Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Paper Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Paper Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner, it is essential for you to have a strong background in foundational neuroscience. In order to diagnose and treat clients, you must not only understand the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, but also how medications for these disorders impact the central nervous system. These concepts of foundational neuroscience can be challenging to understand. Therefore, this Discussion is designed to encourage you to think through these concepts, develop a rationale for your thinking, and deepen your understanding by interacting with your colleagues. ORDER INSTRUCTIONS-COMPLIANT NURSING PAPERS 1. Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents. 2. Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels. 3. Explain the role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action. 4. Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to clients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a client in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medications action. Name:?NURS_6630_Week1_Discussion_Rubric Grid View List View ? Outstanding Performance Excellent Performance Competent Performance Proficient Performance Room for Improvement Main Posting: Response to the discussion question is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis representative of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources. 44?(44%)?? 44?(44%) Thoroughly responds to the discussion question(s) is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis representative of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources. supported by at least 3 current, credible sources 40?(40%)?? 43?(43%) Responds to the discussion question(s) is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis representative of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth supported by at least 3 credible references 35?(35%)?? 39?(39%) Responds to most of the discussion question(s) is somewhat reflective with critical analysis and synthesis representative of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. 50% of post has exceptional depth and breadth supported by at least 3 credible references 31?(31%)?? 34?(34%) Responds to some of the discussion question(s) one to two criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and synthesis somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. post is cited with fewer than 2 credible references 0?(0%)?? 30?(30%) Does not respond to the discussion question(s) lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings for the module. contains only 1 or no credible references Main Posting: Writing 6?(6%)?? 6?(6%) Written clearly and concisely Contains no grammatical or spelling errors Fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style 5.5?(5.5%)?? 5.5?(5.5%) Written clearly and concisely May contain one or no grammatical or spelling error Adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style 5?(5%)?? 5?(5%) Written concisely May contain one to two grammatical or spelling error Adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style 4.5?(4.5%)?? 4.5?(4.5%) Written somewhat concisely May contain more than two spelling or grammatical errors Contains some APA formatting errors 0?(0%)?? 4?(4%) Not written clearly or concisely Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style Main Posting: Timely and full participation 10?(10%)?? 10?(10%) Meets requirements for timely and full participation posts main discussion by due date 0?(0%)?? 0?(0%) NA 0?(0%)?? 0?(0%) NA 0?(0%)?? 0?(0%) NA 0?(0%)?? 0?(0%) Does not meet requirement for full participation First Response: Post to colleagues main post that is reflective and justified with credible sources. 9?(9%)?? 9?(9%) Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings responds to questions posed by faculty the use of scholarly sources to support ideas demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives 8.5?(8.5%)?? 8.5?(8.5%) Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings 7.5?(7.5%)?? 8?(8%) Response has some depth and may exhibit critical thinking or application to practice setting 6.5?(6.5%)?? 7?(7%) Response is on topic, may have some depth 0?(0%)?? 6?(6%) Response may not be on topic, lacks depth First Response: Writing 6?(6%)?? 6?(6%) Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues Response to faculty questions are fully answered if posed Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources Response is effectively written in Standard Edited English 5.5?(5.5%)?? 5.5?(5.5%) Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues Response to faculty questions are answered if posed Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources Response is effectively written in Standard Edited English 5?(5%)?? 5?(5%) Communication is mostly professional and respectful to colleagues Response to faculty questions are mostly answered if posed Provides opinions and ideas that are supported by few credible sources Response is written in Standard Edited English 4.5?(4.5%)?? 4.5?(4.5%) Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication Response to faculty questions are somewhat answered if posed Few or no credible sources are cited 0?(0%)?? 4?(4%) Responses posted in the discussion lack effective Response to faculty questions are missing No credible sources are cited First Response: Timely and full participation 5?(5%)?? 5?(5%) Meets requirements for timely and full participation posts by due date 0?(0%)?? 0?(0%) NA 0?(0%)?? 0?(0%) NA 0?(0%)?? 0?(0%) NA 0?(0%)?? 0?(0%) Does not meet requirement for full participation Second Response: Post to colleagues main post that is reflective and justified with credible sources. 9?(9%)?? 9?(9%) Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings * responds to questions posed by faculty the use of scholarly sources to support ideas demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives 8.5?(8.5%)?? 8.5?(8.5%) Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings 7.5?(7.5%)?? 8?(8%) Response has some depth and may exhibit critical thinking or application to practice setting 6.5?(6.5%)?? 7?(7%) Response is on topic, may have some depth 0?(0%)?? 6?(6%) Response may not be on topic, lacks depth Second Response: Writing 6?(6%)?? 6?(6%) Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues Response to faculty questions are fully answered if posed Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources Response is effectively written in Standard Edited English 5.5?(5.5%)?? 5.5?(5.5%) Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues Response to faculty questions are answered if posed Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources Response is effectively written in Standard Edited English 5?(5%)?? 5?(5%) Communication is mostly professional and respectful to colleagues Response to faculty questions are mostly answered if posed Provides opinions and ideas that are supported by few credible sources Response is written in Standard Edited English 4.5?(4.5%)?? 4.5?(4.5%) Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication Response to faculty questions are somewhat answered if posed Few or no credible sources are cited 0?(0%)?? 4?(4%) Responses posted in the discussion lack effective Response to faculty questions are missing No credible sources are cited Second Response: Timely and full participation 5?(5%)?? 5?(5%) Meets requirements for timely and full participation Posts by due date 0?(0%)?? 0?(0%) NA DISCUSSION_RUBRIC_PSYCHOPHARM Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Paper Order Now

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 

Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology

Introduction

Psychopharmacologic treatment is the use of medications to treat mental disorders. Medications can be used in conjunction with psychotherapy, or they may be used alone. Psychopharmacologic therapy has been shown to be effective in treating a number of different disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia. In this article we will discuss how these medications work and their various classes based on mechanism of action and side effects associated with each class

Introduction to Psychopharmacologic Treatment

Psychopharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on behavior and mental processes. The goal of psychopharmacology is to understand how drugs affect brain function, including cognition and emotions, as well as other systems in the body such as muscles. This knowledge can be used to develop new treatments for psychiatric disorders such as depression or schizophrenia.

Psychopharmacology can be used to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders by using different types of medications:

• Antidepressants – These medications work by increasing levels of serotonin (a chemical messenger) in your brain. Serotonin plays an important role in regulating moods; when levels are low it can cause depression while high levels can lead to mania (excitement). Antidepressants help balance these imbalances by increasing serotonin availability within certain parts of your brain where it’s needed most; this helps restore normal moods back into balance after suffering from prolonged periods where everything seemed out-of-control because we weren’t getting enough “happy juice” flowing around our bodies through foods containing nutrients like tryptophan which helps produce more serotonin.* Antipsychotic Medications – These meds target dopamine receptors located throughout several areas inside each lobe including frontal cortex area which regulates thought processes related specifically towards planning out future actions like whether something seems “right” versus “wrong” so if someone thinks about doing something illegal he’ll probably end up feeling guilty afterwards since he knows what’s right vs wrong but didn’t act appropriately based off his own internal values system set forth at birth.”

Medication Classes and Mechanism of Action

• Antidepressants: These drugs are used to treat depression and anxiety. They can be prescribed as antidepressants or to prevent the development of depression in people at risk.

• Antipsychotics: These medications help control symptoms associated with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and manic episodes (rapid cycling).

• Mood stabilizers: Used to manage bipolar I or II condition that includes rapid cycling or mixed features. Also used for treatment-resistant depression in adults who have not responded adequately to first-line antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotoninergic reuptake inhibitors (SRIs)).

Psychopharmacologic treatments for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

• Atypical antipsychotic drugs are used to treat MDD.

• Mechanism of action: These medications block the effects of dopamine, which is a neurotransmitter in the brain involved in arousal and movement. Blocking these receptors can help reduce symptoms of depression.

• Side effects: Nausea and weight gain are common side effects associated with these medications; however, they may also result from other sources such as poor diet or lack of exercise. Antipsychotics may cause metabolic changes that can increase blood sugar levels or lead to diabetes mellitus (type 2). Some people who take these medicines develop heart rhythm problems or arrhythmias—shortening or stopping of the heartbeat—which may require medical attention if they occur frequently enough for fear they could lead to death due to cardiac arrest due to abnormal heart rhythms happening during sleep at night while sleeping peacefully on their backs waiting patiently until morning comes so they can wake up bright-eyed again feeling refreshed after having slept well through out another day knowing full well tomorrow will be a new beginning filled with possibility possibilities yet unknowns ahead still remain unknowns just waiting patiently until they do reveal themselves one day soon hopefully soon not too far away now because time flies when we’re having fun right now!

Treatment of Bipolar Disorder

Treatment for bipolar disorder is a combination of medication and psychotherapy. These two types of treatment work together to help patients manage their symptoms. The medications used to treat bipolar disorder are called mood stabilizers, which are used to stabilize moods and prevent relapse into manic or depressive episodes. They also reduce the risk of suicide attempts in people with bipolar disorder.

Common side effects include dry mouth, loss of appetite, dizziness/dizziness during periods (syncope), constipation and fatigue. These side effects can be managed by taking anticholinergics such as chlorpheniramine or diphenhydramine along with using an antidepressant such as bupropion (Wellbutrin) if you have an allergy or sensitivity to these drugs

Antipsychotic Medications and Schizophrenia

Antipsychotics are medications used to treat schizophrenia and other mental health conditions. In addition to their use in the treatment of schizophrenia, antipsychotics can also be used as mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder, or as antidepressants for depression.

Psychopharmacologic Treatments of Mood Disorders

• Antidepressants

Antidepressants are the most commonly prescribed medications for depression. They work by increasing levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. Antidepressant drugs can be categorized into two types: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). SSRIs include Prozac® and Zoloft® while TCA’s include amitriptyline and imipramine. Antidepressants may cause side effects such as nausea or headache but they have fewer risks than antipsychotic medications

Takeaway:

• Psychopharmacologic treatment of mood disorders:

• Psychopharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia:

• Psychopharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder:

• Psychopharmacologic treatment of major depressive disorder:

Conclusion

Psychopharmacologic treatments for depression and anxiety disorders are an important part of treatment for many patients. The most common medications used in the treatment of these disorders include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, beta-blockers, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and benzodiazepines. In addition, there are several other classes of medications that can be helpful in treating depression or anxiety disorders.

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