Pulmonary Vascular Disease
Presentation on Pulmonary Vasculature Student’s Name Institution Affiliation Course Date Introduction: Pulmonary Vasculature • Pulmonary Vasculature refers to the blood vessel network connecting the lungs and the heart. • The network transports oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. • This system well designed to work under changes in characteristics of the blood is transports. • Nonetheless, various infirmities may impair this system’s correct functioning. Anatomic Alterations of the Lungs • Anatomic alterations of the lungs may lead to infirmities related with the respiratory system. • Blood clots are among agents for anatomic alterations of the lungs. • Thrombus are blood clots that form in the veins. • When a thrombus detaches and flows to other body organs, it’s called an embolism. Pulmonary Embolism (PE) • Pulmonary embolism is a form of venous thromboembolic diseases. • It can be caused by a diverse number of inherited or acquired risk factors. • Causes can be: • A deep vein thrombosis (DVT). • Air bubbles. • Fat embolus • Tumors • Amniotic fluid • Small masses of infectious material. Cardiopulmonary Manifestations of PE • Cardiopulmonary manifestations associated with PE vary. • Majorly, common symptoms may include: • Sharp and sudden chest pain • Shortness of breath • Blood-streaked sputum in cough. • Fainting or feeling dizzy. • Leg pain and swelling. Diagnosis and Screening of PE • General management of PE involve the diagnosis and screening. • Diagnosis begins by identifying manifestations as shown earlier. • This is followed by a variety of tests and screening exercises. • Decisions are then made on the clinical probability through a scoring system. • These steps aid in the confirming the suspected occurrence of a PE. Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) • This condition impairs arteries in the lungs and the heart’s right side. • It is a form of high blood pressure whereby the pressure in the blood vessels to the lungs is extremely high. • Narrowed blood vessels in the lungs restrict blood from flowing well. • The heart is forced to work harder to pump blood, this can damage the heart and cause pulmonary hypertension. Clinical Classifications of Pulmonary Hypertension • There are five distinct classification of pulmonary hypertension. • They include: • Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). • PH due to left-sided heart disease. • PH due to chronic lung disease • Chronic thromboembolic PH (CTEPH). • PH with an unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms. Diagnosis for Pulmonary Hypertension • Diagnosis for pulmonary hypertension begins with a medical history and physical exam. • These seek to highlight the risk factors one may have. • After a physical exam, diagnostic tests are used to confirm diagnosis of PH. • Common diagnostic tests are cardiac catheterization and echocardiography. Pulmonary Hypertension Severity Rating • PH severity rating assessment is based on mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP). • This rating can be categorized as mild, moderate and severe depending on a mean value. • For instance, 25-40mmHg is a mild mPAP value while 41-55mmHg is a moderate value. Left-sided Heart Failure • There are two types of left-sided heart failure; systolic and diastolic failure. • Diastolic failure is concerned with the left ventricle not relaxing properly. • Systolic failure is concerned with the left ventricle not contracting normally. • Left-sided heart failure highly common compared to the right-sided one. • Symptoms include: • Trouble breathing • Shortness of breath Right-sided Heart Failure • This involves the heart’s right ventricle lack of pumping power. • This may lead to blood backing up into the veins. • Such backing up of blood may cause fluid retention and swelling. • Common sing include: • Chest discomfort and shortness of breath. • Fluid retention is one the hallmark symptoms. Respiratory Therapist • This is a healthcare practitioner trained in pulmonary medicine. • Their work is evaluating, monitoring and treating health issues associated with breathing and the lungs. • These therapists help manage breathing conditions in varying healthcare settings. Treatments for Acute Pulmonary Embolism • Acute PE can be treated using medicine, surgery or ongoing care. • Treatment is mainly aimed at preventing formation of new clots. • Treatment is also aimed at preventing small thrombi from getting bigger. • Medicine to treat PE include blood thinners and clot dissolvers. • Surgical procedures include clot removal and vein filter. Treatment for Acute Pulmonary Hypertension • Treating pulmonary hypertension will depend on the classification of PH. • Individuals with PAH are majorly treated using various targeted therapies starting with heart catheterization. • Patients with PH due to left heart disease require their comorbid conditions optimized. • Those with PH due to lung disease should focus on managing underlying lung disease. Treatment for Acute Pulmonary Hypertension • Curative therapy for patients with CTEPH begin with a pulmonary endarterectomy. • Whereas, little has been explored about many etiologies in multifactorial PH. • Other general therapy considerations exist. They include: • Immunization • Contraception • Mental health and patient education Conclusion • In conclusion, pulmonary vasculature refers to a network of blood vessels connecting the heart and lungs. • Pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction and pulmonary hypertension are among infirmities that may affect the pulmonary vasculature. • Various diagnostic test and screening can be used to diagnose pulmonary infirmities. • Once an infirmity is confirmed, treatment is recommended with respect to the particular disease identified. References American Thoracic Society. (2018). Pulmonary Embolism. https://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/pulmonaryembolism.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Pulmonary Hypertension. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/pulmonary_hypertension.htm Dunlap, B. & Weyer, G. (2016). Pulmonary Hypertension: Diagnosis and Treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2016:94(6):463-469. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0915/p463.html#afp20160915p463-b14 References Fogoros, R. N. (2021). Causes and Risk Factors of Pulmonary Embolism. Verywell health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-and-risk-factors-ofpulmonary-embolus-4163817#citation-2 Sysol, J. R. & Machado, R. F. (2018). Classificatio and Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Hypertension. Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cce2.71 References Turetz, M., Sideris, A. T., Friedman, O. A., Triphathi, N., & Horowitz, J. M. (2018). Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Natural History of Pulmonary Embolism. Seminars in interventional radiology, 35(2), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642036 Yetman, D. (2021). What are the Differences Between Left- vs. Right-Sided heart Failure. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/heartfailure/left-vs-right-sided-heart-failure
Collepals.com Plagiarism Free Papers
Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we'll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.
Get ZERO PLAGIARISM, HUMAN WRITTEN ESSAYS
Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper?
Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials.
We write plagiarism Free Content
Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties.
Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.
