The Impact of mobile Payment Systems on Consumer behavior
College of Business and Finance Postgraduate Council (PGC) MBA Program Family Business internationalization: Challenges, Strategies, and Performance Outcomes By ALI HASSAN ALDERAZI 202210052 A research proposal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Business Administration, College of Business and Finance, Ahlia University Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain January 2023 1. Introduction: Globalization is the worldwide interconnectedness at the cultural, political and economic levels, which results from the abolition of barriers to communication and trade, increased economic interdependence among countries, as evident through cross-border flows of three types of factors: goods and services, capital, And technical knowledge. (Blanzo-Mazagatos, 2022). History has shown that family entrepreneurs have made a difference throughout the ages, from Henry Ford and Sam Walton to Lotfi Mansour and Onsi Sawiras. The achievement of these founders and business owners has enhanced people’s lives as well as the local and global economy. The importance of the leadership succession process has begun to appear as one of the most important aspects of family business, as the activities and events that contribute to changing leadership from one individual to another are referred to as leadership succession (Yahya Al-Hussein, 2023) Since the 1980s, the idea of studying family businesses, and all businesses related to them, has emerged due to their importance in the global economy. They have also been recognized as one of the tributaries of the international economy, as American studies have shown that more than 90% of American companies are originally family businesses, and it has spread. This quality is within the Arab countries. Family companies are considered one of the oldest types of companies in the world, and they constitute 70% of the companies in the economic institutions in the world. This type of company has become a steady increase. On the level of the European continent, family companies represent 85% of the companies in it, and they contribute with approximately 60% of the labor market, according to economic statistics in 2015, family companies represented $90 billion of the economy of those countries. Examples of these companies in the Arab Republic of Egypt include Al-Rasheed Company, which was established in 1889 AD, and still exists to this day. It exercises its role in contributing to the economic activity of the state, and in the Gulf region, family companies represent one of the most important pillars of the economy due to the nature of the region and its Bedouin origins, as tribal and family rapprochement is one of the reasons that supported the presence of this type of companies, and this type of companies has flourished in There has been progress in transporting goods across countries and near the Gulf states (Qarsham, 2023). 2 Increasing it is an essential and indispensable component for stimulating the economy and thus contributing to the development of the country. Perhaps one of the most important components of the private sector is family businesses, which have become a major contributor to the gross domestic product. Therefore, the need has emerged to develop the management and ownership structure of these establishments to overcome all the challenges that may arise. facing them, as converting the latter into public joint-stock companies in which ownership is separated from management will enhance the possibility of growth and continuity of these companies and the expansion of their activities (Boukhrouba Marwa &. M., 2012). While family businesses face challenges in sudden economic conditions. According to the latest statistics issued by family businesses for the year 2017, family businesses represent about two-thirds of all companies around the world (De Massis, 2018). Over the past two decades, research on the effects of family involvement in internationalization has been gaining relevance The scholarly attention can be attributed to the pivotal role that family firms play in the economic landscape and their growing presence in non-domestic markets (Cirillo A. M., 2022). Prosperity and advancement in global markets have become essential for many family businesses, and trying to understand access to global markets represents a research gap that academic research has not yet filled. The majority of research is limited to looking at export because it is the easiest method to deal with, while neglecting the challenges and opportunities available in other entry methods. (Alon, Ranfagni, Vescovi, & Vianelli, 2020). Accordingly, this research attempts to know and identify the challenges that help in understanding how family businesses can overcome obstacles Challenges, Strategies, and Performance Outcomes. 3 1.1The research problem After examining some of the research related to the internationalization of family businesses, studies have not adequately addressed the mechanisms through which family involvement is formed and the determinants of its operations and performance outcomes around it are still largely poorly understood and largely unstudied. Therefore, this research will contribute to trying to understand family business strategies by studying the roles of different sources of family business heterogeneity and context in shaping the determinants, processes, and outcomes of business internationalization. We set an agenda for further research aimed at promoting a more detailed and contextualized understanding of internationalization in family firms. 1.2Research objectives: ➢ Trying to understand and study the strategies facing family businesses during internationalization. ➢ Choosing innovative strategies that reduce the obstacles of family businesses and their effects on performance. ➢ Trying to reach the optimal solution for these strategies directed at family businesses, as recommended by previous studies. 1.3The research questions. The main question includes: “How do family businesses face challenges during internationalization”? The main question includes sub-questions that the research will answer, which are: • To what extent do family businesses apply appropriate strategies during the internationalization process? • How do the strategies currently used affect performance? 4 • How can these strategies be measured and formulated to reduce family business obstacles during internationalization? 1.4The purpose of the study It is knowing how to choose appropriate strategies for family businesses and the challenges they face during internationalization. 2. Literature Review Over the past years, international business scholars have widely investigated whether and how internationalization affects firm performance, resulting in theoretical confusion and inconclusive empirical evidence regarding the brand and form of the firm. The relationship between internationalization and performance (Costa, 2022). Accordingly, we will review some of the studies that were discussed on the topic of Family Business internationalization Challenges, strategies, and performance outcomes. Previous studies revealed contradictory results and concluded that there is a positive, neutral, or negative effect of internationalization on the performance of these companies. The study relied on (Cirillo A. M., 2022)the generational inheritance methodology. When family businesses embrace millennials, they rely on two types of characteristics: family membership and societal generational membership. It was found, through the analysis of an Italian family company, that when millennial families participate, it has a positive impact on increasing exports and increases the positive impact on them. While the CEO from outside the family turned things around so that the effect of the Millennial family’s involvement becomes unipositive The study (Graves, 2022) discussed some of the family-focused objectives and strategic behavior of family businesses One of the important features that distinguish family businesses from their non-family counterparts is their pursuit of goals that stem from and revolve around the family’s values and interests. 5 Unlike business-focused goals, which mostly focus on creating and growing financial well-being, family-focused goals often serve the family’s noneconomic goals. This study (Espeche, 2023) measures some differences in innovative behaviors between some international family companies and non-family companies since the changes began before and after Covid-19, that is, from economic growth to a state of decline, then recovery. It included a large sample of manufacturing companies in Spain and using… The comparative approach for the three periods: The results revealed that the methods of innovation activities that stimulate internationalization through exporting in family and non-family companies differ between the periods, which should be said that the causal effect of innovation on internationalization depends greatly on environmental conditions. In comparison with non-family firms, the results show that when family firms internationalize, they must practice expanded methods and diverse directions in innovation activities. This study (Yahya Al-Hussein, 2023) targeted family companies in the Egyptian private sector in the pharmaceutical industry, to overcome the risks of the continuity of family enterprises. In our current time, which is full of challenges, the need for professional successors who have “entrepreneurship” characteristics is increasing more than ever before. This study followed the comparative approach, and analytically, the study concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between the effectiveness of leadership succession planning and the continuity of family businesses. It was also recommended that future research should focus on longitudinal studies, where researchers accompany family businesses over a longer period to assess their communication patterns during the transition process. For this reason, future research should also use accompanying methods, such as focus groups or individual interviews. Hence, it would be beneficial for future research to apply the study in different industries to see how these findings can be replicated and generalized. This study (Varas-Fuente, 2022) dealt with some analyzes of the internationalization processes of family businesses, other than the lack of sufficient inference about the performance and methods followed during the internationalization of companies. Accordingly, some standards about theories of capacity and resources were discussed. Based on what was obtained from statistical surveys on the business strategies of Spanish family companies, the 6 sample size was 285 companies that followed traditional methods and 107 companies that followed traditional methods. Newer methods were followed. The study concluded the following: Specifically, new methods allow for increased performance at higher levels of internationalization, unlike traditional methods. In conclusion, through previous studies that addressed some of the challenges during the internationalization of family companies, as well as studies that recommended the use of modern paths and trends, this research will shed light on some of the strategies that hinder family companies during internationalization (Costa, 2022) – (Espeche, 2023) other previous sources. as the study explained (AL-Dien) Strategic options in the global market: Global strategy and country-specific advantage. Manufacturing conditions/order conditions. • Related and supporting industries. • Companies, their structures, strategies, and intensity of competition. • Achievements of intercultural interaction • Different aspects of culture in a multinational company • Should value chain activities be centralized? • Clustering approaches. • Centralization or profiling • Preparing, coordinating, and designing the strategy. • Factors affecting the formation of strategy preparation options. • Coordination. • The influence of culture on strategy. 3. Research Methodology This research will rely on the descriptive analytical approach to the study, as well as by obtaining the data necessary to conduct statistical analysis, and to learn about the opinions and trends of a sample, through inquiring about them using personal interviews to obtain results that are interpreted in light of the research topic. 3.1 Research design This study will follow the descriptive analytical approach, which is based on 7 describing, procedures and exploring some strategies Continuing the research topic on the challenges of family businesses and how to analyze them in the field. 2.2 Types and sources of data Two types of sources will be relied upon to collect information in this study: primary sources and secondary sources. )1(Primary sources: These are the sources that will be collected for the first time, through survey lists, in order to learn the opinions of the study subjects, know their demographic characteristics, and reach results that contribute to testing hypotheses and achieving the objectives of the research. (2) Data addressed for the first time: These are sources that have been previously recorded and are used. These sources were used through some previous Studies that addressed the research topic, with the aim of describing the problem and identifying the weaknesses and shortcomings that must be covered in this study. 3.3 Data collection techniques As the aim of the study is to identify the reality of the challenges and strategies, and to achieve the research goal, a survey list will be designed directed to the study community, and since the value of scientific research can only be achieved by linking the scientific aspects to the practical aspects, the survey will therefore be conducted for the individuals in the study sample who are owners of companies. And its employees have the knowledge to access strategies that help improve the performance of family businesses, by answering the questions 8 contained in that list. From this logic, the methodology of the study is presented as the basic foundation on which the field study depends, with the aim of clarifying how to design lists and calculate the validity and reliability coefficients for the dimensions. Survey lists, determining appropriate statistical analysis methods for the data, and testing research hypotheses. The research data will be collected from a set of information covered by the references mentioned, and through interviews and a survey of the group from the study sample, which represents part of the community or a group of individuals from it, to collect information from them, and then it can be circulated to the rest of the community members, and the survey will be done. Using the five-point Likert scale method for family companies in Bahrain from the period (2023/2025) to determine the sample size: .)3( Determine the sample size: Using the following equation to estimate the sample size. n=[p(1-p) /[d2/z2]) 1 .d: The percentage of error allowed in the estimate is 0.05 2 .Z: standard score corresponding to the confidence level = 95%)1.96( 3. P: A ratio that provides the property and is neutral and equals 0.5 3.4 Data analysis and interpretation The problem of the study lies in confronting the challenges facing family businesses. Therefore, the study will depend on analyzing the strategies that 9 were discussed in previous studies and attempting to analyze the opinions of the study sample about those strategies using the statistical analysis program SPSS and some statistical analyzes such as Cronbach’s alpha to measure the stability of the questionnaire. ➢ Internal consistency coefficient ➢ Confirmatory factor analysis ➢ Descriptive statistics ➢ and standard deviation ➢ Regression analysis and correlation analysis to test hypotheses through Amos software. ➢ Methods of statistical analysis of data and testing hypotheses. ➢ Analyzing data and testing the study hypotheses. 4. Timeframe and Work Plan The structure of the study is represented by the study chapters divided into: Chapter One/General framework of the study: The first chapter contains the general framework of the problem, which was identified by examining some previous studies related to the subject of the study. This chapter also addresses the objectives, importance, and hypotheses of statistical analysis. It also includes previous studies, commenting on them, identifying the research gap, and identifying weak points. Chapter Two: The theoretical framework of family businesses’ concepts, challenges, strategies, and performance Chapter Three/Study Methodology Chapter: It includes the scientific methodology on which the study relied, including hypotheses and the method of measuring variables. It includes methods of measuring variables, types of data sources, design of the survey list, population and sample, method of collecting data and information, and how this data will be processed to reach the results of the study. 10 Chapter Four: Data analysis and hypothesis testing. This chapter also deals with the statistical methods and methods used to analyze and process study data and test hypotheses, including knowing how to reach results and obtain from them appropriate recommendations for the subject of the study. Chapter Five: Results and recommendations chapter This chapter includes the results discussed in the study, recommendations, as well as future recommendations. •Arabic and foreign references. • Appendices. 4. Timeframe and Work Plan The date time will take a while to study: November Task December January February March April Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Research Proposal & approval 2 Introducation 3 The research problem 4 Research objectives 5 Literature Review 6 Research Methodology 7 Research design 11 References 5. References AL-Dien, B. A. (n.d.). Internationalization strategy in multinational companies. 15. Alon, I., Ranfagni, S., Vescovi, T., & Vianelli, D. (2020). Opportunities and challenges in internationalization of family business. italian journal of management, Vol. 38(Issue 2), 11-17. Blanzo-Mazagatos, V. D.-G. (2022). Involvement of multiple generations in management and internationalization of family firms in Spain: the moderating effect of SEW dimensions. . Journal of Family Business Management. Boukhrouba Marwa, &. M. (2012). The role of family companies in stimulating the stock market. 1-130. Cirillo, A. M. (2022). Exploring family millennials’ involvement in family business internationalization: Who should be their leader?.. Journal of family business strategy( 13(3), 100455.). Costa, J. (2022). Internationalization strategies at a crossroads: Family business market diffusion in the post-COVID era. Economies. International Business Review, 31(4). 12 De Massis, A. F. ( 2018). Family firms in the global economy: Toward a a deeper understanding of internationalization determinants, processes, and outcomes. Global Strategy Journal(8(1)), , 3-21. Espeche, J. F.-N.-V. (2023). Innovation and internationalisation during times of economic growth, crisis, and recovery prior to Covid-19: A configurational approach comparing Spanish manufacturing family and non-family firms. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 1(14). Graves, C. S. (2022). Family-centred non-economic goals and the internationalisation of family firms: Evidence from Australia. International Business Review, , 31(4), 101974. Qarsham, &. A. (2023). Family business form. . Journal of Legal and Economic Research(14(85),), 573-672. Varas-Fuente, O. J.-S.-M. (2022). Internationalisation and performance in family businesses: influence of the internationalisation path followed. . International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business,(46(2), ), 185-209. Yahya Al-Hussein, A. O. (2023). The impact of leadership succession planning on business continuity in family companies, an applied study on the Egyptian private sector. Scientific Journal of Business and Environmental Studies(14(2)), , 801-857. 13
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