Identify the difference between mesh currents and branch currents.
For the lab report for lab 3, I attached the lab manual, the lab report outline, and my measurements for lab3.
For the pre lab for lab4, do the calculations for lab 4 by hand.
Requirements: lab
Lab 3 Mesh Analysis Objectives • Use mesh analysis to analyze a circuit and to compare calculated and measured, results. • Identify the difference between mesh currents and branch currents. Equipment • DC Power Supply • Multimeter • Resistors: R1 = 680 , R2 = 470 , R3 = 2.2 k, R4 = 4.7 k, R5 = 1 k • Proto board Procedure 1. Measure each resistor and report their nominal value (as given by the resistor color code) and their real values. 2. Consider the circuit below using the actual resistor values. Note that the reference node and mesh currents i1, i2, and i3 have already been designated. Use VS1 = 5 V and VS2 = 12 V. Figure 1. Circuit showing mesh and branch currents. 3. Use mesh analysis to calculate the value of the mesh currents i1, i2, and i3. Calculate the value of the branch currents ia and ib. Calculate the voltage drops across resistors R2 and R4, and the power absorbed by each one of them. Build a table with your calculated results. 4. Measure all mesh currents i1, i2, and i3. Measure branch currents ia, and ib. Measure the voltages across R2 and R4. Calculate the power absorbed by resistors R2 and R4 utilizing measured voltage and current values. Report your measured results next to your calculated results. 5. Compare calculated and measured values. Explain any differences.
Lab 4 Superposition and Thévenin Equivalent Circuit Objectives Demonstrate through calculations, experimentation, and simulations the application of two principles: (1) superposition and (2) Thévenin’s theorems. Equipment • 2 DC power supplies or 1 power supply with two independent outputs • 2 Multimeters • Proto board • Resistors: 330 , 470 , 680 , 2.2 k • 2 Potentiometers Procedure PART I SUPERPOSITION 1. Measure each resistor and report their nominal value (as given by the resistor color code) and their real (measured) values. 2. Calculate the open circuit voltage at the terminals a-b (Vab) in the circuit shown in Fig. 1 using real resistor values. Figure 1. Circuit with two sources. A load can be connected to terminals a-b. 3. Calculate the open circuit voltage at the terminals a-b using the principle of superposition: a. Turn off voltage source V2 and calculate the open circuit voltage at the terminals a-b when V1 is on (Vab1).
b. Turn on voltage source V2. Turn off voltage source V1. Calculate the open circuit voltage at the terminals a-b (Vab2). c. Verify that Vab1 + Vab2 = Vab. 4. Build the circuit shown in Fig. 1. Measure the voltage at the terminals a-b, Vab. Compare to your calculations. 5. Turn off (disconnect) voltage source V2. Replace V2 with a short circuit (CAUTION: DO NOT SHORT THE SOURCE). Measure the voltage at the terminals a-b, Vab1. Compare to your calculations. 6. (Reconnect and) Turn on voltage source V2. Turn off (disconnect) voltage source V1. Replace V1 with a short circuit (CAUTION: DO NOT SHORT THE SOURCE). Measure the voltage at the terminals a-b, Vab2. Compare to your calculations. 7. Add up your measurements of steps 5 and 6. Compare to your measurement done in step 4 and to your calculations done in Step 3. PART II THÉVENIN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 8. Determine the Thévenin equivalent circuit. a. Determine the load resistance that would lead to maximum power transfer. b. Determine the maximum power that can be transferred to a resistive load. 9. Build the Thévenin equivalent circuit corresponding to Figure 1. Use a resistor of value (or a potentiometer) as close as possible to the Thévenin resistance. Measure the open circuit voltage and confirm that is equal to the Thévenin voltage. 10. Set the variable resistor (potentiometer) to the resistance value required for maximum power transfer, determined in step 8a. 11. Connect a variable resistor (potentiometer) to the terminals a-b. Set up two DMMs to simultaneously measure voltage and current through the load. Once you record these values, observe how voltage and current vary as the resistance value changes. Calculate the maximum power transferred to the load connected to the terminals a-b based on your measured values of voltage and current. Compare this number with the value calculated in step 8b.
Laboratory Exercise ##
Laboratory Title
MM/DD/YYYY
Name M. Lastname
Abstract—Summarize in a couple of sentences the purpose of this lab based on the objectives listed on the handout, the procedure done and anticipated results. Define all symbols used in the abstract. Do not cite references in the abstract. This document will also summarize IEEE recommendations for technical papers.
Introduction
Introduction is the section of the paper where all new and relevant concepts are to be defined, so the reader can understand the rest of the report. This document in particular is a simplified template based on the IEEE format found online.
Keep this document as reference. Each section will describe its function, followed by useful advice and instructions from IEEE regarding the preparation of technical manuscripts. When preparing your lab report, make sure all the current text is deleted.
Do not change the font sizes or line spacing to squeeze more text into a limited number of pages. Use italics for emphasis; do not underline.
Procedure
Describe on your own words the procedure followed in lab. If required, make reference to diagrams and schematics. Use a paragraph format. Use narrative form, not imperative statements. Do not repeat what is written in the lab handout. This section is relatively short.
Results and Analysis
Present and describe the calculated, measured, and simulated values using tables or graphs. Provide an example of your calculations.
This is the most important section of the lab report, because it demonstrates the level of understanding of the concepts studied through experimentation. Discuss the meaning of the obtained results and other general observations. Although the main objective of this section is not to calculate the percentage of error, it is correct to explain discrepancies if obtained results follow expected trends. The most important question to answer in this section is: Why did the circuit behave in a given way? Elaborate on the thought process that you follow to achieve a conclusion.
Some Common Mistakes
The word “data” is plural, not singular. A graph within a graph is an “inset,” not an “insert.” The word “alternatively” is preferred to the word “alternately” (unless you really mean something that alternates). Use the word “whereas” instead of “while” (unless you are referring to simultaneous events). Do not use the word “essentially” to mean “approximately” or “effectively.” Do not use the word “issue” as a euphemism for “problem.”
Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones “affect” (usually a verb) and “effect” (usually a noun), “complement” and “compliment,” “discreet” and “discrete,” “principal” (e.g., “principal investigator”) and “principle” (e.g., “principle of measurement”). Do not confuse “imply” and “infer.”
Prefixes such as “non,” “sub,” “micro,” “multi,” and “ultra” are not independent words; they should be joined to the words they modify, usually without a hyphen. There is no period after the “et” in the Latin abbreviation “et al.” (it is also italicized). The abbreviation “i.e.,” means “that is,” and the abbreviation “e.g.,” means “for example” (these abbreviations are not italicized).
An excellent style manual and source of information for science writers is [5]. A general IEEE style guide and an Information for Authors are both available at
Schematics and Diagrams
Diagrams and schematics, if required, should be included within the text as needed. Draw the circuit analyzed with the real value of the components. Include any other relevant schematics. Give a number and caption to each diagram. (E.g., Figure 1. RCL circuit.). Caption of figures goes under the figure. Caption of tables goes above the table. Diagrams should be clear and readable when printed in black and white.
To insert images in Word, position the cursor at the insertion point and either use Insert | Picture | From File or copy the image to the Windows clipboard and then Edit | Paste Special | Picture (with “float over text” unchecked)
If you are importing your graphics into this Word template, please use the following steps: Under HOME, drop down the options under the icon PASTE, and select PASTE SPECIAL. A dialog box will open, select Picture, then click OK.
Always describe a picture, figure, or table in the paragraph(s) before it. For example, “Fig. 1 shows an increment in magnetization as the applied field increases.”
Math
If you are using Word, use either the Microsoft Equation Editor or the MathType add-on (http://www.mathtype.com) for equations in your paper (Insert | Object | Create New | Microsoft Equation or MathType Equation). “Float over text” should not be selected.
Units
Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are strongly encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary units (in parentheses). For example, write “15 Gb/cm2 (100 Gb/in2).” An exception is when English units are used as identifiers in trade, such as “3½-in disk drive.” Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often leads to confusion because equations do not balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state the units for each quantity in an equation.
The SI unit for magnetic field strength H is A/m. However, if you wish to use units of T, either refer to magnetic flux density B or magnetic field strength symbolized as µ0H. Use the center dot to separate compound units, e.g., “A·m2.”
Figures and Tables
Place figure captions below the figures; place table titles above the tables. If your figure has two parts, include the labels “(a)” and “(b)” as part of the artwork. Please verify that the figures and tables you mention in the text actually exist. Please do not include captions as part of the figures. Do not put captions in “text boxes” linked to the figures. Do not put borders around the outside of your figures. Use the abbreviation “Fig.” even at the beginning of a sentence. Do not abbreviate “Table.” Tables are numbered with Roman numerals. In this case, Table I is presented as example. Use letters for table footnotes.
Figure axis labels are often a source of confusion. Use words rather than symbols. As an example, write the quantity “Magnetization,” or “Magnetization M,” not just “M.” Put units in parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. As in Fig. 1, for example, write “Magnetization (A/m)” or “Magnetization (Am1),” not just “A/m.” Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write “Temperature (K),” not “Temperature/K.”
Multipliers can be especially confusing. Write “Magnetization (kA/m)” or “Magnetization (103 A/m).” Do not write “Magnetization (A/m) 1000” because the reader would not know whether the top axis label in Fig. 1 meant 16000 A/m or 0.016 A/m. Figure labels should be legible, approximately 8 to 12 point type.
References
Number citations consecutively in square brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the brackets [2]. Multiple references [2], [3] are each numbered with separate brackets [1]–[3]. When citing a section in a book, please give the relevant page numbers [2]. In sentences, refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]. Do not use “Ref. [3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of a sentence: “Reference [3] shows … .” Please do not use automatic endnotes in Word, rather, type the reference list at the end of the paper using the “References” style.
Please note that the references at the end of this document are in the preferred referencing style. Give all authors’ names; do not use “et al.” unless there are six authors or more. Use a space after authors’ initials. Papers that have not been published should be cited as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication, but not yet specified for an issue should be cited as “to be published” [5]. Papers that have been submitted for publication should be cited as “submitted for publication” [6]. Please give affiliations and addresses for private communications [7].
Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols. For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [8].
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have already been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, ac, and dc do not have to be defined. Abbreviations that incorporate periods should not have spaces: write “C.N.R.S.,” not “C. N. R. S.” Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are unavoidable (for example, “IEEE” in the title of this article).
Equations
Number equations consecutively with equation numbers in parentheses flush with the right margin, as in (1). First use the equation editor to create the equation. Then select the “Equation” markup style. Press the tab key and write the equation number in parentheses. To make your equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate equations when they are part of a sentence, as in
(1)
Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before the equation appears or immediately following. Italicize symbols (T might refer to temperature, but T is the unit tesla). Refer to “(1),” not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1),” except at the beginning of a sentence: “Equation (1) is … .”
Other Recommendations
Use one space after periods and colons. Hyphenate complex modifiers: “zero-field-cooled magnetization.” Avoid dangling participles, such as, “Using (1), the potential was calculated.” [It is not clear who or what used (1).] Write instead, “The potential was calculated by using (1),” or “Using (1), we calculated the potential.”
Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25,” not “.25.” Use “cm3,” not “cc.” Indicate sample dimensions as “0.1 cm 0.2 cm,” not “0.1 0.2 cm2.” The abbreviation for “seconds” is “s,” not “sec.” Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: use “Wb/m2” or “webers per square meter,” not “webers/m2.” When expressing a range of values, write “7 to 9” or “7-9,” not “7~9.”
A parenthetical statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the parentheses.) In American English, periods and commas are within quotation marks, like “this period.” Other punctuation is “outside”! Avoid contractions; for example, write “do not” instead of “don’t.” The serial comma is preferred: “A, B, and C” instead of “A, B and C.”
Conclusion
Summarize the technical findings in a couple of sentences. Everything mentioned in this section has already been presented in the report. A reader should be able to get a very good idea of the lab content by reading only the abstract and the conclusion sections. A conclusion that reads: “Overall, this lab was a success” is not acceptable because does not have technical relevance.
References
G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics (Book style with paper title and editor),” in Plastics, 2nd ed. vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. : McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.
W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems (Book style). , : , 1993, pp. 123–135.
H. Poor, An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation. : Springer-Verlag, 1985, ch. 4.
B. Smith, “An approach to graphs of linear forms (Unpublished work style),” unpublished.
M. Young, The Techincal Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.
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