English language policy makers and English language teachers internationally?
1. What are the implications of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) for English language policy makers and English language teachers internationally?
2. ‘Global English usage is evidence of linguistic imperialism and dominance.’ (Phillipson 1992:35). Discuss.
3. ‘English does come loaded with the associations from its imperialistic
history. This historical baggage demands negotiation. Communities
and individuals should exert their agency to negotiate with English and preserve their interests.’ To what extent do you agree with Canagarajah’s (2006: p. 202) statement above?
4. To what extent and in what ways are inner circle countries’ English language policies for migrants ideological?
5. Is it both natural and desirable that outer circle countries develop their own World Englishes? What are the implications for this?
6. Trudgill argues that without agreed English language norms, users of English in different contexts will ultimately become mutually unintelligible. Discuss.
7. English-medium education in postcolonial contexts that neglects mother tongues and local cultural values is clearly inappropriate. Discuss.
8. Seidlhofer (2011) argues that as English spreads globally it will inevitably involve a transfer of ownership from inner circle countries to beyond and with this will follow variable adaptation of English. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
9. Should other languages be protected against the influence of English? How would this work in both practical and theoretical terms?
10. The adoption of English medium education in expanding circle countries is simply a pragmatic response to globalisation. Discuss.
11. To what extent can the loss of languages and language diversity be seen as a natural result of globalisation and a more homogenous world which allows greater ease of communication between speakers who share the same language(s)?
12. Is the loss of languages and language diversity symptomatic of serious and deeper issues related to biodiversity and a trend which must be reversed at all costs? In your discussion, please refer to at least one language or dialect which is currently endangered or under threat.
13. While translanguaging allows interlocutors the opportunity to use the full range of their linguistic and communicative resources, monolingual ideologies continue to exert substantial influence on language policy. How is it possible to resolve tensions between a monolingual ideology and an appreciation of multilingualism and translanguaging?
14. Researchers such as Mühlhäusler (1996), Harmon (1996), Skutnabb-Kangas (2015) and Stibbe (2015) have made strong arguments for the value of linguistic diversity and have highlighted the link between linguistic diversity and biological diversity. However, it is commonplace for language policy to be based on a monolingual ideology and the territorial principle of ‘one language = one country’ which eliminates the possibility of a plurilingual environment. How important is it for countries across the globe to be open to and supportive of pluralistic linguistic environments? How could this be achieved in practical terms?
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