Volcanoes Problems Packet
EE 105: Crises of Planet EarthVolcanoes: Identification & Hazards EE 105 Lab – Volcanoes: Identification & Hazards Part 1: Volcanic Hazards: Volcanoes are gaps in the earth’s crust, through which lava, ash, and gases are emitted. These hazards travel varying distances from a few miles to hundreds of miles away and present a threat to human and environmental health. The following are examples of these hazards: Volcanic Ash: Volcanic ash is formed during a volcanic eruption when gases become trapped in molten rock and are ejected into the air, or when water is rapidly heated and abruptly undergoes a phase shift to steam. In these events, the expansion or escape of gases shatter rocks and eject magma into the air, creating small particles that range from ~1 millimeter to far smaller than a millimeter in diameter. Ash can travel hundreds of miles from a volcano and can accumulate on landscapes, damaging human features (buildings, power-generation facilities, crops, etc.) and harming environmental well-being (making air quality worse, altering the climate on a short-term local scale). Pyroclastic Flow: Pyroclastic flow is a mixture of lava, ash, volcanic gas, and pumice that forms during volcanic eruptions, creating a sort of “avalanche” of substances down the volcano’s side. These flows travel at speeds relative to those of a car (exceeding 100 mph), can destroy natural and manmade features in their path, and can light nearby features such as forests and manmade structures on fire due to their high temperatures. Pyroclastic flows typically follow topography such as rivers and valleys, as well as manmade features like roadways. Lahars: Lahars are a combination of mudflow, debris flow, and pyroclastic flow that come from a volcano, following topography such as rivers and roadways in the volcano’s vicinity. In the context of a volcano, lava flow can interact with water-rich substances (soil, mud, snow, etc.) to create a viscous slurry of material that travels down the volcano’s slope. Eruption events can also eject water from nearby crater lakes to begin transporting debris, or by their associated pyroclastic flow mixing with water-rich substances as it moves down the volcano’s side. Lava Flow: Volcanic eruptions also eject melted, or molten, rock that travels as a liquid across the surrounding nearby landscape. Lava does not travel far, usually less than ~10 km, from its origin before it cools to a solid. Lava travels slowly EE 105: Crises of Planet EarthVolcanoes: Identification & Hazards across this distance. Lava flow has been known to destroy nearby homes as well as natural and manmade features in the vicinity of a volcano. Given the description of these hazards, work together with your teaching assistant to identify what hazards the following photographs of volcanic activity represent. In the space to the right, identify the feature you believe to be pictured, and explain your rationale. Also, indicate whether this event is evidence of a “past” eruption event: Example #1: Credit: USGS Example #2: Credit: USGS EE 105: Crises of Planet EarthVolcanoes: Identification & Hazards Example #3: Credit: USGS Example #4: Credit: USGS EE 105: Crises of Planet EarthVolcanoes: Identification & Hazards Example #5: Credit: NPS Example #6: Credit: EE 105: Crises of Planet EarthVolcanoes: Identification & Hazards In the following image, illustrate with colored pencils the areas over which you believe that Lava Flow, Pyroclastic Flow, and Ash fall would be impactful. Illustrate Provide a key to show which color corresponds to each included volcanic hazard: EE 105: Crises of Planet EarthVolcanoes: Identification & Hazards In the space below, summarize the major hazards that would be presented to the area in the vicinity of Mount Rainier if it were to erupt. What hazards to human and environmental features would Lava Flow, Ash fall, and Pyroclastic flow present on a short- and long-term basis? At the front of the lab are three volcanic rocks. On this page, name these rocks and describe their physical characteristics: EE 105: Crises of Planet EarthVolcanoes: Identification & Hazards For the final portion of this lab, you will be identifying a hypothetical volcano. Read the following information and use this information to identify a hypothetical volcano’s classification given information regarding its dimensions: Volcanos are categorized by their “half-width”, or half of the width of their base, and their height, or the elevation difference between their peak and base. This is demonstrated in the figure below. The ratio of a volcano is defined as the height of the volcano divided by the half-width of its base. Shield volcanoes are classified as volcanos with a ratio of less than 0.18, indicative of their less steep slope. Stratovolcanoes are volcanos with a ratio between 0.18 and 0.25. Cinder cones are volcanos with ratios above 0.25, indicating a very steep slope. In this case, the peak of the volcano is at 1,123 meters, the base of the volcano is at an elevation of 506 meters, and the width of the volcano is 12 kilometers. What variety of volcano is being described in this example?
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