Is Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle East under Recep Tayyip Erdogan ‘Neo-Ottoman’?
As you may remember I picked out a research question for my dissertation and did a brief plan this is the plan:
My topic: Is Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle East under Recep Tayyip Erdogan ‘Neo-Ottoman’?
My question: To what extent can Turkish foreign policy in the Middle East under Recep Tayyip Erdogan be accurately characterised as ‘Neo-Ottoman’ in its approach and objectives?
For this dissertation project, a comprehensive research methodology that integrates qualitative and quantitative techniques would be required to conduct an in-depth analysis and evaluation of Turkish foreign policy in the Middle East during Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s tenure, with a particular emphasis on the ‘Neo-Ottoman’ concept. The research project intends to investigate Turkish foreign policy, particularly Erdogan’s and senior policymakers’ speeches and remarks. It will focus on specific case studies of Turkish engagement in the Middle East, such as Syria, Iraq, and the Gulf region. A qualitative analysis will be utilised to evaluate whether Turkey’s policies are influenced by a ‘Neo-Ottoman’ ideology. Turkey’s economic, investment, and diplomatic efforts in the Middle East will be examined using quantitative data analysis. By contrasting Erdogan’s foreign policy with those of previous regimes, a balanced perspective will be offered. Textual analysis will be carried out in order to find underlying ideological motivations and to determine whether Erdogan’s activities are driven by the reestablishment of Ottoman dominance. Secondary sources that include scholarly articles, books, and research papers on the ‘Neo-Ottoman’ concept, Turkish foreign policy, and Ottoman Empire history. Official documentation, expert interviews, quantitative data from statistical databases, and archive sources will provide information on Turkish-Middle Eastern trade, investment, diplomatic ties, and migration patterns.
This is what I have so far.
I need to now write up my research proposal draft which needs to include the following:
1) Research Question – is this stated clearly, precisely, and in a way that is answerable
(instead of muddled, confused, and/or not stated as a question)?
2) Overview of the literature: brief, analytical overview of the literature/debates in your topic area, does the student display adequate understanding of what has been written before on this topic by scholars who addressed similar research questions? Has the student selected appropriate literature, or are the sources not genuinely relevant, or are key contributions missing? Does the overview suggest sufficient preparatory research?
3) Contribution of the dissertation: situate your project within the debates presented in the literarture overview, this deals with the rationale of the proposal and how the proposed study fits into the existing literature. Does the student explain how their study relates to existing knowledge (e.g. does it contribute to a certain theoretical debate; does it address certain shortcomings in the literature)?
4) Analytical approach (incl. methods and sources): detailed indication of how you will answer your research question, this deals with the approach and methodology used to answer the research question. Is the student able to propose a clear plan (e.g. starting out from a clear theoretical/analytical framework – inspired by or adopted from the existing literature)? Does the proposal show sufficient reflection on the proposed methods (e.g. quantitative case study approach vs. quantitative statistical analysis) and sources (e.g. primary sources such as online databases; newspaper archives; speeches; party manifestos; social media posts etc.; and secondary sources, such as case-specific academic literature and NGO/think-tank reports). If a case study approach is chosen, does the student substantiate case selection(i.e. why the case is relevant for the purpose of the study)? Generally, is the chosen approach and methodology suitable to answer the research question; is it outlined in sufficient detail; and is it feasible and not too ambitious?
Analytical Approach
How are you going to answer your research question (RQ)?
Theoretical approach: do you start out from certain theories or explanatory frameworks from the literature?
Operationalisation of key concepts: how do you practically study or ‘measure’ concepts central to your study?
Methodology: e.g., content analysis of (social) media coverage, interviews, statistical analysis, and/or analysis of existing materials/case-specific literature?
Sources: which primary and/or secondary sources are you relying on?
Case selection (often applicable): why is/are the chosen case(s) relevant for the purpose of the study?
5) Proposed chapter outline: overview of dissertation structure, does this flow logically from the previously sections (i.e. most dissertations will start with an introduction, followed by a literature review, a specification of analytical approach, the results of the study, and a conclusion)? Are important elements missing or are some proposed chapters unnecessary or is their purpose unclear?
6) Time Plan: schedule of key tasks, has the student broken down the dissertation into discrete tasks? Are these sensibly identified? Are all the necessary tasks included or are some missing? Is the timeline realistic, over-ambitious, or likely to lead to problems completing the dissertation on time?
7) Indicative Bibliography: Are they high quality sources (i.e. mostly scholarly, possibly key primary sources, but not media or poor-quality websites)? Are they all available online? Are they directly relevant to the research question? Are crucial texts included, or are some missing? Is the list correctly formatted according to SPIR guidelines?
My research proposal draft is meant to be 1000 words which needs to include these following criteria can you please help with the most suited sources.I know you can ace this.
I will show you an example of one and how mines meant to look like:
POL318 RESEARCH PROPOSAL
RESEARCH QUESTION
How prominent is militaristic discourse in response to the Colin Kaepernick protests in the wake of the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests?
OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
The major line of debate within militarism literature surrounds what constitutes militarism. The progression from a very limited definition to a broader understanding is documented in Stavrianakis and Selby’s Militarism and International Relations in the 21st Century (2012). Historically, Militarism has been understood as an ideology which values war, military institutions and mentality over a civilian way of life. However, it also has behavioural, preparational, institutional and sociological dimensions within society. It is within the sociological dimension of militarism that researching the connections between popular culture and militarism take place.
The cultural arena has become an increasing focus of contemporary militarism research, both as an object of study and as a method of theorising about militarism. For example, Simon Dalby (2012) uses the Lord of the Rings films as a lens to look at contemporary geopolitical identities and U.S. militarism, and James Der Derian (2009) proposes an extension to the Military-industrial complex to include Media and Entertainment as they play an important role in contemporary militarism and war. Included within this complex is sport, and particularly important in the context of American militarism is American Football and the NFL.
With regards to militarism literature in the United States context, Bacevich is the most prominent with his proposal of a “New American Militarism” (2013), a consensus in US politics over the inherent value of having the world’s biggest military and a belief in an American responsibility for proactively using it across the world. Bacevich argues that this consensus extends to civil society in the manner that all citizens must be seen to be “supporting the troops”, something which extends to practices of respecting the flag and the National Anthem.
Research on militarism within the NFL and the discourse surrounding the Colin Kaepernick protests exists but is limited. Butterworth (2008, 2012), Butterworth and Moskal (2009) and Fischer (2013) have all highlighted the role militarism plays within the sport. Coombs et. al (2020), Schmidt et. al. (2018) and Boykoff and Carrington (2020) all identify that the discourse surrounding the Colin Kaepernick protests is significantly framed around the method of the protest (taking part during the national anthem) and therefore framed around whether or not the protest is anti-military. However, despite finding militaristic discourse, these analyses are not centred within the field of militarism, nor do they focus on it.
CONTRIBUTION OF DISSERTATION
Previous research into the framing of the discourse surrounding the Colin Kaepernick protests has been taken from the disciplines of Communications and Sociology. These have focused on the framing of the protest by mainstream media at the time (Coombs et. al., 2020) and over a two-year period (Boykoff and Carrington, 2020), or by social media at the time (Schmidt et. al., 2019). None of these approaches have focused on a discourse or frame that specifically evokes the
military, or have focused on the recent period in which larger scale Black Lives Matter protests have occurred across the U.S. and internationally, including widespread adoption of the “taking a knee” protest in other sports.
By focusing on militaristic discourse, extending the period of research, and researching on Twitter rather than Facebook, my research builds on previous research into the framing of the Colin Kaepernick protests. It also builds on research into the militarisation of the NFL by Butterworth (2008, 2012), Butterworth and Moskal (2009) and Fischer (2013). It also allows a view into the Militarism of the U.S. more broadly, building on work by Bacevich (2013). By comparing the prevalence of militaristic discourse from the initial period in 2016 to the period over the Summer 2020, I will be able to determine whether widespread popular protests with the same message as Colin Kaepernick’s have led to a change in the popularity of a militaristicdiscourse that focuses on the method of the protest.
YOUR ANALYTICAL APPROACH (INCL. METHODS AND SOURCES)
I will carry out a discourse analysis of social media posts on Twitter to determine how prevalent arguments invoking the military are in discussion of Colin Kaepernick’s protests. I will define “militaristic discourse” as any posts which specifically mentions the military, terms such as “troops” or “soldiers”. Posts will also have to specifically mention or be in reply to posts that specifically mention Colin Kaepernick’s protest. I have chosen to use social media, specifically Twitter, because this will allow an insight into how prevalent the discourse is on a popular level, as opposed to within mainstream media which may be seen as having some
level of ‘elite’ influence. Twitter has been chosen because it allows for tweets to be searched through hashtags and allows users who have no previous connections to discuss an issue, providing a better representation of discourse on an issue. I will not be discriminating between user’s judgements over the protests or the invocation of the military, in order to take a non-normative approach.
PROPOSED CHAPTER OUTLINE
Chapter 1: Introduction. Brief overview of context, topic, findings and arguments.
Chapter 2: Literature Review. Overview of literature on Militarism, previous research into Colin Kaepernick protests.
Chapter 3: Analytical approach and Research method. Outline method for Twitter discourse analysis.
Chapter 4: Analysis and discussion of results. Chapter 6: Final Conclusions
TIME PLAN
October: Continue research for Literature Review
November: Read on research methods and prepare presentation November 29th: Deliver Presentation
December: Finalise reading and write literature review
January – February: Gather and interpret discourse analysis data End of February: Submit chapter plans to supervisor
March: Write up results
2nd week April: Final draft completed for editing
INDICATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bacevich, A. (2013) The new American militarism: How Americans are seduced by war (New York: Oxford University Press)
Berghahn, V.R. (1984) Militarism: The History of an International Debate
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Boykoff, J. and Carrington, B. (2020) ‘Sporting dissent: Colin Kaepernick, NFL activism, and media framing contests’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 55(7), pp. 829–849.
Butterworth, M. L., & Moskal, S. D. (2009) “American football, flags, and “fun”: The bell helicopter armed forces bowl and the rhetorical production of militarism.” Communication, Culture & Critique 2: 411–433.
Coombs, D.S., Lambert, C.A., Cassilo, D. & Humphries, Z. (2020) “Flag on the Play: Colin Kaepernick and the Protest Paradigm” Howard Journal of Communications 31(4): 317-336.
Dalby, S. (2012) Challenging cartographies of enmity: Empire, war and culture in contemporary militarization. In Militarism and International Relations (pp. 51-62).
(London: Routledge)
Der Derian, J. (2009) Virtuous war: Mapping the military-industrial-media- entertainment-network. (London: Routledge)
Dittmer, J. and Bos, D., (2019) Popular culture, geopolitics, and identity. (Maryland:
Rowman & Littlefield)
Schmidt, S.H., Frederick, E.L., Pegoraro, A. and Spencer, T.C. (2019) “An analysis
of Colin Kaepernick, Megan Rapinoe, and the national anthem protests.” Communication & sport, 7(5): 653-677.
Stavrianakis, A. and Selby, J. (2012) Militarism and International Relations: Political Economy, Security, Theory (London: Routledge)
Requirements: 1000 words
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