June 18, 2024

How can the richer, fully developed nations of the world be of assistance in improving the despicable and sordid conditions that exist in many countries in Africa? Your initial response (25

How can the richer, fully developed nations of the world be of assistance in improving the despicable and sordid conditions that exist in many countries in Africa?

Your initial response (250-300 words)

02/09/22

Terrorism Today: The Past, The Players, The Future

6th Edition

Chapter 10 Northeast, Central and Southern Africa

Learning Outcomes

10.1 Describe how a failed state such as Somalia is a fertile region for Islamic extremism

10.2 Discuss the spread of Islamic jihad across central Africa

10.3 Recount how state terror in African countries continues into the twenty-first century

10.4 Describe the funding mechanisms that are used by insurgent groups

10.5 Restate how the U.N. failed to prevent genocide taking place in Rwanda

Figure 10.2

Map of Somalia

02/09/22

10.1 Describe how a failed state such as Somalia is a fertile region for Islamic extremism

• Tribal and inter-clan fighting and disputes

• Warlords vying for regional control

• 1969 – military rule – Said Barre

• All facets of economy controlled by military

• 1991 – United Somali Congress

• Continued deterioration – lawless and non functioning government

• 2004 – Somali Transitional Government formed

10.1 Islamists in Somalia

➢ Al Qaeda presence ▪ Osama bin Laden fatwa – “attack the soldiers of occupation”

▪ Somalia is a predominantly Sunni Muslim

➢ U.S. embassy bombing mastermind Fazul Mohammed

▪ Aligned al Qaeda with al-Shabaab

▪ Coordinated AQAP in Yemen

▪ Killed near Mogadishu – 2011

▪ Al-Shabaab then pledged allegiance to Ayman al-Zawahiri

Figure 10.3

Omar Shafik Hammami

02/09/22

10.1 Omar Shafik Hammami

➢ U.S. foreign fighter presence – Hammami – Hammami – resident of Daphne, Alabama

– Aka Abu Mansoor al-Amriki

– Charged with being supporter of terrorism

– FBI 10 Most Wanted

– Had excellent IT skills

– Rose through the al-Shabaab ranks

– Became an outspoken commentator

– Offended al-Shabaab

– September 2013 – death

10.1 al-Shabaab

➢Objectives: ▪ Remove Somali government – establish Islamic emirate

▪ Remove foreign influence in Somalia

➢Roots and ideology: ▪ Islamic Courts Union

▪ Aligned to al Qaeda ideology – Taliban

▪ Pledged allegiance in 2012

➢Tactics: ▪ Suicide bombs, VBIED’s, IED’s

▪ Commando style attacks – Westgate Mall

Figure 10.4 Suicide Attacks

Suicide Attacks and Casualties by Location

Country Attacks Killed Wounded

Kenya 0 0 0

Somalia 90 769 936

Uganda 0 0 0

Suicide attacks by terror groups 2000-2015 – Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism

02/09/22

10.1 Al-Shabaab – strategies

➢ Unknown numbers – possibly 5,000-10,000 strong

➢ Does not control Somali capital

➢ Transnational Federal Government

➢ Uses IED’s etc. to attack government

➢ Engages in political dialogue

➢ Attempts to win over local clan leaders with persuasive arguments of their good intentions

10.1 Al-Shabaab attacks

➢ Westgate Shopping Mall – Kenya – September 21st 2013 – Westgate Shopping Mall –

Nairobi – Kenya

– Frequented by ex-patriates, tourists and westerners

– Daylight – commando style attack by four attackers

– Three days to finally secure the scene

➢ Garissa University college – attack – University attack killed 147 students

➢ Kenya views Islamist threat as a ‘foreign issue’

Figures 10.8 Suicide attacks

Suicide Attacks and Casualties by Target Type

Target Attacks Killed Wounded

Security 48 331 398

Political 38 415 519

Civilian 4 23 19

Unknown 0 0 0

Suicide Attackers, Attacks and Casualties by Religion

Religion # attackers # attacks

# killed

# wounded

Muslim (NA) 4 4 65 115

Muslim (Sunni) 1 1 9 12

Unknown 91 86 695 809

Suicide Attacks and Casualties by Weapon

Weapon Attacks Killed Wounded

Airplane 0 0 0

Belt Bomb 23 214 229

Car Bomb 67 555 707

Other 0 0 0

Unknown 0 0 0

Suicide attacks by target type, by religion and by weapons employed

02/09/22

10.2 Discuss the spread of Islamic jihad across central Africa

❑ Al-Shabaab – strong regional presence ❑Foreign fighters attracted from U.S and Europe

❑Excellent training opportunities

❑Somalia- al-Ittihad – warring militia group

❑Foreign fighters – rift between allegiance to al-Shabaab or al Qaeda

❑Al-Shabaab executes al-Qaeda adherents in its ranks

❑The Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) – Uganda

10.2 The Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)

• Formerly allied with Sudan’s Islamic government – 1986 Rebellion – Ugandan government

▪ Holy Spirit Movement

▪ Joseph Kony – self styled Prophet

▪ Witchcraft and atrocities

▪ Twenty-thousand abductions – child soldiers

▪ Atrocities against own families

▪ Eighty-five per cent of troops

• Allied Democratic Forces ▪ Islamic sects and opposition groups (Ugandan gov’t)

▪ Operates from DRC – terrorist organization – Sudan proxy?

10.2 Boko Haram (BK) – Nigeria (1 of 2)

➢Objectives ▪ Create an Islamic state – Sharia law imposed

▪ Create a caliphate in northern Nigeria and borders of Chad, Niger and Cameroon

▪ Removal of western influences and exclude western education

➢Size and strength ▪ 20,000 – 25,000 – recruits – child soldiers

➢Tactics ▪ Creates cells to infiltrate regions and villages

▪ Suicide bombers, attacks and burns villages and kills locals

▪ Uses children as suicide bombers

02/09/22

10.2 Boko Haram – Nigeria (2 of 2)

Nigeria – 50% Christian and 50% Muslim ▪ BK forcing extreme Islamic brand

▪ Northern states of Nigeria

▪ Attacks Christian churches

▪ Attacks Muslims

▪ BK founder – Muhammad Yusuf

▪ BK leader – Abubakar Shekau

▪ Jihad – Shura council appointed

▪ Pledged allegiance to Islamic State

10.2 al-Qaeda in East Africa

❑ Attacks on two U.S embassies ▪ 1998 – Nairobi and Dar Es Salaam bombings

▪ Selected as soft targets

▪ Osama bin Laden and Fazul Abdullah Mohammed

▪ Fazul – Somali badlands

▪ 2011 – Killed in shootout – Somali check-point

▪ Cruise missile response – Somalia

Figure 10-16 East African Embassy bombing

Bombing of the U.S. Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

02/09/22

10.3 Recount how state terror in African countries continues into the twenty-first century

❑ State terror v tribalism

❑ Uganda – Idi Amin – 1971-1979 – Lugbara tribe ❑Historical enemies – Acholi and Langi tribes

❑Ethnic cleansing

❑Purged all opponents and opposition

❑ Praised the work of Adolf Hitler and the destruction of Israel ❑Bureau of State Research

❑Engaged in cannibalism

Figure 10.11

Map of Uganda

10.3 Idi Amin – Operation Jonathan

❑ Air France airliner hijacked to Libya then Uganda ❑Entebbe airport – Palestinian terrorists

❑Separated Jewish passengers

❑ Covert operation carried out by Israeli commandos ❑Attack airport and release passengers

❑Dora Block – British passenger

02/09/22

Figure 10.13

Map of Zimbabwe

10.3 Zimbabwe – Robert Mugabe

❑Rhodesian independence from Great Britain ❑Ian Smith – (Unilateral Declaration of Independence)

❑African (black) nationalism

❑Robert Mugabe – leader black nationalists – support from the Mashona tribe

❑Joshua Nkomo – Matabele tribal support ❑Tribalism between Mugabe supporters and Nkomo’s

❑Mugabe – rigged elections – keep him in power

❑White farmers

❑Democratic Republic of Congo

10.4 Describe the funding mechanisms that are used by insurgent

• Piracy

• Kidnapping and ransom

• Local, regional and international financing

02/09/22

10.4 Piracy

➢ Sophisticated operations – Horn of Africa

➢ Ship/Tanker hijackings – Nigerian coastal regions

➢ EU Counter-Piracy mission – “Atalanta” UN

➢ Successfully deterring attacks – No ships pirated between 2013-2016

– 2010 saw thirty-seven ships taken

10.4 Kidnapping and ransom

Most terror groups engage in some level of hostage taking for financial gain:

➢ Al-Shabaab

➢ Lord’s Resistance Army

➢ Boko Haram – Kidnapping and indoctrination

– Child soldiers

– Sex slaves

10.4 Local, regional and international funds

✓ Zakat-Hawala system

✓ 2009 – $70 million U.S. $ paid in ransom money

✓ Chibok School girls kidnapped

✓ People smuggling

✓ Finance support AQIM and al-Shabaab

02/09/22

10.5 Restate how the U.N. failed to prevent genocide taking place in Rwanda

• Rwanda – Colonial Belgium rule – Organized and institutionalised ethnic stereotypes

– Class structure – minority elite

• Hutu and Tutsi – Hutu dominated government

– 1994 – President’s plane shot down – capital Kigali

– Trigger for killing Tutsi to begin

• Genocide – Propaganda campaign by Hutu

10.5 Rwanda – Genocide

➢ Hutu government ▪ Propaganda bombards public with radio messages

▪ Demanded that Hutu kill Tutsi

▪ Campaign so aggressive – not seen since WW II

▪ Interahamwe – militia

▪ UN in Rwanda 1994

▪ Half million Tutsi killed in six weeks

▪ UN observers – observed

➢ UN – response unequal to the task ▪ Failed to prevent the killings

▪ Hutu militias escaped across border to refugee camps

10. Review Questions (1 of 2)

1. Describe the tactics used by al-Shabaab in countering both Somali and Kenyan forces.

2. Analyze the success of Operation Jonathan.

3. List and explain the reasons behind the spread of Islamic State in central Africa.

4. Describe the external forces influencing PAGAD and why does it pose a threat to the stability of RSA?

02/09/22

10. Review Questions (2 of 2)

5. Explain why kidnapping has become such a growth industry in the arsenal of African terror organizations.

6. List and explain the use of child abductees by Boko Haram

02/09/22

Terrorism Today: The Past, The Players, The Future

6th Edition

Chapter 9 The Persian Gulf

Learning Outcomes

9.1 Summarize the role played by Saudi Arabia in balancing power in the Middle East

9.2 Describe how Sunni groups have risen to prominence in sectarian fighting in Iraq

9.3 Examine Iran’s supporting and exporting terrorism in the Middle East

9.4 Define the conditions that have allowed the rise of Islamic State in Iraq

9.5 Describe the fundamental differences between al Qaeda and Islamic State

Figure 9.1

Map of Saudi Arabia

02/09/22

9.1 Summarize the role played by Saudi Arabia in balancing power in the Middle East

➢ Royal dynasty – Saud family – Sunni Muslims ▪ Pro western regime

▪ Support from U.S. France and Great Britain

▪ Open hostility from Iran towards Saudi Arabia

▪ Pushed Saudi Arabia to get foreign support (U.S.)

➢ Iraq invasion of Kuwait – 1990 ▪ Saudi government agrees to U.S. troops in country

▪ Consultation with other Gulf states

9.1 Saudi Arabia – Terrorism (1 of 2)

❑ Wahhabi Islam – Ultra conservative movement within Islam

– Practiced in Saudi Arabia

– Purify Islam of heretical assertions

– Osama bin Laden – wealthy family

❑ Osama bin Laden – Believed Saudi Royals betrayed Islam

– Designs on forced removal of Royal family

– Spread the word of jihad

91. Saudi Arabia – Terrorism (2 of 2)

• Spreading the word of Islam – jihad – Promoted by Saudi Arabia

– Extreme version included jihad

– Saudi’s exported fighters to conflicts, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Soviet republics and beyond

– No tolerance for terrorists on Saudi soil

• Al Qaeda – Ultimate removal of Saudi Royal family

– Removal of ALL western influences in the Kingdom

02/09/22

Figure 9.8

Map of Iraq

9.1 U.S. military presence in Iraq

➢ Growing anti-west and U.S. sentiment in Saudi Arabia

– Opportunity for al Qaeda to prosper

– Saudi internal security police apparatus

– Attacks by al Qaeda within the kingdom

– Numerous shootouts with security forces

– Much al Qaeda sympathy

– 2004- bin Laden openly calling for attacks on his homeland

9.2 Describe how Sunni groups have risen to prominence in Iraq

➢ Sunni sect of Islam accounts for only 20% of Iraq’s population

– Sunni Ba’athists in power for three decades in Iraq

– Shia rights and freedoms severely checked during Saddam Hussein regime

– Saddam removal

– Vacuum created an ethnic religious conflict

– Sunni support from Sunni tribes

➢ Majority Shia sect – Supported by Iran

02/09/22

9.2 Saddam Hussein (1937-2006)

➢ President of Iraq 1979-2003 – Moderate social democracy

– A secular state with economic and business freedoms

– Controlled the various tribal and religious groups

– Eliminated all opposition to his rule

– His secret police – permeated all levels of society

– Torture and murder

– Chemical weapons used against Kurds in Northern Iraq

– Captured after U.S invasion

– Sentenced to death – executed December 2006

9.2 Operation Iraqi Freedom

• U.S. led invasion of Iraq – remove Saddam Hussein from power and disarm Iraq

– Bombing campaign by U.S, forces

– Land invasion

– Iraqi military and the crack Republican Guard vanish before the onslaught

– Fedayeen Saddam – 40,000-50,000 Sunni fighters loyal to Saddam’s regime

– Responsible for atrocities against Saddam’s opponents

– Ready as an insurant force to challenge any Shia dominance in Iraq

9.2 Iraqi insurgency 2003-2011

➢ Hostilities ended officially in 2003 – Shia dominated government hastily established

– Supported by U.S. ground troops

– Insurgent groups both Shia and Sunni

– Groups with differing agendas

– Sunni and Shia attack U.S. and coalition forces in Iraq

– Insurgents also come from outside Iraq

– Al Qaeda in Iraq – Abu Musab al-Zarqawi

– Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

– Intense pressure on insurgents till 2011 draw down

02/09/22

9.3 Examine Iran’s supporting and exporting terrorism in the Middle East

➢ Iran population – 89% Shia Muslim – Revolution – reversed Iran’s close ties to the West

– Foreign policy aimed at the Middle East

– Syria – ally in the region

– Number one exported of terrorism

– Threatens both U.S. and Israel

– Assembling weapons grade nuclear material

➢ 2006 – Iran’s solution to Middle East crisis – President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

– Total destruction of Israel

9.3 Iranian Sponsorship (1 of 2)

• Khobar Towers attacked – Iran intimately involved

• Support and aid to Palestinian groups opposed to Israeli peace accords

• Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) – Cultivate and support terrorists abroad

– Formed after the revolution – Ayatollah Khomeini

– 100,000 fanatical revolutionaries

– Loyal to clerical regime

– Balance against the army

Figure 9.3

The truck bomb at Khobar Towers Dhahran, Saudi Arabia caused a crater 185 feet wide by 35 feet deep. The Jersey barrier in front of the towers helped deflect the blast upwards

02/09/22

Figure 9.5

Nineteen airmen died and hundred were injured in the terrorist attack on June 25th 1996 at Khobar Towers Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The facility housed U.S. service members and served as the Headquarters for the U.S. Airforce’s 4404th wing southwest Asia.

Figure 9.17

Map of Iran

9.3 Iranian Sponsorship (2 of 2)

➢ Iran and IRGC support – weapons, training, funding to Middle East groups:

▪ Hamas

▪ Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)

▪ Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC)

▪ Lebanese Hezbollah

▪ Training to Taliban in Afghanistan

➢ UN Security Council Resolution 1701 ▪ Israeli conflict with Hezbollah

▪ Rearming and equipping Hezbollah

02/09/22

9.3 Iranian Qods Force

➢ Revolutionary Guards ‘Special Force’ – Actively training militant organizations

– Beirut, Lebanon and Sudan

– Shia militias in Iraq

– Provides advanced rocket systems, sniper rifles

– Expertise in design and construction of IED’s

– Senior Hezbollah fighters supporting Syrian regime in civil war

– Training Iraqi Shia militia

9.4 Define the conditions that have led to the rise of Islamic State in Iraq

➢ A creation of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and al Qaeda presence in Iraq

– Zarqawi pushed al Qaeda further than bin Laden wanted

– Zarqawi killed in 2006

– Succeeded by little known Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

– Group almost annihilated during U.S. troop surge

– 2011 – U.S. troops pull out of Iraq

– Resurgence of Islamic State

9.4 Islamic State – Caliphate (1 of 2)

➢ Islamic State – Attacks cities and villages

– Iraq&#x20

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How can the richer, fully developed nations of the world be of assistance in improving the despicable and sordid conditions that exist in many countries in Africa? Your initial response (25

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