1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote cell?

2. Draw a eukaryote cell. Label and give the function of its main parts.

3. What is a somatic cell?

4. What is a sex cell called?

5. What is meant by ‘genome’?

6. What does it mean when we say that every organism’s DNA is homoplasmic?

7. What structures in DNA turn food molecules into ATP, the high-energy molecule that powers cells and in turn, powers every tissue in the body?

8. Why is DNA considered to be the body’s ‘genetic code’ or the ‘blueprint for life’?

9. What is a chromosome? During which process do chromosomes appear?

10. In somatic cells chromosomes occur in homologous pairs. One is the maternal chromosome and contains the DNA or genetic information from the mother, the other is the ___________chromosome and contains the DNA from the _________.

11. Within each chromosome, DNA molecules form a sequence or code that is a template for the production of a protein, or part of a protein. Each protein has a specific function, and collectively proteins determine all physical characteristics and govern the functions of all ________, ________ and organs in the body.

12. Each protein generating code is a gene. The complete set of genes is called the ________.

13. Where in a cell is its DNA?

14. “The genetic code, DNA, is universal.” Explain

15. On a separate page:

a. Draw a DNA molecule and label the parts

b. Draw and label a nucleotide.

16. How does a DNA molecule replicate itself? Describe and draw the process.

17. How do somatic cells replicate themselves? Describe (or draw) the process.

18. Which cells divide through meiosis? Describe (or draw) the process of meiosis.

19. What is the evolutionary significance of meiosis? Population Genetics Questions

20. What can go wrong during meiosis?

21. Study Figure 3.14.

Which of Gregor Mendel’s laws does it demonstrate?

What does the Punnett Square demonstrate?

Understand figures a and b thoroughly enough to explain it to the class.

22. ‘Linkage’ is an exception to Mendel’s second law. How does linkage work?

23. Chromosomes come in pairs. All normal human somatic cells have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. How many pairs are there in all?

24. To function normally each human cell has to have both members of each chromosome pair, with a total of how many chromosomes?

25. What can happen if a fetus doesn’t have the correct number of chromosomes?

26. Offspring inherit one member of each chromosomal pair from the father and one from the _______.

27. Are partner chromosomes genetically identical? Explain

28. What is a karyotype?

29. Does the genetic information carried by chromosome partners govern the same or different traits?

30. How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a somatic cell (diploid)?

31. How many chromosomes are there in a gamete (sex cell) (haploid)?

32. What is the female’s gamete called? What is the father’s gamete called?

33. Every female gamete has an x chromosome. Where does the zygote get the second pair of that chromosome? What two possible chromosomes can it get?

34. What would happen if the sex cell was diploid?

35. Two gametes come together to make a __________.

36. How do regulatory genes differ from structural genes?

37. Along every chromosome, specific genes have specific physical locations, called a ______________.

38. Alleles, the subunits of a gene, are different chemical structures at the same locus – chemically alternative versions of the same gene.

39. The two alleles at any one genetic locus can be chemically identical, or chemically different. They identify the genotype. What is meant by genotype?

40. Mendel’s 1st Law, the Law of Segregation says that mother and father contribute equally to an offspring’s genetic makeup. For each gene the offspring have one allele from the mother and one from the father. These 2 alleles can be chemically the same – homozygous – or chemically different – ___________.

41. How many daughter cells – gametes – does meiosis produce?

42. Each of the daughter cells produced by meiosis has only one set of chromosomes, not pairs. Is it haploid or diploid?

43. Every gamete, having this one set, can pass on only one allele for each gene. Say the gamete that the father contributes has the allele for brown hair (dominant), and the allele from the mother is for red (recessive), what color hair will the offspring have? Make a Punnett Square to figure this out.

44. Look at Figure 3.21 on page 64. Why are all the first generation flowers red? Why does the white color reappear in the second generation? Population Genetics Questions

45. When alleles are heterozygous, the dominant one will be expressed in the ___________.

The recessive gene will not be expressed. The phenotype is the visible manifestation of the gene.

People who have the genotype AA or AO have the same phenotype. What is the phenotype?

46. Sharon’s blood type is A. Do you know what her genotype is? What two genotypes could she have?

47. What has to be the case for a recessive allele to be expressed?

48. What is meant by two alleles being codominant? Which allele is expressed if two alleles are codominant? If someone has type AB blood what is that person’s phenotype and genotype.

49. Genetics is complex, genes don’t match simply to traits. Some genes are polygenic.

What is meant by polygenic?  What is pleiotropy?

50. In humans, thousands of complex phenotypes, such as birth weight, height, skin color, head form, tooth size and eye shape, have multiple genetic components and are influenced by what other kind of factors?

51. Environmental factors that affect a mother can also affect her developing fetus. If the fetus is female, the developing ova may also be affected so that environmental factors operating at a fixed point in time can affect the health and well-being of subsequent generations.

52. What is a simple definition of epigenetics?

53. From conception, ‘epigenetic’ mechanisms within cells may be activated by a variety of behavioral and environmental factors. What are some of these? Population Genetics Questions

ADDITIONAL INFO 

What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote cell?

Introduction

Many scientists and students misunderstand the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. This is because there are many differences between these two cell types, which can be difficult to understand. However, understanding the differences between these two cell types will help you understand how organisms function at the molecular level and how they interact with their environment.

Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells.

When you think about a prokaryote, it’s easy to assume that they’re small. They’re the ones living in your gut and on your skin! But not all bacteria are tiny—some can be as big as grains of sand, or even bigger than some insects.

The reason for this is that many of these large cells have internal structures that help them survive and grow (more on this below). There are also different types of prokaryotes: some have only one membrane, others can have multiple membranes; some have nuclei while others do not; etcetera ad nauseam.

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have a different shape.

Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells have different shapes. Prokaryotes are spherical, while eukaryotes are not. A prokaryote has a cell wall, which makes it harder to break down in the stomachs of animals like us (and other predators). If you were to eat a bacterium or other single-celled organism that doesn’t have a cell wall, your body would digest it just fine!

Eukaryotes also have multiple chromosomes instead of one like in most bacteria and archaea do; this is why they’re called “eukaryotes”.

Prokaryotic Cells and the Vast Genetic Code of the Prokaryotes

Prokaryotic cells have a smaller genome than eukaryotes. The vast majority of prokaryotes have much less DNA than eukaryotic cells, which means that they can’t carry out as many functions or processes because their genomes are too small to contain all the necessary genes. A typical bacterium will have less than 2 million bases (20 times fewer than yours!) compared to your 3 billion base pairs!

There’s also something called an “intron” in prokaryotic cells—a section between two exons that isn’t essential for protein synthesis and therefore doesn’t need to be included in the final product (like a gene). This is different from intergenic regions where no particular function exists but still has its own purpose within the organism’s overall structure; these non-coding sections aren’t found in bacteria either!

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell metabolism

Eukaryotic cells have a lot more enzymes than prokaryotes, which means they’re more efficient at using oxygen and sugar. This is because eukaryotic cells have mitochondria (tiny power plants), which can produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to fuel the cell’s activities.

Prokaryotic cells don’t have mitochondria, so they use other ways of generating energy instead. One of the most common ways is through fermentation: if you give a bacterium glucose and oxygen, it will convert some of this into carbon dioxide and water—which can then be released through respiration. But there are also several types of anaerobic metabolism that do not require oxygen in order to work; these include chemoorganotrophy (the breakdown of organic compounds using chemical reactions) or fermentative metabolism where sugars are converted into alcohols or other products by yeasts or bacteria (called methanogens).

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Structural Organization

The difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that the former lack a nucleus. Prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotes, with their smallest cell being about 2 microns in diameter (about 1/10th of a millimeter). The membrane of these cells can be quite small—some species may have as few as three membranes!

The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells lies in how they organize their internal structures. The DNA molecule is circular for both types of cells, but it’s also shorter in prokaryotic organisms because they don’t need to store large amounts of information within their nuclei. In contrast, eukaryotic DNA molecules tend to be longer because they need more room inside the nucleus for complex proteins that assist in transmitting signals from one region (the cytoplasm) to another (the nucleus).

Understanding the differences between these cell types is important to understanding the functions of different organisms.

Understanding the differences between these cell types is important to understanding the functions of different organisms. Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome, whereas eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes. Prokaryotic cells also do not contain organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells do.

Prokaryotes are generally simple in structure and function; however many prokaryotes contain complex structural components such as flagellum proteins or membrane fusion proteins (e.g., bacterial toxins).

Conclusion

So there you have it! You now know the differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells. Hopefully this article has been informative and helpful for you as well as those in your life who may not know the difference between these two types of cells.