Brief description of possible study participants* Description of the possible data collection methods* Explanation of the types of statistical analyses you

PUBH-6033/8033: Final Project Methods Template

Methods (1 page)

In Week 7, you are asked to prepare the Methods to your Final Project. It should include the following components:

· Methods

· Brief description of possible study participants*

· Description of the possible data collection methods*

· Explanation of the types of statistical analyses you will conduct and why (Be sure to include an explanation of how your variables of interest helped determine the appropriate analyses.)

In general, the study sample for this dataset includes 280 adults aged 18-64 years. The table below reports the study design that would typically be used to investigate each disease (dependent variable). In addition, the general data collection approach for each type of variable is described. Think critically about a plausible description of study design and data collection approach that makes sense for the variables included in your research question.

Variable	Study design	Data Collection
Malaria	Case-control	Medical records Blood samples
AIDS (CD4)	Cohort	Medical records Blood and sputum samples
CHD	Cohort	Medical records Diagnostic tests
Diabetes (Plasma blood glucose)	Community-based Or Cohort	Diabetes screening exam
Pancreatic Cancer	Cohort	Medical records Cancer registry
Demographics: Gender, Age, Race/Ethnicity, Income, Education, Insurance, Urban, Region		Survey (self-reported questionnaire)
Clinical Risk Factors: BMI, Cholesterol		Medical records Diagnostic tests
Behavioral Risk Factors: Alcohol, Tobacco, IDU, Condom, Exercise, Fruit/Vegetable		Survey (self-reported questionnaire)

Following is a template for how the Methods might look in APA style and scholarly voice. Note that this is an example and your Methods should discuss the same components in this order but the specifics should be relevant to your research question and variables.

____________________________________________________________________________________

**Please include the following header on this Assignment.**

One simple statement for each. This helps you and the instructor keep track of what you are attempting.

RQ: Dependent Variable: Independent Variable(s):

Null Hypothesis: Alternate Hypothesis: Statistical Test: (To be determined this week)

RQ: Is there an association between [independent variable] and [dependent variable]? Dependent Variable: [Choose one: Malaria, AIDS(CD4), CHD, Diabetes (Plasma Glucose Concentration), Pancreatic Cancer] Independent Variable(s): [Choose one or two: Gender, Age, Race, Ethnicity, Education, Insurance, Region, BMI, Cholesterol, Alcohol, Tobacco, IDU, Condom, Exercise, Fruit/Vegetable]

Null Hypothesis: There is no association between [independent variable] and [dependent variable]. Alternate Hypothesis: There is an association between [independent variable] and [dependent variable].

Statistical Test: [Depends on variables in RQ]

___________________________________________________________________________________

Methods

Study sample

The study population consisted of 280 patients diagnosed with lung cancer at Zeta Medical Center between 2010 and 2015. Staging of disease was determined by the following criteria…. Patients were excluded if…

The majority of cases were male (%) and the mean age was (xx ± SD)… [Demographics of sample. Report mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables; frequencies/percentages for ordinal and categorical variables.]

Data collection

Clinical data were collected from chart review. Demographic information was obtained through self-reported questionnaire. Variables included… [Identify independent and dependent variables used in your study/research question.]

Statistical analyses

Standard descriptive statistics such as [mean, median, standard deviation, and frequencies – whatever is appropriate for your variables of interest] were performed to describe the sample population, potential risk factors, and disease outcomes. The dependent variable was considered: [disease] (disease=1, no disease=0). The independent variables were considered: [List varibales in your RQ. Example: gender (male=0, female=1)]. [Statistical test] was used to determine the difference between [Levels of independent variable. Example: males and females] regarding [disease]. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 21 and p<.05 for statistical significance.

References

[List references used in the Introduction as well as Annotated Bibliography in alphabetical order according to APA style. See: http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/apa/references]

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Interpretation and Application of Data

June 23rd, 2024

Interpretation and Application of Data

Introduction

The pancreas is a critical organ that plays a significant role in metabolic and digestive functions. However, the prognosis for pancreatic cancer stays poor, rendering it the third leading factor in cancer mortality, with an exponentially growing rate regardless of demographic characteristics.

This study examines the association between tobacco use and pancreatic cancer diagnosis. Tobacco consumption impacts risk, and clarifying its role informs prevention. The study studies tobacco in packs per day and the risk of pancreatic cancer diagnosis. Recent systematic literature has guaranteed a connection between smoking and pancreatic cancer. However, additional reviews are critical while concluding relationships when different variables are controlled.

Research question: What is the relationship between tobacco consumption, as measured by packs smoked per day, and the risk of pancreatic cancer diagnosis? Dependent variable: Pancreatic cancer. Independent variable: tobacco consumption (packs smoked per day) Null hypothesis: There exists no relationship between tobacco consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Alternate hypothesis: There exists a relationship between tobacco consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer.

Annotated Bibliography

Bibliography 1:

Edirisinghe, S., Weerasekera, M., De Silva, D., Liyanage, I., Niluka, M., Madushika, K., Deegodagamage, S., Wijesundara, C., Rich, A., De Silva, H., Hussaini, H., De Silva, K., & Yasawardene, S. (2022). The Risk of Oral Cancer among Different Categorise Tobacco Smoking Exposure in Sri Lanka. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 23(9), 2929–2935. https://doi.org/10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.9.2929

This source examines the risk of oral cancer based on different categories of tobacco smoking exposure in Sri Lanka. A case-control study incorporated 105 patients with oral cancer and 210 controls. The investigation discovered that the number of cigarettes smoked each day and the consolidated utilization of betel quid and smoking are critical threats to cancer among Sri Lankans. While this source fails to examine the connection between tobacco and pancreatic cancer explicitly, it gives significant information on the disease risk from various degrees of tobacco consumption.

Bibliography 2:

Mohammad Moein Vakilzadeh, Reza Khayami, Danyal Daneshdoust, Reza Moshfeghinia, Farzad Sharifnezhad, Zahra Taghiabadi, Hanieh Keikhay Moghadam, Mohammad Ali Karimi, Ghorbani, A., Pegah Bahrami Taqanaki, Nima Boojar, Azarshab, A., Soodabeh Shahidsales, & Reihaneh Alsadat Mahmoudian. (2024). Prevalence of tobacco use among cancer patients in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18594-8

This source provides details regarding a deliberate survey and meta-analysis of the pervasiveness of tobacco consumption among cancer patients in Iran. It surveyed 26 studies involving more than 32,000 cancer patients. The investigation revealed that the patients shared 33.7% of current tobacco use and 12.9% of previous tobacco use. Although the source fails to examine tobacco usage in relation to cancer rates directly, it provides an important foundation for tobacco use trends among Iranian cancer patients.

Bibliography 3:

Scherübl, H. (2022). Tobacco Smoking and Gastrointestinal Cancer Risk. Visceral Medicine, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000523668

This study examined the relationship between tobacco use and several gastrointestinal cancers, showing that anal, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, biliary, hepatocellular, and colorectal cancers are all brought on by tobacco use. On pancreatic cancer specifically, this manuscript reveals that cigarette smoking approximately doubles the relative risk, and smoking intensity is an increasing risk. It also reports that smoking cessation can help reduce excess pancreatic cancer risk. This source directly examines the link between tobacco consumption and pancreatic cancer risk.

Bibliography 4:

Weber, M. F., Sarich, P. E. A., Vaneckova, P., Wade, S., Egger, S., Ngo, P., Joshy, G., Goldsbury, D. E., Yap, S., Feletto, E., Vassallo, A., Laaksonen, M. A., Grogan, P., O’Connell, D. L., Banks, E., & Canfell, K. (2021). Cancer incidence and cancer death in relation to tobacco smoking in a population‐based Australian cohort study. International Journal of Cancer, 149(5), 1076–1088. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33685

This cohort study examined information from over 229,000 Australian respondents to investigate the connection between smoking history, cancer frequency, and mortality. The outcomes show that current smokers have an expanded risk of pancreatic cancer compared with non-smokers. Risk also increases, corresponding to smoking intensity. This source provides additional evidence on the positive association between tobacco consumption and pancreatic cancer risk, based on a large population-level cohort from Australia.

Statistical Test Data Dictionary:

References

Edirisinghe, S., Weerasekera, M., De Silva, D., Liyanage, I., Niluka, M., Madushika, K., Deegodagamage, S., Wijesundara, C., Rich, A., De Silva, H., Hussaini, H., De Silva, K., & Yasawardene, S. (2022). The Risk of Oral Cancer among Different Categorise Tobacco Smoking Exposure in Sri Lanka. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 23(9), 2929–2935. https://doi.org/10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.9.2929

Mohammad Moein Vakilzadeh, Reza Khayami, Danyal Daneshdoust, Reza Moshfeghinia, Farzad Sharifnezhad, Zahra Taghiabadi, Hanieh Keikhay Moghadam, Mohammad Ali Karimi, Ghorbani, A., Pegah Bahrami Taqanaki, Nima Boojar, Azarshab, A., Soodabeh Shahidsales, & Reihaneh Alsadat Mahmoudian. (2024). Prevalence of tobacco use among cancer patients in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18594-8

Scherübl, H. (2022). Tobacco Smoking and Gastrointestinal Cancer Risk. Visceral Medicine, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000523668

Weber, M. F., Sarich, P. E. A., Vaneckova, P., Wade, S., Egger, S., Ngo, P., Joshy, G., Goldsbury, D. E., Yap, S., Feletto, E., Vassallo, A., Laaksonen, M. A., Grogan, P., O’Connell, D. L., Banks, E., & Canfell, K. (2021). Cancer incidence and cancer death in relation to tobacco smoking in a population‐based Australian cohort study. International Journal of Cancer, 149(5), 1076–1088. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33685

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Continuation: Interpretation and Application of Data

Continuation: Interpretation and Application of Data

Statement of the Problem

What is the relationship between cigarette smoking and the risk of developing pancreatic cancer? Given the in-depth further analysis of the literature, the hypothesis of the study in ascertaining the relationships between smoking and the threat of developing pancreatic cancer remains constant.

Dependent variable: Pancreatic cancer. Independent variable: Tobacco consumption

Null Hypothesis:

H0: There is no association between cigarette smoking and an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.

Alternative Hypothesis:

H1: There is an association between cigarette smoking and an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.

Introduction

This section delves into more detail by utilizing data from published epidemiological literature on the association between pancreatic cancer and cigarette smoking. The supplementary annotated studies also provide substantial evidence that smoking can be considered a modifiable cause. Hu et al. (2021) concluded that there is a direct correlation between smoking and pancreatic cancer risk. Molina-Montes also felt the same force et al. (2020), with a direct and significant positive relationship revealed, with the highest risk experienced by those who smoked intensely and for a longer period. Using Weissman et al. (2020), it can be pointed out that smoking is involved in all stages of carcinogenesis and worsens the outcome. These findings, in their entirety, indicate that smoking not only increases the frequency of pancreatic cancer but also contributes to its aggressiveness.

Additional Annotated Bibliography

1. Hu, J.-X., Zhao, C.-F., Chen, W.-B., Liu, Q.-C., Li, Q.-W., Lin, Y.-Y., & Gao, F. (2021). Pancreatic cancer: A review of epidemiology, trend, and risk factors. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 27(27), 4298–4321. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i27.4298

This journal provides the most up-to-date statistical and factual information about pancreatic cancer. It explains their demography and various prevalence, incidence and mortality rates, survival rates, tendencies, and prospects of pancreatic cancer in the world and in distinct countries and territories. It also describes other types of risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer, including modifiable and non-modifiable factors. This is a valuable resource for understanding the epidemiological landscape, identifying high-risk populations, and modifiable lifestyle factors related to pancreatic cancer.

2. Molina-Montes, E., Van Hoogstraten, L., Gomez-Rubio, P., Löhr, M., Sharp, L., Molero, X., Márquez, M., Michalski, C. W., Farré, A., Perea, J., O’Rorke, M., Greenhalf, W., Ilzarbe, L., Tardon, A., Gress, T. M., Barberà, V. M., Crnogorac-Jurcevic, T., Muñoz-Bellvis, L., Domínguez-Muñoz, E., & Balsells, J. (2020). Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Relation to Lifetime Smoking Patterns, Tobacco Type, and Dose–Response Relationships. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 29(5), 1009–1018. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-1027

This large European study, involving 2,009 pancreatic cancer patients and 1,532 controls, investigated the associations between lifetime smoking patterns and cancer risk. Smokers who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day for over 30 years had a 2.5 times higher risk than non-smokers, according to the findings. The risk also increased with young age at initiation and longer smoking duration. The study independently linked cigar and pipe use to elevated risk, demonstrating a synergistic effect when combined with cigarettes. The study quantified risks according to the number of pack years smoked and found a clear dose-response relationship, with more significant tobacco exposures associated with higher risk. This research provides strong evidence on modifiable lifestyle factors that could reduce pancreatic cancer burden.

3. Weissman, S., Takakura, K., Eibl, G., Pandol, S. J., & Saruta, M. (2020). The Diverse Involvement of Cigarette Smoking in Pancreatic Cancer Development and Prognosis. Pancreas, 49(5), 612–620. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0000000000001550

This comprehensive review synthesizes epidemiological and essential science findings on smoking's multifaceted roles in pancreatic cancer. It cites studies demonstrating smoking increases DNA damage and mutations that can initiate pancreatic tumorigenesis. Tobacco constituents, such as nicotine, also alter the tumor microenvironment by inducing fibrosis and reducing immune surveillance of cancer cells. Post-diagnosis, smoking compromises treatment responses and clinical outcomes in pancreatic cancer patients, as indicated by reduced survival durations in smoker cohorts. The article conducts a thorough analysis of the molecular pathogenic processes affected by smoking throughout cancer development and progression. Overall, this work highlights pancreatic cancer as an entirely preventable disease for many through smoking cessation.

Significance of the study

Clarifying the association between smoking and pancreatic cancer could motivate improved smoking cessation programs to reduce cases and deaths from this deadly disease. With over 450,000 global deaths annually from pancreatic cancer, even small decreases in smoking-attributable burden could mean many lives saved. Establishing smoking's causal role would justify more robust tobacco control policies to protect public health on a large scale. If smoking is proven to increase the risk of pancreatic cancer significantly, it would highlight the importance of aggressive anti-smoking interventions for positive social change by reducing human suffering from this disease.

 References

Hu, J.-X., Zhao, C.-F., Chen, W.-B., Liu, Q.-C., Li, Q.-W., Lin, Y.-Y., & Gao, F. (2021). Pancreatic cancer: A review of epidemiology, trend, and risk factors. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 27(27), 4298–4321. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i27.4298

Molina-Montes, E., Van Hoogstraten, L., Gomez-Rubio, P., Löhr, M., Sharp, L., Molero, X., Márquez, M., Michalski, C. W., Farré, A., Perea, J., O’Rorke, M., Greenhalf, W., Ilzarbe, L., Tardon, A., Gress, T. M., Barberà, V. M., Crnogorac-Jurcevic, T., Muñoz-Bellvis, L., Domínguez-Muñoz, E., & Balsells, J. (2020). Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Relation to Lifetime Smoking Patterns, Tobacco Type, and Dose–Response Relationships. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 29(5), 1009–1018. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-1027

Weissman, S., Takakura, K., Eibl, G., Pandol, S. J., & Saruta, M. (2020). The Diverse Involvement of Cigarette Smoking in Pancreatic Cancer Development and Prognosis. Pancreas, 49(5), 612–620. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0000000000001550

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