The concentration of the solutes inside the cell is________ to the concentration outside the cell. (A) less than (B) greater than (C) equal to 18. Water molecules will move: (A) into the cell faster than out of the cell (B) out of the cell faster than they will move into the cell (C) in and out of the cell at the same rate 19. In animal cells, the cell membrane will: (A) shrivel up (B) be normal (C) expand & possibly burst 20. In the picture to the right, the movement of water across the membrane will be (A) mostly out (B) mostly in (C) in and out equally 2% salt 10% salt Hypertonic Solutions 21.The concentration of the solutes inside the cell is ________ to the concentration outside the cell. (A) less than (B) greater than (C) equal to 22.Water molecules will move: (A) into the cell faster than out of the cell (B) out of the cell faster than they will move into the cell (C) in and out of the cell at the same rate 23. In animal cells, the cell membrane will: (A) shrivel up (B) be normal (C) expand & possibly burst 24. In the picture to the right, the movement of water across the membrane will be (A) mostly out (B) mostly in (C) in and out equally 30% salt 10% salt 25. When a cell goes against the concentration gradient in order to move material inside this is know as ______________ Transport. 26. When a cell uses a ________ channel in order to get large molecules across the cell membrane this is known as ___________ diffusion. Intercellular Junctions 1. Which of the four tissue types have intercellular junctions? 2. What is the function of tight junctions? 3. Where in the body are tight junctions typically found? 4. Where are adherens junctionscommonly found and what is their function? 5. Where are desmosomes commonly found and what is their function? 6. Where are hemidesmosomescommonly found and what is their 7. Where are gap junctions commonly found and what is their function? 8. What are connexons? function? Connective Tissues 1. What are the functions of connective tissue? Cell Matrix 2. Describe the function of fibroblasts. 3. What is ground substance? What is its function? 4. Identify the function for each type of connective fiber: Reticular Elastic Collagen 5. Define the cells found in connective tissue: fibroblasts macrophages plasma cells mast cells adipocytes white blood cells Loose Connective Tissue : fibers are “loosely” arranged between the cell types. Areolar – Areolar tissue is found in the subcutaneous (under the skin) layer. Adipose – These are our “fat cells.” They are found anywhere areolar tissue is found. Adipose tissue is our stored energy reserves, insulates us from temperature extremes, and, it is an excellent protective cushion. Reticular – Reticular tissue forms the supporting structure, or stroma, of many organs. This function is much like the internal beams supporting a house or building. Dense Connective Tissue: these tissues contain more numerous, and thicker fibers arrayed densely among considerably fewer cells. Dense Regular – Found in tendons and ligaments, this tissue can withstand tension along the axis of the fibers. Lateral tension can result in tears or strains. Dense Irregular – Generally found in sheets underlying the epidermis (skin). This tissue withstands pulling forces from various directions. Elastic – Found in the lungs and elastic arteries, this tissue can recoil to its original dimensions after stretching. Cartilage Define the following: Chondrocytes Lacunae Perichondrium Cartilage matrix consists of a dense network of collagen and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a rubbery component Of the ground substance. Cartilage withstands more stress than either loose or dense connective tissues. Hyaline – This is the most common cartilage in the body. It provides flexibility, support, cushioning, and reduces friction at the joints. The fine collagen fibers are not visible with ordinary staining techniques. Due to its level of flexibility, hyaline cartilage is the weakest of the cartilage types. Fibrocartilage – Found in the inter-vertebral discs, fibrocartilage combines strength and rigidity to be the strongest of the cartilage types. Collagen fibers are clearly visible between the chondrocytes. Elastic – Found in structures needing strength and elasticity, like the outer ear, elastic cartilage is the most flexible of the three types. Elastic fibers are visible between the chondrocytes. Embryonic Connective Tissue Determine what embryonic connective tissue is. Although you do not need to identify these two tissues by sight, you do need to describe the functions of each: Mesenchyme: Mucous c.t. (Wharton’s jelly): Epithelial Tissues 1. Where are epithelial tissuesfound? 2. Describe these three basic shapes of epithelial cells: squamous cuboidal columnar 3. What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue? What is the function of microvilli and cilia located on this surface? 4. Describe the positional relationship between the epithelial surface cells, basal surface, basement membrane, and connective tissue. 5. Describe each of the following epithelial tissuearrangements: simple: stratified: pseudostratified: transitional: 6. Describe each of the following tissues. Name example(s) of where each can be found and describe the function of each. simple squamous epithelium: stratified squamous epithelium: 7. Keratin is a water proofing protein. What are the functions of keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Where are each found? simple cuboidal epithelium stratified cuboidal epithelium simple columnar epithelium stratified columnar epithelium pseudostratified columnar epithelium 8. What is the function of goblet cells? 9. What is the function of cilia (when present)? transitional epithelium Glandular Epithelium 10. Identify functional differences between exocrine and endocrine glandular epithelia. How are they different from one another? Epithelial Membrane 11. Define/describe epithelial membrane structure. 12. Describe structure, function, and location of each epithelial membrane type: Serous Cutaneous Mucous BURNS a. Superficial (First Degree Burn) ▪ ▪ Only the top layer of skin is affected Skin is red or discoloured, mild swelling and a moderate amount of pain ▪ Causes: mild sunburn and briefly touching a heat source b. Partial (Second Degree Burn) ▪ ▪ Involves the dermis and part of the epidermis Skin is red or mottled and blistering; very painful because the nerve endings are exposed ▪ Causes: severe sunburn, hot liquid c. Full-thickness (Third Degree Burns) ▪ ▪ Very deep, affecting the dermis and the entire epidermis; Fat, muscle and bone may be injured or destroyed skin may look black, white or charred ▪ Causes: fires and electrical shock Integumentary System Review Objective: Describe the structure and functions of the skin 1. List the 5 functions of the integumentary system: 2. Circle the correct answer | True or False | The dermis is superficial to the epidermis. Explain your answer: Match the skin structure to its tissue type. There can be more than one answer. Also, choices may be used once, more than once, or not at all: 3. Epidermis A. Simple Squamous Epithelial 4. Dermis B. Simple Cuboidal Epithelial 5. Subcutaneous C. Simple Columnar Epithelial D. Stratified Squamous Epithelial E. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial F. Areolar Connective Tissue G. Adipose Connective Tissue H. Dense Regular Connective Tissue I. Dense Irregular Connect Tissue 6. What are the functions of the subcutaneous layer, and is it considered a layer of the skin? 7. The epidermis is composed mostly of which type of cells? Match the description to the type of epidermal cell: 8. Keratinocytes: 9. Melanocytes: 10. Langerhans cells: 11. Merkel cells: A. Detect touch/sensory sensations. B. Produce immune response against pathogens entering skin. (As Macrophage). C. 4 – 5 layers, produces keratin, waterproofs Objective: Explain the basis for difference in skin colors Match the following pigments found in skin to their description. There are multiple answers per pigment and all choices are to be used. 12. Melanin: 13. Carotene: 14. Hemoglobin: A. Brown, Black, Yellow Pigment B. Pink to Red Pigment C. Yellow to Orange pigment D. Overall skin shade is dependent upon the amount of this pigment produced. E. Gives some protection against UV F. Found subcutaneous layer and adipose tissue G. The color is due to the pigment inside red blood cells. H. Shade depends on amount of blood flow and oxygen. Objective: Describe the structure and functions of the accessory organs of the skin 15. List three specific functions of hair: 16. Where will you NOT find hair? 17. What are hair root plexuses? For questions 19 – 23, decide if the descriptions deserve a ‘T’ for True or a ‘F’ for False. If a statement is false correct the description to make it true. 18. Hair is mainly composed of cerumen: 19. Hair color is due to melanin: 20. Sebaceous glands are associated with hair: 21. Contraction of the arrector pili muscles make hair stand erect: 22. When you are cutting your hair you are cutting the follicle: Match the following glands found in skin to their description. There are multiple answers per gland and all choices are to be used. 23. Sebaceous Glands: 24. Sudoriferous Glands: 25. Apocrine Sweat Glands: 26. Eccrine Sweat Glands: 27. Ceruminous Glands: A. Found in external auditory canal B. Protects skin from drying out and bacteria C. Apocrine sweat glands (belongs to another type of gland) D. Secrete sweat E. Provide barrier against foreign bodies F. Eccrine sweat glands (belongs to another type of gland) G. Widely distributed & aid in thermoregulation H. Connected to hair follicles I. Secrete wax J. Secrete oily sebum K. Found in the axilla, groin, areolae, beard L. Combine with sebum to produce earwax 28. Where would you find matrix producing hair cells? 29. List three functions of nails? 30. Why are nails so strong and durable? 31. Label the following view of skin’s accessory structures: Label the following diagram: Word Bank Subcutaneous tissue Subcutaneous fat Sweat gland Root Dermis Arrector pili muscle Sebaceous gland Motor nerve Hair Shaft Artery Word Bank Stratum germinativum Stratum corneum Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Dermal layer Dermal papilla Matrix Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum BONE TISSUE 1. What are the SIX functions of the skeletal system? a. d. b. e. c. f. 2. What other systems of the body depend on a healthy skeletal system? Why? 4. The skeletal system consists of two types of tissue. What are they? a. b. 5. What are the two types of bone? a. b. 6. Matching: A. Articular cartilage EP. Epiphyseal Plate E. Endosteum O. Osteogenic periosteum F. Fibrous periosteum D. Diaphysis _____a. Thin layer of hyaline cartilage at end of long bone _____b. Region of a long bone where lengthwise growth takes place _____c. Outer layer of covering over bone – ligaments and tendons attach here _____d. Inner layer of covering over bone; osteoblast here permit increase in diameter _____e. Layer of bone cells lining the marrow cavity _____f. Shaft or long, main, portion of the bone 7. Describe: a. Compact Bone b. Spongy Bone 8. Describe these three kinds of bone or osseous tissue cells: a. Osteoblast b. Osteoblast c. Osteoclasts Anatomy of a Bone – Coloring Activity EPIPHYSIS (end) , EPIPHYSIAL LINE – purple The epiphysis is the end of a long bone. Externally it has a thin layer of compact bone, while internally the bone is cancellous. The Epiphysis is capped with articular cartilage. DIAPHYSIS (shaft) The diaphysis is the shaft of the long bone. It has compact bone with a central cavity. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE – green The articular cartilage is found on the ends of long bones. It is smooth, slippery, and bloodless. PERIOSTEUM – dark blue Periosteum is a fibrous, vascular, sensitive life support covering for bone. It provides nutrient-rich blood for bone cells and is a source of bone-developing cells during growth or after a fracture. CANCELLOUS (spongy) BONE and MARROW – light blue The cancellous bone appears as tiny beams of bone arranged like a lattice. Red marrow packs the spaces between beams. COMPACT BONE – pink The compact bone is a dense bone found in the diaphysis. Its repeated pattern is arranged in concentric layers of solid bone tissue. MEDULLARY CAVITY, YELLOW MARROW – yellow The medullar cavity of the diaphysis serves to lighten bone weight and provide space for its marrow. NUTRIENT ARTERY – red Each long bone contains a tunnel in its shaft for the passage of a nutrient artery, which supplies the shaft. Some more questions… 1. Where do you find yellow marrow? __________________________ 2. What type of bone is arranged in concentric layers? ______________________ 3. Where do you find red marrow? ___________________________ 4. What is the end of the bone called? _______________________________ 5. Spongy bone is also called ____________________ bone. Label the Skeleton Joints Worksheet 1. The structural classification of bones is based on which two criteria? a. b. 2. Structurally joints are classified as: a. b. c. Match the following joint characteristics with their joint. Choices may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 3. Fibrous Joints: ____________ 4. Cartilaginous Joints:_________ 5. Synovial Joints: _____________ a. Fibrous Connective Tissue b. Lack a Synovial Cavity c. Cartilage d. Have a Synovial Cavity e. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue f. Articular Capsule g. Ligaments 9. The functional classification of joints relates to… ______________________________________________________________________________ 10. Functionally joints are classified as: a. Immovable = b. Slightly Movable = c. Freely Movable = 11. Define Ligament: __________________________________________________________________________ 12. Define Bursae:_____________________________________________________________________________ 13. List the 6 types of Synovial Joints, provide descriptions for each one and examples where they may be found in the body. a. b. c. d. e. f. Describe each of the following movements and provide a couple examples of each. Insure that you can identify each type of movement. a. Flexion b. Extension c. Hyperextension d. Adduction e. Abduction f. Circumduction g. Rotation h. Supination i. Pronation j. Elevation k. Depression l. Protraction m. Retraction n. Inversion o. Eversion p. Dorsiflexion q. Plantar flexion Types of Muscle Tissue WATCH: “Three Types of Muscle” by Khanacademymedicine on Youtube http://youtu.be/bwOE1MEginA Complete the following table: Types of Muscle Location Role and Function Levels of Concious Control Appearance under microscope Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle The Muscular System Coloring Activity Color the individual myofilaments (A) purple, these are composed of both thick and thin filaments. Mitochondria (B) are dispersed through the muscle fibers, color all mitochondria pink. Recall that mitochondria supply energy needed for muscle contraction. Two types of transport systems are found within the muscle. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (E) is a network of tubes that run parallel to the myofilaments. Color this network green. The transverse tubules (C) run perpendicular to the filaments – color both yellow. The enter muscle fiber is surrounded by the sarcolemma (D), color this membrane brown. Coloring a Sarcomere: If expanded, the light and dark bands are shown as individual thick and thin filaments. Color the thick filaments (not labeled) red and the thin filaments blue. The Z line is the boundary between sarcomeres, named after its shape. Color the Z–line orange. Sliding Filament Questions 1. a. The thick filament is composed of what molecule? _______________________ b. Flexing the head of this molecule provides what is known as the _________________________. 2. The myosin head contains binding sites for what two molecules? a. b. 3. Three molecules make up the thin filament. a. Which molecule has a binding site for myosin heads? _____________________________ b. Which molecule covers this binding site? _________________________________________________ c. Which molecule has a binding site for calcium ions? ______________________________________ 4. What molecule must bind to the myosin head in order for it to disconnect with actin? _________________________ 5. Hydrolysis of the molecule in question 4 returns the myosin molecule to the _________________________ confirmation. 6. Binding of the myosin heads sequentially prevents _____________________ of the thin filament. 7. Name three roles for ATP in the contraction of muscle. a. b. c. 8. What molecule is connected to the Z line? _________________________ 9. Which of the following shorten during contraction? (may be more than one) a. Thin filament b. Sarcomere c. H zone d. Thick filament Nervous System Worksheet 1. Label the neuron – BE SURE to make it clear where your line/arrow is pointing. (a) axon terminal (b) nucleus (c) axon (d) dendrite (e) cell body 2. Place the following events (#2-9), which describe the process of the formation and propagation of an action potential, in order. _____1____ depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane __________ lots of sodium (Na+) channels open up __________ sodium (Na+) channels inactivated __________ threshold potential (-50mV) is reached at axon hillock __________ spike of depolarization (rapid depolarization), reaching +40mV __________ summation of all EPSP and IPSP lead to a net excitatory in graded potential __________ potassium (K+) channels open up and K+ rushes out of the cell, down its concentration gradient __________ cell membrane is slightly hyperpolarized __________ sodium (Na+) rushes down its concentration gradient 3. For the following figure, explain what is occurring at each of the numbered locations to influence the change in the membrane potential. (5pts) (1) (2) Note: what occurs immediately following reaching the threshold potential. (3) (4) (5) 4. Label the following synapse BE SURE TO make it clear where your line/arrow is pointing (a) postsynaptic neuron (b) neurotransmitter (c) receptor (d) presynaptic neuron (e) vesicle (f) synaptic cleft 5. Put events in order (#2-7) for communication between neurons ____1___ axon potential reaches the pre-synaptic axon terminal ________neurotransmitters move across the synaptic cleft ________ action potential travels down the length of the axon ________ an action potential is initiated in the post-synaptic neuron. ________ binding of neurotransmitters to the receptors ________ channels open up in the postsynaptic neuron causing a change in membrane potential ________ vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft via the process of exocytosis Nervous Tissue 1. a. Contrast the physical differences between neuroglia (glial) cells and neurons. b. Describe the histological diversity seen in the nervous system. 2. Identify and describe the functions of the six types of neuroglia. OligodendrocytesAstrocytes – Microglia Ependymal cells Schwann cells Satellite cells – -Of the six types of neuroglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells are found only in the CNS. -Schwann cells and satellite cells are present in the PNS. . Describe the general function of: neurons dendrites axons Period_____________ NAME____________________________________________ NERVOUS SYSTEM WORKSHEET 1. The diagram below is of a nerve cell or neuron. Add the following labels to the diagram: Axon Myelin sheath Cell body Dendrites Muscle fibers Axon terminals 2. Color in the diagram as suggested below. Axon – purple Axon Terminals – orange Myelin sheath – yellow Cell body – blue Dendrites – green Muscle fibers – red 3. There are three different kinds of neurons or nerve cells. Match each kind with its function. A. Motor neuron Kind of neuron B. Sensory neuron C. Relay neuron; Function …………………………….. The nerve cell that carries impulses from a sense receptor to the brain or spinal cord. ……………………………… The nerve cell that connects sensory and motor neurons ………………………………. The nerve cell that transmits impulses from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland 3. Match the descriptions in the table below with the terms in the list. A. Synapse B. Axon C. Myelin sheath D. Nerve impulse E. Sense receptor F. Response; Term G. Reflex H. Cell body I. Dendrite J. Nerve K. Neurotransmitter L. Axon terminal Description ………………………… 1. The long fiber that carries the nerve impulses. ………………………… 2. A bundle of axons. ………………………… 3. The connection between adjacent neurons. …………………………. 4. The chemical secreted into the gap between neurons at a synapse. …………………………. 5. A rapid automatic response to a stimulus. …………………………. 6. The covering of fatty material that speeds up the passage of nerve impulses. …………………………….. ………………………….. 7. The structure at the end of an axon that produces neurotransmitters to transmit the nerve impulse across the synapse. 8. The high speed signals that pass along the axons of nerve cells. ………………………….. 9. The branching filaments that conduct nerve impulses towards the cell. ………………………………. 10. The sense organ or cells that receive stimuli from within and outside the body. ………………………………. 11. The reaction to a stimulus by a muscle or gland. ………………………………. 12.The part of the nerve cell containing the nucleus. 4. Indicate whether the following parts of the nervous 5. Label and color the 3 major parts of the brain. system are part of the Central Nervous System CNS) or Cerebrum – Red the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Brain Stem – Yellow bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbPart of nervous system CNS or PNS? Cerebellum – Blue Brain …………………… Autonomic nervous system …………………… Spinal nerves …………………… Spinal cord …………………… Cranial nerves ……………………. Nerve Impulses Neurones send messages electrochemically, what does this mean? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Resting Membrane Potential How do the following diagrams help explain resting membrane potential? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. What is an axons resting potential? ……………..…………………………………………… Action Potential What is an action potential? ……………………………………………………………………………………….…. ……………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………… BiologyMad.com ……………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Use the diagrams below to explain the following terms: Depolarisation: ……………..……………………………………..……… ……………………………………………………………………………… BiologyMad.com Explain the ‘all or nothing event’ ……………………………………………………………………………………..… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………… What is the refractory period? ……………………………………………………………..………………………….. How do Nerve Impulses Start? ……………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………… Summary of the Action Potential Cut out the statements and match them up to the correct picture When stimulated past threshold, sodium channels open and sodium rushes into the axon, causing a region of positive charge within the axon. BiologyMad.com The sodium/potassium pump restores the resting concentrations of sodium and potassium ions At rest, the inside of the neuron is slightly negative due to a higher concentration of positively charged sodium ions outside the neuron. The region of positive charge causes nearby sodium channels to open. Just after the sodium channels close, the potassium channels open wide, and potassium exits the axon. This process continues as a chain-reaction along the axon. The influx of sodium depolarizes the axon, and the outflow of potassium repolarises the axon. BiologyMad.com Color and label the motor neuron below. You may decide the colors and make a legend for your coloring sheet. Internal Structure of Spinal Cord The Nervous System: The Action Potential 1. a. The action potential changes the membrane potential from _______ mV (resting) to _______ mV and back again to the resting membrane potential. b. This results from a change in membrane permeability first to _______ then to _______ due to the opening of what type of ion channels? _____________________________________ 2. a. Where is the density of voltage-gated Na+ channels the greatest? __________________ b. What areas of the neuron generate signals that open these voltage-gated channels? __________________________________________ c. Opening of these channels causes the membrane to __________________ (voltage change). 3. a. If the membrane reaches the trigger point, known as __________________, what electrical potential will be generated? __________________________________________ b. During the depolarization phase, voltage-gated __________ channels open and _______ enters the cell. 4. What are the two processes that stop the potential from rising above +30 mV? a. b. 5. a. The opening of voltage-gated K+ channels cause the membrane to _____________________. b. Does K+ move into or out of the cell? __________________ c. If the membrane potential becomes more negative than –70 mV, this is called _________. d. This potential is caused by what characteristic of K+ permeability? __________________________________________ 6. a. After an action potential, the neuron cannot generate another action potential because _______ channels are inactived. This period is called the _______________________ period. b. During the ______________________ period, the cell can generate another action potential but only if the membrane is ___________ (more or less) depolarized. Action Potential Worksheet 1. Explain how an action potential and graded potential are different. 2. Describe the following in your own words a. resting potential b. depolarization c. e. hyperpolarization threshold d. repolarization 3. What triggers an action potential? What happens to the membrane to trigger an action potential? 4. What is a positive feedback loop? How does a neuron create a positive feedback loop? 5. What is the role of the voltage-gated sodium channels for producing an action potential? 6. What is the role of the voltage-gated potassium channels? 7. What would happen if the voltage gated sodium and potassium channels opened a. at the same time? b. further apart? (longer delay) 8. What is the absolute refractory period? What is the relative refractory period? 9. Consider the following three diagrams of a nerve cell membrane. They show resting potential, depolarization, and hyperpolarization. Figure out which one is which, then draw them in the order they occur in a cell that undergoes an action potential outside Na+ outside outside Na+ K+ Na+ Na+ Na+ K+ Na+ K+ Na+ K+ Na+ inside Na+ Na+ K+ Na+ K+ inside Na+ Na+ K+ Na+ Na+ K+ K+ inside potential: -80 mV potential: +30 mV potential: -70 mV 10. Graph the following set of voltage and time data. Time in milliseconds should be on the x-axis and membrane potential in millivolts should be on the y-axis. Label a. absolute refractory period b. action potential (AP) c. depolarization d. graded potential e. hyperpolarization f. relative refractory period g. repolarization h. resting membrane potential Potential (mv) Time (ms) -70 0.2 -70 0.5 -65 0.7 -70 1.0 -70 1.5 -60 1.7 -70 2.0 MENINGES Draw arrows to label the following diagram: -70 2.5 -50 3.0 +30 -65 3.5 4.0 -75 4.2 -78 4.5 -71 5.0 -70 5.5 Endocrine System • Which 2 body systems coordinate all of the body? List the body system and the mechanism of action. • What are hormones? • What is an Autocrine hormone? • What is a Paracrine hormone? • What are Endocrine hormones? • What are the 2 broad chemical classes of hormones? • What are the 3 lipid soluble hormones and how are they made • What is the mechanism of action of a lipid soluble hormone? • What is the mechanism of action of a water soluble hormone? • How is hormone secretion regulated? • In the negative feedback system that is involved in the regulation of blood calcium, what happens when the blood calcium gets too high? • Why is a positive feedback system important in childbirth? Label the endocrine organs in the following diagram Blood Worksheet 1. What are the three formed elements in the blood? 2. What are the three functions of the blood? State whether the following characteristics describes a RBC, WBC, or platelets: 3. also known as leukocytes __________ 4. has an average life cycle of 120 days 5. deficit of these results in anemia 6. involved in a cascade reaction __________ __________ __________ 7. also known as erythrocytes __________ 8. donut shaped, non nucleated __________ 9. involved in fighting infection __________ 10. contains hemoglobin to transport Oxygen __________ 11. form from stem cells in red bone marrow __________ 12. causes fibrinogen to become fibrin __________ Match the following types of white blood cells to their function: 13. neutrophils a. produce antibodies 14. eosinophils b. release histamine 15. basophils c. cellular immunity 16. monocytes d. fight parasitic infections 17. T lymphocytes e. phagocytes, respond first to infection 18. B lymphocytes f. phagocytes within tissue (macrophages) 19. Type A blood carries: a. A antibodies, and A antigens b. A antibodies and B antigens c. B antibodies and A antigens d. None of the above 20. Type B blood carries: a. B antibodies and B antigens b. A antibodies and B antigens c. B antibodies and A antigens d. None of the above 21. Type AB blood carries: a. A antibodies, B antibodies, no antigens b. A antigens, B antigens, no antibodies c. A antibodies, B antibodies, A antigens, B antigens d. None of the above 22. Type O blood carries: a. A antibodies, b antibodies, no antigens b. No antibodies, A antigens, B antigens c. No antibodies, no antigens d. None of the above 23. Which blood type is the universal donor? Why? 24. Which blood type is the universal recipient? Why? 25. Describe what happens during hemolytic disease of the newborn referencing Rh factor. Make a flow chart to illustrate the flow of the blood through the heart. Heart Conduction System Make a flow chart to illustrate the conduction of electricity through the heart. Blood Red 1. Label each of the following. a. Arteriole (from the heart) b. Smooth muscle c. Precapillary sphincters d. Capillary e. Venule (to the heart) Blue 4. Identify each of the following parts of an artery: a. Tunica externa b. Tunica media c. Tunica interna d. Lumen 5. Identify each of the following parts of a vein: a. Tunica externa b. Tunica media c. Valve d. Tunica interna e. Lumen 6. a. Describe four general blood functions: 1. Transport 2. pH 3. Protection following injury 4. Protection from disease b. Plasma 1. What is the general function of plasma proteins, albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen? 2. More specifically, what is the function of these plasma proteins: albumin globulin fibrinogen 3. How much of blood volume is: blood proteins water other solutes Erythrocyte What is the role of the heme molecules? Explain one method of carbon dioxide transport (there is another). c. 7. a. Describe capillary function. Lymphatic System Questions • What are the functions of the lymphatic system? • Describe what lymph is. • How are lymphatic capillaries different from blood capillaries? • What is the function of a lymph node? • Where are the groups of regional lymph nodes located? • What are the primary lymph organs and what is their purpose? • What are the secondary lymphatic organs and what is their purpose? • In the spleen the parenchyma consists of white pulp and red pulp. What is the function of each area? Label the lymphatic organs on the following diagram Respiratory 1. a. Describe the following roles of the respiratory system: primary function body fluid pH b. Name the two divisions that define two rather different divisions of the respiratory system. 2. Identify each of the following: bronchiole alveoli elastic connective tissue visceral pleura pleural cavity parietal pleura diaphragm right lung intercostals muscles ribs 3. Describe the function of the following: Pleural (serous) Membranes Diaphragm & Intercostal Muscles Lobule elasticity 4. Identify each of the following: Paranasal Sinuses Nose Respiratory Epithelium Nasal Cavity External Naris Olfactory Epithelium Nasal Meatus Internal Naris 5. a. Is the nasal cavity part of the conducting or respiratory portion of the respiratory system? Why? b. What is the function of the respiratory epithelium that lines the nasal cavity? 6. a. Locate each of the following: Pharyngeal Tonsil Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Epiglottis Hyoid Bone Larynx Respiratory Epithelium Esophagus Trachea b. The pharynx is also part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system and it is lined with respiratory epithelium for the same reasons, too. How is the pharynx involved with our voice? 7. From the main respiratory page click the larynx. Identify each of the following: Hyoid Bone Epiglottis Ventricular Fold (false vocal cord) Vocal Fold (true vocal cord) Thyroid Cartilage Arytenoid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage Trachea b. Is the larynx part of the conducting or respiratory divisions of the system? Why? c. Describe larynx function relative to food and water. d. Describe vocal cord function (ok, that’s not a hard one!) 8. a. Click the trachea or bronchi from the main respiratory organs page. Identify each of the following: Larynx Trachea Primary Bronchi Secondary Bronchi Tertiary Bronchi Lung Bronchioles Diaphragm b. Are these parts of the conducting or respiratory divisions of the system? Why? c. Describe diaphragm function. 9. a. Again, from the main respiratory organs page, click the bronchioles. Identify each of the following: Respiratory bronchioles Pulmonary Venule Pulmonary Arteriole Pulmonary (alveolar) capillaries Terminal Bronchiole Smooth Muscle Alveolar Ducts Alveoli Alveolar Sac b. Bronchioles serve both conductive and respiratory functions. Explain. 10. a. Once last time, click the alveoli from the main respiratory organs page. Identify each of the following: Monocytes Type I Alveolar Cells Interstitial Space Capillary Endothelium Red Blood Cells Alveolar Macrophage Bronchiole Alveolar Ducts Alveolus Type II Alveolar (septal) Cells Capillary Basement Membrane Epithelial Basement Membrane b. Describe the function of the alveolus (Type I) cells. c. What is the function of the resident macrophages? d. Describe the function of the Septal (Type II) alveolar cells. Respiratory System – Labelling Labelling: Digestive Organs Male Reproductive Organs The Urinary System 1. The functions of the urinary system include elimination of __________ such as ___________________ _ wastes, __________, and drugs. 2. Kidneys also regulate ___________________ _, including water and ___________________ balance, and blood acid-base balance, along with __________ pressure, __________ production, and activation of ____________________. 3. The organs of the urinary System include: ___________________ (right and left) ___________________ (right and left) ___________________ ___________________ 4. The ___________________ sits on top of the kidney. 5. The ________kidney is lower than the _________kidney. 6. A layer of fat, the ___________________ _ ___________________ _, cushions, protects, and supports each kidney. 7. The regions of the kidney include the ___________________ -outer region ___________________ -inside the cortex ___________________ -inner collecting tube 8. Kidney structures include the ___________________ – triangular regions of tissue in the medulla ___________________ – extensions of cortex-like material inward ___________________ – cup shaped structures that funnel urine towards the renal pelvis 9. Blood flow in the kidneys starts in the ____________________ artery to the entire kidney. Blood flow to each nephron is through the ____________________________ ; the ball of capillaries in the nephron is the ____________________, and the ___________________ arteriole drains the nephron. The ____________________________ drains blood from the kidney. 10. The structural and functional units of the kidneys are the __________________. The main parts are the blood-carrying ___________________ and the long, coiled _____________. 11. The parts of the ________________ ______________ are: the balloon-like _______________, which captures filtrate from the glomerulus; the ______________________, which reabsorbs most materials; the __________ of __________ , which reabsorbs water and salt, making the urine more dilute; and the ____________, which accomplishes most acid-base and electrolyte balancing. 12. The __________________________ accept the reabsorbed substances and return them to the general circulation. 13. The 3 urine formation processes are: ___________________, the formation of the fluid by the glomerulus; ___________________, the return of needed substances to the blood; and ___________________, the active removal of wastes from the blood (into the tubules). 14. The three nitrogenous wastes that are concentrated in the urine are: ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ 15. The ___________________ _ drain urine from the kidney into the ___________________ _, where it is stored until it drains from the body through the ___________________ _, in an action called____________________, which requires relaxation of both the internal and external ________________________. 16. The ________________ is smooth muscle, so it is under __________ control; the _________________ is skeletal muscle, so it is under _____________ control. 17. Body fluids are either ___________________ _ _____________( inside of cells), or _____________________________(outside of cells). The main two types of this second fluid are: _____________________________, which surrounds your cells, and ___________________ in the circulation. 18. Changes in ___________________ balance causes water to move from one compartment to another. To maintain water balance, a ___________________ _ urine is produced if water intake is excessive. Regulation of water and electrolyte reabsorption is primarily by _______________ secreted by the endocrine system, such as ________________ _______________ and __________________. 19. ___________ is responsible for urine’s yellow color; it is a breakdown product of ______ destruction. 20. Composition of blood depends mainly on _________, cellular _____________, and ____________________. URINARY SYSTEM WORKSHEET 1. Trace the path of urea from the glomerulus to the exterior of the body. Glomerulus Glomerular capsule …. 2. Compile a table showing the components of a nephron, functions and features that allow each part to function efficiently. 3. State the functions of each of the following components of the urinary system: a) Ureter …..……………………………………………………………………. b) Urinary bladder …………………………………………………………………………. c) Urethra ………………………………………………………………………… 4. Describe and explain the importance of each of the following processes : a) Pressure filtration (glomerular filtration) ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… b) Tubular reabsorption ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………. c) Tubular secretion …………………………………………………………………………. 5. Explain the role of the countercurrent mutiplier in a kidney. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………… 6. Describe the role of each of the following substances in the body. a) Renin……………………………………………………………………… b) Angiotensin II…………………………………………………………….. c) Aldosterone……………………………………………………………….. d) ADH (antidiuretic hormone)…………………………………………….. e) ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) ………………………………………….. f) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)……………………………………………………………………………… g) Calcitriol…………………………………………………………………… h) Erythropoietin…………………………………………………………….. Female Reproductive Organs

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