Albany State Psy 8301 Trauma in Children
1 Trauma in children and adolescents Psychological seminar Trauma in children and adolescents 2 I. Introduction Trauma in children and adolescents constitutes issues in the lives of these individuals at a young age and during adulthood, requiring thorough research because of its profound and enduring consequences on mental, emotional, and physical health. This research seeks to dive into the dimensions of trauma within this age group, emphasizing its importance for comprehensive knowledge. By exploring the elements of trauma in adolescents and kids, the study aims to get to the bottom of the complexities in their studies. Establishing clear targets, the research strives to contribute to precious insights that could inform interventions, guidelines, and support systems, in the end fostering a more empathetic and knowledgeable technique to address the difficulty of trauma and its impact on youth. Statement of the Problem The problem is that trauma in adolescents and children is overlooked and under-researched compared to trauma in adults even though trauma at a young age can have a clear impact on your adult life. Childhood and early life are important to the developmental phases children experience, vulnerable to the enduring repercussions of annoying activities. Recognizing the pervasive incidence of trauma in this demographic, this observation is devoted to a focused exploration of its multifaceted dimensions and implications. The relevant objective is to illuminate the character and volume of trauma experienced with the aid of kids and teenagers, with a deliberate emphasis on knowledge of the nuanced intricacies (Moran et al., 2020). Through this exploration, the look aspires to find insights that pave the way for the identity of powerful interventions and preventive measures. By mitigating the adverse effects of trauma on the well-being of younger people, this research goal is to contribute appreciably to the enhancement of assistance systems and techniques tailored to the precise wishes of this populace. 3 Statement of the Purpose (Objective) The objective of my paper is to address and inform others about the trauma that children endure that gets overlooked during research and the effects it can have on their adult lives. This study aims to explore the complex nature of trauma experienced by children and adolescents, with specific objectives in mind. It seeks to comprehensively examine the types and occurrences of trauma within this demographic, shedding light on the various forms of adversity they encounter. Identifying risk factors contributing to trauma is crucial for gaining an understanding of the contextual factors shaping their experiences. Additionally, investigating the coping mechanisms employed by these individuals adds depth to our understanding, elucidating both adaptive and maladaptive strategies. Furthermore, the study aims to uncover the long-term consequences of childhood and adolescent trauma, offering insights that can inform early identification and intervention strategies. Ultimately, this research endeavors to equip policymakers, educators, and mental health professionals with valuable insights to develop targeted interventions and robust support systems for the affected population. Significance of the Study (Rationale) The significance of this observation lies in its potential to fill a crucial gap in understanding trauma in children and youth. Exploring the complexities surrounding this issue not only aims to contribute to evidence-based practices and interventions but also holds the promise of positively impacting the lives of young individuals who have endured trauma. Beyond individual impact, the research carries societal relevance, as a heightened understanding of childhood and adolescent trauma could foster the development of more empathetic and informed communities. This, in turn, has the potential to create a supportive environment necessary for the well-being and recovery of affected individuals, amplifying the broader societal benefits of such knowledge. 4 ii. Review of Literature A thorough review of the existing literature is crucial for placing the current study within the broader landscape of research on trauma in children and adolescents. Previous studies have examined different aspects of this topic, employing various methodologies and offering valuable insights. Research using Spinazzola et al. (2021) highlighted the prevalence of various varieties of trauma in adolescents, together with exposure to violence, neglect, and familial disruptions. The current study aimed to expand upon previous research on Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). A total of 271 children from ages 8-18 who were receiving mental health treatment from across six locations in the United States participated in the study. The DTD Structured Interview and the Traumatic Events Screening Instrument were used to assess the children’s experiences also known as the “Developmental Trauma Disorder SemiStructured Interview” (DTD-SI). On an initial analysis, it was found that both DTD (prevalence of 27.3%, N = 74) and PTSD (prevalence of 40.2%, N = 109) were associated with various traumatic events (Spinazzola et al.). These events included physical assault or abuse, family violence, emotional abuse, caregiver separation or impairment, and polyvictimization. The study also revealed that children who experienced both traumatic victimization and attachment trauma (36.2%) or attachment trauma alone (32.5%) were more likely to meet the symptom criteria for DTD compared to those who only experienced victimization (17.5%) or had no history of victimization or attachment trauma (8.1%) (Spinazzola et al.). Overall, the study’s results replicate and build upon previous research, highlighting that while DTD and PTSD share some traumatic antecedents, DTD is uniquely associated with traumatic emotional abuse and caregiver separation. 5 Further investigation is necessary to understand how specific types of trauma contribute to the risk, progression, and severity of DTD. Similarly, Negriff et al. (2019) conducted a longitudinal study known as the Young Adolescent Project (YAP) which aims to investigate the impact of abuse and neglect on the development of adolescents. This study is multidisciplinary and follows a developmental, ecological perspective and seeks to understand the physical, social, and psychological effects of childhood trauma and maltreatment as children transition into adolescence. The study has completed four waves of data collection, From early adolescence with a mean age of 10.95 to late adolescence with a mean age of 18.24. The group of maltreated children was made up of 303 children who were selected from new cases opened by the Department of Child and Family Services. In comparison, the comparison group consisted of 151 children who did not have any previous involvement with child welfare but lived in the same neighborhoods as the maltreated group. Many domains were assessed in the study, including physical development (such as height, weight, body mass, and pubertal development), physiological reactivity (such as cortisol levels), cognitive abilities, mental health (including symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma, and aggression), risk behavior (such as sexual activity, delinquency, and substance use), social development (including self-esteem, competence, and social support), family environment, and exposure to community violence (Negriff et al.). Overall, The findings have revealed the pervasive negative effects of child maltreatment/trauma across multiple domains. However, the study also identified maltreated youth who exhibited positive functioning. Our ultimate goal is for this research to contribute to the identification of intervention targets that can foster resilience and positive adaptation in individuals who have experienced early maltreatment. 6 In addition, Jannesari et al. (2021) qualitative exploration of sociocultural influences on trauma expression underscores the need for culturally sensitive interventions. Mayer and Quinn (2022) employ advanced neuroimaging techniques to reveal neurological alterations associated with trauma, offering insights crucial for tailored interventions. Lastly, Avery et al. (2020) investigation into trauma-informed practices in schools highlights the vital role of educational environments in addressing and supporting traumatized youth. Together, these studies enrich our understanding, providing insights into cultural nuances, neurobiological impacts, the buffering effects of social support, and the significance of educational institutions in the complex dynamics of trauma in children and adolescents. Their studies emphasized the lasting impact of trauma on mental fitness, highlighting the significance of early intervention and help. Recent research has made significant strides in uncovering the prevalence and various forms of trauma experienced by children and adolescents. However, a critical gap persists in understanding the nuanced coping mechanisms employed by these young individuals when faced with trauma. This paper aims to bridge this gap by delving into the adaptive and maladaptive strategies that children and teenagers utilize in response to distressing experiences. Building upon findings from previous studies, the research endeavors to extend beyond the current understanding, providing a more comprehensive perspective on how young people navigate and manage trauma. By shedding light on these coping mechanisms, the study seeks to contribute crucial insights that could inform targeted interventions and support systems tailored to the specific needs of this vulnerable population. Expanding on this, it is essential to recognize that the effectiveness of coping mechanisms can vary greatly depending on individual factors such as age, developmental stage, personality traits, and the nature of the traumatic experience itself. Adaptive coping strategies may include seeking social support, engaging in activities that promote relaxation and self-care, or reframing negative thoughts. On the other hand, maladaptive coping mechanisms may involve avoidance, substance 7 use, or self-harm as ways of managing distress. Furthermore, understanding the context in which these coping mechanisms operate is paramount. Factors such as family dynamics, socioeconomic status, cultural background, and access to resources can profoundly influence the coping strategies available to young individuals. Therefore, a holistic approach that considers individual and contextual factors is necessary to develop effective interventions and support systems. My study on trauma in children and adolescents is motivated by the necessity to conduct comprehensive research, establish clear objectives, and enhance the existing knowledge of trauma in adolescents. The research aims to provide valuable insights by investigating the importance of examining and critically reviewing relevant literature. Through this thorough examination, the objective is to construct a strong foundation that not only improves understanding but also facilitates effective strategies for addressing the complex dynamics of trauma within this specific age group. By integrating theoretical frameworks with practical implications, this study aspires to not only deepen scholarly understanding but also offer practical applications for professionals, educators, and policymakers grappling with the multifaceted challenges presented by childhood and adolescent trauma. References Negriff, S., Gordis, E. B., Susman, E. J., Kım, K., Peckins, M. K., Schneiderman, J. U., & Mennen, F. E. (2019). The Young Adolescent Project: A longitudinal study of the effects 8 of maltreatment on adolescent development. Development and Psychopathology, 32(4), 1440–1459. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419001391 Spinazzola, J., Van Der Kolk, B., & Ford, J. D. (2021). Developmental Trauma Disorder: A legacy of attachment trauma in victimized children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 34(4), 711–720. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22697 Moran, L., Reilly, K., & Brady, B. (2020). Introduction: Narrative Research with Children and Young People. In Springer eBooks (pp. 1–31). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-556471_1 Jannesari, S. et al. (2021) ‘How does context influence the delivery of mental health interventions for asylum seekers and refugees in low- and middle-income countries? A qualitative systematic review,’ International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-021-00501-y. Avery, J. et al. (2020) ‘Systematic Review of School-Wide Trauma-Informed Approaches,’ Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 14(3), pp. 381–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-020-00321-1. Mayer, A.R. and Quinn, D.K. (2022) ‘Neuroimaging biomarkers of New-Onset psychiatric Disorders following traumatic brain injury,’ Biological Psychiatry, 91(5), pp. 459– 469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.06.005.
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