Question 1. Explain the difference between autotrophic organisms and heterotrophic organisms.
Question 1. Explain the difference between autotrophic organisms and heterotrophic organisms.
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Question 2. If there is an “energy advantage” for organisms which use aerobic respiration, do you suppose this could explain why there are more aerobic species than anaerobic species? Explain your answer.
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Question 3. Assuming that an animal loses heat to its environment from its surface, suggest an evolutionary explanation for the following question: why do arctic hares have shorter ears than those of San Diego County jackrabbits?
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Question 4. Which animal taxonomic groups include endotherms?
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Question 5. What is an ectotherm? Give examples of animals which are ectotherms.
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Question 6. As the size of the cubes got smaller and smaller, what happened to the surface area : volume ratio?
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Question 7. Examine Figure 1. For each visible cube in the whole “organism”, count the number of sides exposed to the outside. Write these numbers on the cubes in the diagram. Is there a cube with no sides exposed to the environment in Figure 1?
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Question 8. Locate the cube marked “a” in each of the three figures on page 6. Compare cube “a” in the three figures: how many sides of each “a” cube are actually exposed to the outside surface?
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Cube “a”
Number of Sides Exposed
Figure 1. 3 x 3 x 3
Figure 2. 2 x 2 x 2
Figure 3. 1 x 1 x 1
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Question 9. Referring the Question 8, if each cube “a” were an equal amount of living tissue, which one would lose heat to a cooler environment fastest?
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Question 10. Referring to Question 8, if each cube “a” were an equal amount of living tissue, which one would need the fastest heat production to maintain homeostasis of its body temperature? (Remember, Cubus quadrangularis is a mammal.)
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Question 11. As an animal grows larger, what do you expect to happen to its rate of heat production per gram of body mass?
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Question 12. Based on the reasoning above, you will formulate a hypothesis for the following experiment. Small mice, medium-sized rats and large rats are available in the laboratory. We will measure their rate of oxygen uptake per gram body mass.
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What is the dependent variable we will measure?
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What is the independent variable?
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What are the groups being compared?
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Now, write the entire formula using the If…, and…, then… format.
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Question 13. Which mammal do you expect to have the fastest oxygen uptake per gram body mass? Explain why.
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Table 1. Metabolic rate measurements for 3 mammals
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with different surface area to volume ratios.
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Group 1
Mouse
Young Rat
Adult Rat
Body weight (g):
26.4
90.5
126.6
5 measurements of time required (in seconds) for animal to consume 5000 µL of Oxygen (O2):
1.
170
128
149
2.
128
205
73
3.
203
104
88
4.
125
97
87
5.
104
110
68
Average time (sec)
to consume 5000 µL O2 :
Step 1: Divide 5000 µL O2 by the average number of secondsrequired by animal to consume it:
Step 2: Divide your answer, obtained in Step 1, by the animal’s body weight in grams. This will give you the metabolic rate in µL O2 per 1 second per 1 gram of animal.
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Group 2
Mouse
Young Rat
Adult Rat
Body weight (g):
13.1
52.2
181.2
5 measurements of time required (in seconds) for animal to consume 5000 µL of Oxygen (O2):
1.
330
204
141
2.
335
114
69
3.
210
166
66
4.
208
87
85
5.
208
89
51
Average time (sec)
to consume 5000 µL O2 :
Step 1: Divide 5000 µL O2 by the average number of secondsrequired by animal to consume it:
Step 2: Divide your answer, obtained in Step 1, by the animal’s body weight in grams. This will give you the metabolic rate in µL O2 per 1 second per 1 gram of animal.
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Group 3
Mouse
Young Rat
Adult Rat
Body weight (g):
30
76.6
211.6
5 measurements of time required (in seconds) for animal to consume 5000 µL of Oxygen (O2):
1.
157
79
79
2.
158
144
61
3.
184
43
53
4.
119
89
50
5.
135
92
48
Average time (sec)
to consume 5000 µL O2 :
Step 1: Divide 5000 µL O2 by the average number of secondsrequired by animal to consume it:
Step 2: Divide your answer, obtained in Step 1, by the animal’s body weight in grams. This will give you the metabolic rate in µL O2 per 1 second per 1 gram of animal.
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Group 4
Mouse
Young Rat
Adult Rat
Body weight (g):
24.0
76.0
160.3
5 measurements of time required (in seconds) for animal to consume 5000 µL of Oxygen (O2):
1.
208.5
117.1
59.3
2.
183.6
111.0
17.1
3.
174.5
96
61.8
4.
142.1
121.5
52.5
5.
170.0
105.3
62.7
Average time (sec)
to consume 5000 µL O2 :
Step 1: Divide 5000 µL O2 by the average number of secondsrequired by animal to consume it:
Step 2: Divide your answer, obtained in Step 1, by the animal’s body weight in grams. This will give you the metabolic rate in µL O2 per 1 second per 1 gram of animal.
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Table 2. Metabolic rate for all groups.
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Mouse
Young Rat
Adult Rat
Group:
Mass (g)
Average Metabolic Rate
Mass (g)
Average Metabolic Rate
Mass (g)
Average Metabolic Rate
1
2
3
4
5
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
6
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
7
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
8
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
Average
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Analysis Questions
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Fill in the Table 3 with the class average data:
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Mammal type
Average Mass (g)
Average Metabolic Rate
(µL O2 per second per
gram of animal)
Mouse
Young Rat
Mature Rate
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Question 14. Based on the class data, describe the relationship which appears to exist between a mammal’s size and its metabolic rate.
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Question 15. Has your hypothesis been supported by the class data?
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If not, where did your reasoning go wrong?
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Question 16. Which would you predict to be higher, the metabolic rate of a sparrow or that of a gull? Explain your answer in terms of thermoregulation.
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Question 17. To what extent do you think it would be valid to apply this “metabolic rate to body size relationship” to animals other than mammals (clams, insects, fish, frogs, reptiles and birds)? Explain.
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Question 18. Is there a thermoregulatory advantage for marine mammals such as whales to be so large? Explain your answer.
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Question 19. Suggest a reason why there are no rat-sized marine mammals.
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Question 20. If an animal is an ectotherm, which is without internal physiol
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