Do not include statements such as great work, or excellent p
Do not include statements such as great work, or excellent post. Try to include information that is challenging and respectful and that will stimulate debate. Additionally, please remember that simply posting the main post and a student colleague response post does not end the forum; the discussion forum should be dialogue that is continual until the Sunday deadline. Also, be mindful of including references and citations whenever citing facts to support your position.Response post 250 words and 1 reference for support per each numbered response below is also the minimum. This is a Master’s Degree program and course and the award of maximum credit is reserved only for those posts that are exemplary!Also the content of the Forum Assignment will often ask the student to take a position on a particular topic. However, this is not a strict opinion paper in which you the student can just make a statement of what you think or what your experiences are on a topic. Instead, the student needs to support their opinion or experiences with qualifying research from academic source. APA 6th edition citations and references must be used always!Hence, do not include statements such as great work, or excellent post. Try to include information that is challenging and respectful and that will stimulate debate. Additionally, please remember that simply posting the main post and a student colleague response post does not end the forum; the discussion forum should be dialogue that is continual until the Sunday deadline. Also, be mindful of including references and citations whenever citing facts to support your position.1. Every product produced has a commodity value chain, it does not matter if it is a tire, automobile, child’s toy, or illegal narcotics such as cocaine. Every product sole has a value chain that must be established for such a product to be produced, sold and consumed. A prime example of how value chains work and how delicate they can be is occurring right now as we speak. With the Coronavirus ravaging the world, supply chains have been affected, and now new products are not being produced, distributed, and consumed as they were just a few short weeks prior. Commodity chains provide important insights on how power, resource, and market access mediate the distribution of benefits and risks in the economy (Neimark, Mahanty, & Dressler, 2016). Commodity chain was defined by Hopkins and Wallerstein as “networks of labor and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity” (Neimark, Mahanty, & Dressler, 2016, p. 241). What commodity chain has done is open new opportunities to examine how power and social relations coalesce around commodities, their modes of production, transformation, and consumption (Neimark, Mahanty, & Dressler, 2016). Any drug trafficking organization has conducted significant analysis into the supply and distribution chains around the world, in order to maximize the productivity of manufacture, distribution/transportation, and sale of their products to the consumers.Originally, coca consumption out of the Andean countries did not develop into the cocaine business until the mid-1970s with the widescale consumption of cocaine recreationally, following the hippie era of the 1960s (Vellinga, 2007). By the 1980s the cocaine industry was booming all across the world, especially the United States, with an influx of cocaine from Columbia the supply chains have been thoroughly established. The rise of cocaine consumption gave rise to the legitimacy of producing countries including the production and trafficking of cocaine. Coca was an ideal crop for the peasant population providing a steady stream of income.Due to the illegal nature of cocaine production from the coca leaves, major roadblocks occur when government entities interfere with the supply chain of coca production. This illegality greatly affects the market structure and the strategies of the organization (cartel or drug trafficking organization) involved including the producers, sellers, and consumers, which have turned violence into a resource that has become a staple or normal element in the market competition (Vellinga, 2007). Because of the high value/monetary stakes of the cocaine industry, the drug organizations must defend it at all costs, including against the government forces and rival drug organizations. Economically cocaine has a tremendously high mark up at the time of sale. It is economical to produce and vastly increases in value from the production location to consumption location. To produce one kilogram of cocaine it is estimated to cast 170 US dollars per hectare, or 2.471 acres) (Vellinga, 2007). The $170 investment includes land preparation, coca seedlings, fertilizer (agrochemicals), and equipment use (Vellinga, 2007). Labor typically costs around $2,500 per hectare. After a growing season, the hectare will typically yield about three metric tons of coca leaves per year, which eventually is turned into seven to eight kilograms of cocaine (Vellinga, 2007). It is estimated that putting one kilogram of cocaine into the market (for sale) cocaine costs between $6,600 and $8,700 a kilogram. But with narcotics, every phase of trafficking has a tremendous mark-up due to the risk of being caught, illegal nature or activity, and danger to the traffickers, by the time the cocaine reaches its final destination, for example, the United States or western Europe, one kilogram of cocaine may reach $100,000 or more per kilogram (Vellinga, 2007). Accounting for these tremendous mark-ups in value is government interventions that will seize some amount of drugs and even work with a foreign government to stop production overseas or disrupt supply chains of components required in the production of narcotics. The U.S. counternarcotics policies responding to drug-trafficking have placed a premium on narcotics making their way into America and other nations (Wyler, & Cook, 2011).Reference:Vellinga, M. (2007). The illegal drug industry in Latin America: The coca-cocaine commodity value chain. Ibero-Americana, 37(2), 89-105,3,7. Doi: 10.16993/ibero.209Wyler, L. S., & Cook, N. (2011). Illegal drug trade in Africa: Trends and U.S. policy. Current Politics and Economics of Africa, 4(2), 265-350. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docv…Neimark, B., Mahanty, S., & Dressler, W. (2016). Mapping value in a “Green” commodity frontier: Revisiting commodity chain analysis. Development and Change, 47(2), 240–265. doi: 10.1111/dech.122262. If all drugs were to be instantly legalized it is very difficult to tell what would happen in society. Violence and violent crimes most certainly are a part of the drug industry. It can be from drug organizations committing violence on other drug organizations, consumers, debtors, and law enforcement who attempt to stop the flow of narcotics. Violence occurs when people steal/rip- off other people’s drugs, or when people drug dealers commit acts of violence of their buyers and sellers. Violence is inherent in every aspect of the drug industry. And by making all drugs instantly legal to possess, transport and consume will all this violence suddenly go away, and a short answer to a complicated question is no it will not.Drug cartels or drug trafficking organizations are some of the most violent groups known on the face of the planet. These organizations use violence to intimidate people including law enforcement, in order to allow them to operate. Violence is conducted on everybody from innocent civilians to political leaders in an attempt to bully people in giving these organizations what they want. For example, in Mexico, since the 2006 crackdown on drug-related violence by the Mexican President nearly 23,000 people have been killed up to 2010, nearly 3,365 people were killed in the first few months of 2010 alone (Buchanan, 2011). While this is not classified as a traditional war, there has been a violent drug war raging in Mexico between drug cartels and the Mexican government with no end in sight. This war has spilled over into the United States with increases in violence on Americans relating to drugs. If the United States were to make all drugs legal in America, this would still not reduce the amount of violence occurring around the globe. Mexico, Columbia, Afghanistan, China, etc. are all drug-producing nations, and all have designated narcotics as illegal, hence they are in a constant battle to stop production and distribution. Advocates of legalizing drugs do not want drugs such as cocaine and heroin legalized because they have realized these ‘hard drugs’ come with serious problems. Advocates also do not want complete legalization of the ‘soft drugs’ such as marijuana because again there are problems with unfettered access to any and all drugs. Advocates for legalization propose government controls to the price, purity, distribution, and access to drugs in order to have some measure of control over the drugs (Buchanan, 2011). Having control of drugs can regulate its sale to designated people, limits on potency, and regulation about where and when drugs can be sold. These regulations like there are on legal drugs such as alcohol breed a black-market industry. Even if drugs were to be legalized there would still be illegal activity occurring, and with illegal activity, there will inherently be some level of violence occurring.With legalizing drugs there would probably be a measurable amount of violence reduction. Because the consumption, possession, and transportation of drugs would be legal, there could predictably be fewer conflicts with police. But this does not stop others from stealing legal products, or committing acts of violence while consuming mind-altering narcotics. And if there is strict regulation in place by the government to control the legalized drugs, there will be violence within the industry. Reference:Buchanan, H., 2011. Fleeing the drug war next door: Drug-related violence as a basis for refugee protection for Mexican asylum-seekers. Utrecht Journal of International and European Law, 27(72), pp.28–60. doi: 10.5334/ujiel.aiBuchsbaum, H. (1994). Legalizing drugs. Scholastic Update, 126(14), 8
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