So far in the project, you have explored a social problem, selected a relevant federal policy, and analyzed the policy’s development and potential impacts. These assignments have not on
So far in the project, you have explored a social problem, selected a relevant federal policy, and analyzed the policy's development and potential impacts. These assignments have not only enabled you to demonstrate mastery of the course competencies, but have provided you with an initial experience with federal policy analysis, a valuable professional practice for your work as a social worker.
By successfully completing this assignment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following EPAs and practice behaviors:
- Competency 2: Engage Diversity and Difference in Practice
- C2.GP.A: Apply and communicate understanding of the importance of diversity and difference in shaping life experiences into practice at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels.
- Related Assignment Criteria:
- 1. Analyze the social justice issue and its connection to the chosen population, including addressing cultural values, privilege, and power in your analysis.
- 2. Analyze the federal policy and its connection to the social justice problem and the targeted population.
- Related Assignment Criteria:
- C2.GP.A: Apply and communicate understanding of the importance of diversity and difference in shaping life experiences into practice at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels.
- Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice
- C5.GP.B: Assess how social welfare and economic policies impact the delivery of and access to social services.
- Related Assignment Criteria:
- 4. Evaluate the effectiveness of the policy, including addressing issues with policy design, implementation practices, and external constraints that inhibit effectiveness.
- 6. Draw conclusions about the continuing effectiveness of the policy.
- Related Assignment Criteria:
- C5.GP.B: Assess how social welfare and economic policies impact the delivery of and access to social services.
- Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice
- C5.GP.C: Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice.
- Related Assignment Criteria:
- 3. Analyze the historical issues and context leading up to and including the development of the policy.
- 5. Evaluate the feasibility of the policy from political, economic, and administrative perspectives.
- 7. Provide recommendations to improve the policy or to replace it with alternative solutions, including a plan for advocacy and implementation.
- Related Assignment Criteria:
- C5.GP.C: Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice.
Assignment Description
This assignment is the final component of your course project. Part of this assignment is a compilation of all previous assignments, revised according to your instructor's feedback. All the course assignments will be combined to create a policy analysis report. The purpose of this assignment is to analyze the extent to which your chosen federal policy addresses the social justice issue concerning your chosen population and to make recommendations.
Assignment Instructions
As noted above, use the revised work you have done in your Policy Selection and Background (Week 4) and Policy Analysis (Week 6) assignments to develop a complete analysis. Additionally, this final submission includes recommendations you would make regarding future changes to the policy to improve its effectiveness in address the social justice issue for the chosen population.
For your final version, include:
Introduction
Body of Paper
Address the following, based on revising the assignments you submitted previously:
- Analyze the social justice issue and its connection to the chosen population, addressing cultural values, privilege, and power in your analysis.
- Analyze the federal policy and its connection to the social justice problem and the targeted population.
- Analyze the historical issues and context leading up to, and including, the development of the policy.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the policy, including addressing issues with policy design, implementation practices, and external constraints that inhibit effectiveness.
- Evaluate the feasibility of the policy from political, economic, and administrative perspectives.
Conclusion
- Provide a brief summary of the current state of the policy's implementation in regard to the chosen social justice issue and target population.
- Draw conclusions based on your analysis about the continuing effectiveness of the policy. What have been the policy's strengths and weaknesses, and how might these look going forward? Cite specific examples to support your analysis.
Recommendations
- Provide recommendations to improve the policy or to replace it with alternative solutions, including a plan for how you will advocate for these changes. Should the policy be replaced, modified, or extended upon?
- Justify your recommendations for new policies or revisions with a detailed rationale.
- Describe how the new or revised policy for the chosen population will be implemented into policy planning and action.
Guidelines
Before completing this assignment, make sure you also refer to the rubric that will be used to grade your work.
Example assignment: You may use the assignment example, linked in the Resources, to give you an idea of what a Proficient or higher rating on the rubric would look like.
Additional Requirements
The assignment you submit is expected to meet the following requirements:
- Written communication: Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message.
- APA formatting: Resources and citations are formatted according to current APA style and formatting standards.
- Parts of the paper: Include a title page, table of contents, body of paper, references, and running headers.
- Cited resources: Minimum of eight scholarly sources. All literature cited should be current, with publication dates within the past five years.
- Length of paper: 12–16 double-spaced, typed pages.
- Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.
- Due date: Assignment must be submitted to your instructor in the courseroom no later than 11:59 p.m. on Friday of this week.
Addressing Healthcare Disparities in Racial and Ethnic Minorities through the Affordable Care Act
Kiara Bonds
Capella University
SWK 5002
November 5, 2023
Addressing Healthcare Disparities in Racial and Ethnic Minorities through the Affordable Care Act
Racial and ethnic minority healthcare disparities are a serious social justice issue. Cultural obstacles, socioeconomic issues, implicit bias, and structural racism are the main causes of the discrepancies. The factors lead to poor health outcomes and unequal access to high-quality healthcare. United States crested the Affordable Care Act (ACA) to alleviate the healthcare inequities among racial and ethnic minorities (Adamson et al., 2019). Affordable Care Act (ACA) was a federal law enacted order to create health insurance markets and increase Medicaid eligibility. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) also mandates essential health benefits and forbids insurance companies from refusing coverage due to pre-existing diseases. The goal of the Affordable Care Act was to lessen racial and ethnic minority gaps in healthcare access and provision. This paper explores the ACA goals, services and programs it offers, the background, and its effects.
Purpose of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)
The 2010 Affordable Care Act aimed to improve healthcare access and reduce disparities, It was targeted to elevate healthcare disparity issues affecting racial and ethnic minorities. Many minorities were disproportionately represented and had limited access to health insurance. ACA's expansion of Medicaid eligibility extended coverage to numerous low-income individuals, a substantial portion of whom come from minority backgrounds. ACA anticipated to increase Medicaid eligibility and deliver insurance coverage to affected low-income individuals. (Snowden et al., 2022). The expansion was crucial in addressing disparities in access to healthcare services.
Second, the ACA created markets for health insurance. Families and individuals could shop about for and compare various insurance policies. According to Hero et al. (2019), the marketplaces provided a means for underrepresented groups to select plans that aligned with their health needs at an affordable cost. Thirdly, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) forbade insurance companies from refusing coverage to customers who already had medical issues. Numerous racial and ethnic minority groups frequently suffer from chronic illnesses or have had prior health problems; therefore, the service would be helpful to them. (Huguet et al., 2019). The ACA also mandated that essential health benefits be offered in insurance plans. The benefits included preventive care, mental health services, and prescription drug coverage, among others. The essential health benefits ensured racial and ethnic minority populations access necessary healthcare services. They removed financial barriers that often-prevented disadvantaged populations from seeking necessary healthcare.
Programs and Services Provided through the ACA
The ACA introduced several programs and services to achieve its objectives of reducing healthcare disparities and improving healthcare access for racial and ethnic minorities. Medicaid eligibility was expanded in many states and allowed individuals with incomes up to 138% of the federal poverty level to qualify for coverage. The expansion increased insurance coverage among low-income minority populations. Creation of health insurance marketplaces eases the access and purchase insurance plans that suit individual needs. Marketplaces offered options and subsidies to lower-income individuals to afford insurance (Ercia et al., 2021). The ACA's prohibition on coverage denials based on pre-existing conditions also removed barriers to accessing insurance for chronic ill. Racial and ethnic minorities often experience higher rates of chronic conditions.
The target population for the programs and services provided through the Affordable Care Act (ACA) primarily includes low-income individuals and families, many of whom belong to racial and ethnic minority populations. Specifically, these programs and services aim to benefit those with limited financial resources previously at risk of being uninsured or underinsured. Minority communities often encompass Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American populations. They often face disparities in healthcare access and coverage due to socioeconomic factors.
Connection to the Social Justice Problem
Healthcare disparities in racial and ethnic minority populations often manifest as unequal access to healthcare services and poorer health outcomes for minority individuals and communities. The disparities are deeply rooted in structural racism, implicit bias, socioeconomic factors, and cultural barriers. ACA directly addresses targeting the root causes of healthcare disparities. It recognizes that individuals from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds face greater barriers to accessing healthcare, like limited income, pre-existing conditions, and cultural differences that cause discrimination (Baumgartner et al., 2020). The ACA aims to mitigate the barriers by expanding Medicaid, establishing health insurance marketplaces, prohibiting coverage denials, and mandating essential health benefits. The provisions collectively bridge gap in healthcare access and provision for minority populations. Research has shown that the policy has resulted in substantial coverage gains among Black, Hispanic, and Asian populations, narrowing insurance coverage gaps (Baumgartner et al., 2020). Medicaid expansion under the ACA has also positively affected access to care for low-income minorities.
Historical Issues and Context Leading to the ACA
Complex historical situation and substantial political dynamics influenced Affordable Care Act development and enactment. Healthcare disparities in racial and ethnic minorities has a long history in the United States. The disparities are rooted in systemic racism, socioeconomic inequalities, and unequal access to quality healthcare. Healthcare disparities have been perpetuated by policies excluding racial and ethnic minorities from accessing essential services. Implicit bias among healthcare professionals also causes differential treatment based on race or ethnicity and exacerbates the disparities.
The ACA emerged in response to the longstanding disparities and need for comprehensive healthcare reform. President Barack Obama championed the policy and made it pass through a contentious political process. It was aimed at address the historical inequalities and create equitable healthcare system (Carrasco-Aguilar et al., 2022). However, the policy faced opposition from some political leaders. They argued that policy would result to government overreach and negatively impact the healthcare system.
The ACA's historical background is marked by debates in Congress and legal challenges that questioned the policy's constitutionality. Supreme Court upheld the law in 2012, affirming its place in the U.S. healthcare system (Jost & Keith, 2020). ACA has since made progress in reducing healthcare disparities among racial and ethnic minorities.
Impact of Historical Features on Policy Implementation
The historical features and challenges surrounding the ACA’s establishment impacted its implementation. The political debates and legal challenges delayed the ACA ‘s full implementation. They delayed the policy benefits, and targeted populations were forced to wait for the essential services. ACA allowed states choose between expanding Medicaid. The freedom of has brought disparities in access to Medicaid benefits. Some states opted to expand Medicaid, providing greater access to low-income individuals from minority backgrounds. However, others failed to adopt, leaving many without coverage (Crowley et al., 2020). The historical political controversy surrounding the ACA has also enhanced the ongoing efforts to repeal or amend the policy.
Some states choose to extend Medicaid, giving minority low-income people more access to healthcare. Some, nevertheless, failed to adopt the policy and left many without coverage (Crowley et al., 2020). The ACA's political turbulence in the past has bolstered current efforts to change or repeal the law. The ongoing debates have also created uncertainty for individuals and families who rely on the ACA for healthcare coverage.
Conclusion
Racial and ethnic minority healthcare disparities are a serious social justice issue that need for multipronged solutions. Significant progress has been made in addressing the disparities by the Affordable Care Act. The law has created health insurance markets, increased Medicaid eligibility, outlawed coverage denials due to pre-existing conditions, and mandated essential health benefits. For many minority populations, the provisions have greatly improved healthcare coverage and access. However, the ACA's past of legal disputes and political arguments has complicated its application and prolonged the uncertainty surrounding it. Despite these obstacles, the ACA has significantly decreased the number of people without health insurance and increased racial and ethnic minority populations' access to care. Collaborative efforts among healthcare professionals, policymakers, and social workers are crucial in advancing equity and social justice in healthcare. Building upon the ACA's successes, addressing its limitations, and remaining committed ongoing efforts can mitigate healthcare disparities among these vulnerable communities.
References
Adamson, B. J. S., Cohen, A. B., Estevez, M., Magee, K., Williams, E., Gross, C. P., Meropol, N. J., & Davidoff, A. J. (2019). Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansion impact on racial disparities in time to cancer treatment. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 37(18_suppl), LBA1–LBA1. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.18_suppl.lba1
Baumgartner, J., Collins, S., Radley, D., & Hayes, S. (2020). How the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has narrowed racial and ethnic disparities in insurance coverage and access to health care, 2013‐18. Health Services Research, 55(S1), 56–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13406
Carrasco-Aguilar, A., Galán, J. J., & Carrasco, R. A. (2022). Obamacare: A bibliometric perspective. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.979064
Crowley, R., Daniel, H., Cooney, T. G., & Engel, L. S. (2020). Envisioning a better U.S. health care system for all: coverage and cost of care. Annals of Internal Medicine, 172(2), S7. https://doi.org/10.7326/m19-2415
Ercia, A., Le, N., & Wu, R. (2021). Health insurance enrollment strategies during the Affordable Care Act (ACA): a scoping review on what worked and for whom. Archives of Public Health, 79(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-021-00645-w
Hero, J. O., Sinaiko, A. D., Kingsdale, J., Gruver, R. S., & Galbraith, A. A. (2019). Decision-making experiences of consumers choosing individual market health insurance plans. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 38(3), 464–472. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05036
Huguet, N., Angier, H., Hoopes, M. J., Marino, M., Heintzman, J., Schmidt, T., & DeVoe, J. E. (2019). Prevalence of pre-existing conditions among community health center patients before and after the Affordable Care Act. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 32(6), 883–889. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2019.06.190087
Jost, T. S., & Keith, K. (2020). The ACA and the courts: litigation’s effects on the law’s implementation and beyond. Health Affairs, 39(3), 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01324
Snowden, L. R., Graaf, G., Keyes, L., Kitchens, K., Ryan, A., & Wallace, N. (2022). Did Medicaid expansion close African American-white health care disparities nationwide? A scoping review. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14033-8
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7
Federal Policy Practice
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Name
Professor’s Name
Due Date
Federal civil rights and anti-discrimination laws' purpose is to protect people against discrimination on certain traits and to ensure fair treatment. The main goal is to enhance justice and equality in various areas of life, such as work, education, housing, and public places. The development of Federal civil rights and anti-discrimination laws in the United States was caused by social movements, court rulings, and changing public opinion. A legislative response to racial injustice was sparked by the Civil Rights Movement which consisted of incidents like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Brown v. Board of Education ruling (Mawarni et al., 2023). The Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 are two examples of later laws that further addressed inequality.
One of the Federal Anti-Discrimination and Civil Rights policy goals is to eliminate discrimination and create a just community for all people, irrespective of their race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or any other characteristic that is legally protected. To achieve this goal, public accommodations, employment, housing, education, and public services are developed. These laws enable enforcement organizations like the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Department of Housing and Urban Development to ensure commitment (Baumle et al., 2020). Another purpose includes preventing harassment by establishing work settings, educational, and public spaces environments that provide people who need protection from harassment. To achieve this, accurate laws and rules that specifically prohibit different types of harassment are put in place hence promoting equality and respect for all. Additionally, they offer channels for reporting and resolving harassment occurrences, giving victims the power to find justice and encouraging an environment that actively fights and discourages harassment (McCormick et al., 2023).
The purpose of these initiatives is to educate people about their legal rights and responsibilities so they can identify and tackle discrimination. Enhancing awareness creates a shared knowledge of the meaning of civil rights and promotes early involvement in defending and advancing equality by building a society that opposes discrimination (Bloom, 2019). The last objective I have is the fact that it helps people to remain responsive to changing societal challenges and addressing new forms of discrimination as they emerge. Achieving this is greatly contributed using continuing legal reviews, adaptations, and the creation of creative initiatives meant to address today's issues. Political or government leaders can spot opportunities for development and new discriminatory trends by routinely reviewing the legal system therefore being able to adapt to changes in society and maintain the strength.
The Civil Rights Act's Title VII has played an essential function that targets employees and people at workplaces against discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin (Bloom, 2019). The Civil Rights Act's Title VII founded the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Furthermore, it discourages employers from taking negative measures against an employee or worker who claims their legal rights and limits discrimination in hiring, payments, promotions, disciplinary actions, and privileges of employment. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act targeting pregnant employees, prevents employers from treating pregnant workers unfairly, making them take leave without pay when they are still capable of doing their jobs (Marshall, 2023). Employers are required to provide pregnant staff with the same benefits and allowances as other workers who are struggling to work due to other circumstances.
Age Discrimination in Employment Act is a policy that shows it is illegal to discriminate against employees who are at least 40 years old. Also, people with disabilities are targeted in that there is the Americans with Disabilities Act aims to stop discrimination against people with disabilities in various places (Neumark et al., 2019). It helps them cope especially when they need more accommodations and accessibility in public areas as well as in the workplace. Employers are required by the Equal Pay Act to pay men and women equally for equal work since they execute jobs that demand the same level of skill, effort, and responsibility under comparable working conditions. Even though the two jobs have different titles, they could still be equal and not pay women or men a different amount just because of the gender differences (Mello, 2019).
Employers are not allowed to treat candidates or workers differently because of their citizenship or country of origin under the Immigration Reform and Control Act. It is required for employers to review employee documentation and maintain records that prove the employee's eligibility to work in the United States (Lepley, 2023). African Americans are recognized as citizens, also known as the Civil Rights Act, and are provided with particular privileges such as the ability to sue, provide testimony, and own property. The act ensures that private workers, state and local governments, independent contractors, and partnership partners are all protected. The last act, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act says that employers should maintain the confidentiality of genetic information about their applicants and employees not allowing them to use it in making employment decisions in the United States (Prince et al., 2021).
The federal policy values social policies and adheres to best practice ethics and best practice standards in that they are based on the ideas of justice and equality and forbid discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, and other protected characteristics. Apart from advocating for equality, the policy also shows a dedication to flexibility, especially for people with disabilities. Laws that improve accessibility and guarantee that all people, regardless of ability, can fully participate in public life and protect the freedoms and rights of these people (Brenman & Sanchez, 2022). This protection covers a wide range of activities, such as working, going to school, and engaging in public affairs, and by doing this, the essential social ideal of shielding people from unfair obstacles and guaranteeing their ability to pursue opportunities on an equal basis is achieved.
The Federal anti-discrimination and civil rights laws make efforts to live up to the United States' significant laws and regulations, making sure that they align with the rules of the Constitution. Secondly, they aim to be easily accessible, and the authorities responsible for ensuring compliance make an effort to educate the public about their rights. However, I think that more work could be done on this to increase public awareness of these guidelines. In response to emerging issues, the regulations are always reviewed and revised and they repeat more frequently so they can stay up to date to keep up with the changing life. To ensure that all opinions are heard and that no one is overlooked, it is a good idea to get feedback from others when creating these regulations so that they can improve and level the laws. Finally, I think the rules are the best practice, but there is room for improvement where they can be made clearer, everyone should be aware of them, better enforcement strategies can be developed, more updates can be made, and more feedback can be gathered (Deagon, 2019).
The policy is politically feasible because it comes from their complying with societal values of non-discrimination and equality and the fact that they have been passed and honored over time suggests that leaders agree. However, because of changing political environments and societal attitudes, political support for these laws might change. Public awareness efforts are essential for sustaining political support because they keep the laws flexible to future challenges. Economic feasibility is the ability of the government to pay for the expenses of putting anti-discrimination laws into place and keeping them up to date (Brenman & Sanchez, 2022). These expenses cover finance for legal proceedings, and educational initiatives meant to raise public knowledge and comprehension of the law therefore, sufficient funding is essential to the successful execution of these policies allowing a strong fight against discrimination.
The government's capacity to effectively enact and uphold anti-discrimination legislation is the main focus of administrative feasibility. It entails assessing how well-stocked, trained and resourced the administrative structure is that manages complaints, carries out investigations, and supervises legal actions. The efficient operation of the laws depends on a well-functioning administrative apparatus. Furthermore, it is necessary to tackle any possible backlogs in the processing of discriminatory cases to guarantee a prompt and equitable resolution. The administrative viability of the laws is influenced by sufficient staffing levels and continuous training initiatives for those engaged in enforcement. The government has ensured all the feasibilities in the Federal anti-discrimination and civil rights laws by putting in place in all the places of work, and organizations so that the employees are well taken care of and their rights are fully adhered to.
The Federal Anti-Discrimination and Civil Rights Laws are restricted by a variety of policy restrictions. Different explanations of the law and legal rights limitations can make it difficult to implement the law effectively, which might hold up the outcome of discrimination cases. Challenges related to implementation, such as inadequate funding for law enforcement organizations, make it difficult to carry out deep investigations, which reduces the total effectiveness of the laws (Mawarni et al., 2023). Other obstacles come from societal attitudes and cultural biases, as ignorance may limit the laws' success which means that emphasizing the necessity of ongoing education and awareness campaigns is important. The policy must be continuously improved to accommodate new forms of discrimination, particularly those that occur online, due to the fast advancements in technology, since there are workers who work from home.
The law has improved opportunities for earlier excluded groups addressed various forms of discrimination that safeguard people against discrimination, and encouraged equal access to public services, housing, work, and work to guarantee equitable treatment for people from a variety of backgrounds. Due to the promotion of equity and opposition to discriminatory practices, the policy has made a good contribution to the advancement of social justice. They have significantly contributed to the decrease in clear unfair treatment and have helped the public understand the value of equality and being included (Brenman & Sanchez, 2022). By offering legal protection from unjust treatment and raising their potential influence on enhancing the target population's social functioning, they seek to strengthen marginalized groups' sense of agency. The law creates a community that honors equality and diversity, therefore strengthening the social functioning of the group being targeted. Social justice issues are well-addressed since there are efforts made that enforce equality of the very different groups of people.
References
Bloom, J. M. (2019). Class, race, and the civil rights movement. Indiana University Press.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nvKiDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=The+Civil+Rights+Act+Title+VII&ots=DKoqZM8wib&sig=bS220Wcu5Z5ZbaP9IEKx7g_tikU
Brenman, M., & Sanchez, T. W. (2022). The Influence of Civil Rights and Anti-Discrimination Laws on Shaping Our Transportation System. JCULP, 5, 111.
https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/jculp5§ion=15
Deagon, A. (2019). Submission to the Australian Human Rights Commission on religious exemptions in Federal Anti-Discrimination Law.
https://eprints.qut.edu.au/132863/
Mawarni, S. D., Ribawati, E., & Sumantri, T. N. A. (2023). THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES: FROM ABOLITION TO THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT (1865-1968). Interdisciplinary Journal of Advanced Research and Innovation, 1(1), 21-30.
http://www.ijari.ph/index.php/rv/article/view/10
Baumle, A. K., Badgett, M. L., & Boutcher, S. (2020). New research on sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination: Effect of state policy on charges filed at the EEOC. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(8), 1135-1144.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00918369.2019.1603494
Marshall, J. K. (2023). EEOC Releases Draft Regulations For The Pregnant Workers Fairness Act. Mondaq Business Briefing, NA-NA.
McCormick, L., Schwartz, A., & Passerini, C. (2023). Housing for people with disabilities: A review of state Olmstead and HUD consolidated plans. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 43(1), 20-34.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0739456X19844567
Mello, J. A. (2019). Why the Equal Pay Act and laws that prohibit salary inquiries of job applicants can not adequately address gender-based pay inequity. Sage Open, 9(3), 2158244019869106.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2158244019869106
Prince, A. E., Uhlmann, W. R., Suter, S. M., & Scherer, A. M. (2021). Genetic testing and insurance implications: Surveying the US general population about discrimination concerns and knowledge of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA). Risk management and insurance review, 24(4), 341-365.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rmir.12195
Neumark, D., Burn, I., Button, P., & Chehras, N. (2019). Do state laws protecting older workers from discrimination reduce age discrimination in hiring? Evidence from a field experiment. The Journal of Law and Economics, 62(2), 373-402.
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/704008
Lepley, J. (2023). The Walls Within: The Politics of Immigration in Modern America. International Social Science Review (Online), 99(2), 1-4.
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