What are the factors that contribute to inmates’ criminality in prisons?
I need someone to finish my third chapter and edit my other chapters to my proposal The proposal establishes the rationale for conducting the study, including a review and analysis of the relevant literature, and describes the design and methodology that you will utilize for the study.
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Systematic Criminal Activity and Extremism in US Prisons
by
LaQuasha Pace
MA, Albany State University 2020
BS, Albany State University, 2019
Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Criminal Justice
Walden University
June 2023
Abstract
This research project will explore the prevalence of criminal activities and other extremities among inmates in American prisons. This study aims to investigate how contemporary prisons have been transformed into breeding grounds for violence, rape, homosexual activity, mental health problems, self-harm and suicide, among other criminal activities and extremities. This research study will also focus on these prison crimes in the United States, and the different factors related to the prison environment or other factors that influence criminal activities. in order to comprehensively analyze these crimes, this paper utilizes peer-reviewed journals, newspaper reports, and press releases of court cases that will also enhance the understanding of the nature of these crimes through different perspectives. One of the main lens through which prison crimes and extremities will be viewed and understood throughout this paper is through the Routine Activity Model. This model suggests that there needs to be three major requirements for a crime to be committed in any environment, forming the crime triangle. These requirements include; (1) a suitable target for crime, (2) a motivated offender, and (3) the absence of capable guardians (Clarke & Felson, 2017). There is a perception that prison guards are largely complicit in many of the prison crimes, indicating that an essential guardianship or surveillance elements are either missing or have been broken down (Ingraham, 2016). Most of the crimes rely heavily on the smuggling of contraband weapons, gadgets, and goods into US prisons. In such environments, these contraband seem attractive to the inmates because of their scarcity and naturally expected shortages, hence being in very high demand (United Nations, 2015). Using quantitative and qualitative approaches, data will be gathered from reliable sources, including past and recent interviews that were conducted with former inmates and prison guards who have had first-hand experience with prison crimes and understand the dynamics behind the prevalence of these crimes despite state and federal efforts to curb them (Moster & Jeglic, 2009). The researcher will make a considerable effort to embrace the differences in opinion among inmates and prison guards from different US prisons regarding the prevalence of prison crimes and the roles that staff shortages, inmate access to technology, and the presence of gangs play in promoting criminal activity and extremisms in prisons.
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction to the Menacing Issue of Criminal Activity in the United States
Criminal activity in the United States is a major public problem with profound implications for each one in the country including the criminal justice system. The prevalence of criminal activities within US prisons has become an alarming concern, as these institutions intended for punishment and rehabilitation have transformed into breeding grounds for further criminal behavior.
Context and Significance
With over two million people behind bars, America has one of the world’s highest-jailed communities (Sawyer & Wagner, 2021). While prisons are intended to encourage offender rehabilitation and protect the public from danger, they become incubators of unlawful activity. In recent years, reports of violence, drug trafficking, gang-related activities, and other misconduct within prisons have increased (Gaes et al., 2019). These activities endanger inmates’ lives and undermine incarceration’s primary goals.
Recognizing the variables contributing to increasing criminal behavior in US jails is critical for finding effective solutions. This research aims to give knowledge that can guide interventions and policy approaches to enhance the control of crime throughout prisons by investigating the sorts of crimes perpetrated by prisoners, assessing the involvement of correctional officers, and determining the deeper causes of crime.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The fundamental goal of this study is to investigate the elements that have contributed to the frequency of unlawful activity in US jails, eventually converting them into places of reproduction for the crime. This study intends to answer the research inquiries that follow by examining the sorts of illegal activities that convicts engage in and assessing the underlying factors:
What are the factors that contribute to inmates’ criminality in prisons?
To what extent are prison officers guilty of the prevalence of prison crimes?
What role do prison officers play in offering inmates opportunities to commit crimes?
1.3 Methodology and Data Sources
A systematic approach will be employed to comprehensively analyze the menacing issue of criminal activity in US prisons. This study will use various methodologies to collect data from diverse, credible sources. Peer-reviewed papers, press stories, and legal proceedings will be invaluable resources for understanding the nature and scope of criminal activity within jails.
Furthermore, interviews with former inmates and corrections officers with first-hand experience with prison crimes will provide valuable insights into the dynamics and contributing factors. By embracing different perspectives, this research seeks to understand the prevalence of prison crimes and the roles of staff shortages, inmate access to technology, and gangs’ presence in promoting criminal activity and extremisms in prisons.
Criminal activity is prevalent in US jails, posing a huge burden to the justice system in the United States and society. Understanding the factors contributing to this issue is essential for implementing effective strategies and policies to manage prison crime. This study intends to give significant insights into the sorts of crimes perpetrated by convicts and the responsibilities of prison officials to reduce criminal behavior in US prisons while offering safer, healthier rehabilitation settings.
1.4 Factors Contributing to the Prevalence of Criminal Activity in US Prisons
The prevalence of criminal activity within US prisons is influenced by various factors contributing to the challenging environment inmates and staff face. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective strategies and policies to mitigate criminal behavior and promote safer prison environments. As a result, we will investigate major factors contributing to the increasing incidence of criminal behavior in US prisons, such as a shortage of space gang authority, inadequate personnel, and an abundance of smuggling.
1.4.1 Overcrowding
Overcrowding is a key factor leading to the incidence of criminal behavior in US institutions. The jail population in the United States of America has increased in recent decades, resulting in significant overpopulation in many prisons (Sawyer, 2021). The cramped conditions and limited resources create a highly stressful and volatile environment, fueling inmate tensions and increasing the likelihood of conflicts and violence (Haney, 2018). The absence of individual privacy and constrained access to services and facilities make it difficult for prison officials to monitor and regulate inmate conduct properly.
1.4.2 Gang Influence
The influence of gangs within US prisons is another significant factor contributing to the prevalence of criminal activity Gangs exert control and power over inmates, often coercing or pressuring them into engaging in criminal behavior (Pyrooz et al., 2016). Gang members use prisons as recruitment grounds and establish hierarchies that promote violence, drug trafficking, and other criminal activities (Decker et al., 2013). The fear of retribution or isolation from the protection offered by gangs can compel inmates to participate in illegal activities, perpetuating the cycle of criminality within prisons.
1.4.3 Inadequate Staffing
Insufficient staffing levels within US prisons contribute to the prevalence of criminal activity by creating an environment where effective supervision and control become challenging Budget constraints and limited resources often result in understaffed prisons, making it difficult for guards to maintain order and detect and prevent criminal behavior. Inadequate staffing compromises the safety of inmates and staff, as it increases opportunities for violence, drug smuggling, and other illicit activities to occur undetected (Haney, 2018) Moreover, overworked and stressed prison staff may become complacent or apathetic, contributing to the breakdown of security measures and the facilitation of criminal behavior.
1.4.4 Availability of Contraband
The availability of contraband within US prisons is a significant facilitator of criminal activity. Despite strict security protocols, illicit items such as drugs, weapons, and cell phones enter prisons. The demand for contraband among inmates, combined with the scarcity and profitability of these items within the prison environment, drives their smuggling and distribution (Raphael, J., et al 2019). The presence of contraband not only fuels violence and drug-related offenses and enables criminal networks to operate within prison walls. The limited resources and personnel, coupled with the ingenuity and determination of inmates, contribute to the ongoing challenge of controlling contraband within prisons.
Several factors contribute to the prevalence of criminal activity in US prisons Overcrowding, gang influence, inadequate staffing, and the availability of contraband all contribute to the challenging and volatile environment within these institutions. Addressing these factors requires a multifaceted approach that includes effective management of prison populations, targeted interventions to combat gang influence, adequate staffing levels, and enhanced security measures to minimize the influx of contraband.
1.5 Types of Crimes Committed by Inmates in Prisons
The frequency of unlawful activity throughout US prisons comprises a wide spectrum of activities that pose major risks to prisoners’ and personnel’s health and well-being. Understanding the types of crimes committed by inmates is essential for developing targeted interventions and implementing effective crime management strategies.
1.5.1 Violence
Violence is one of the most common forms of crime in US jails, posing considerable problems to prisoners’ and staff’s protection and well-being. Inmates engage in physical aggression, including assaults, fights, and acts of intimidation (Sims et al., 2020). These acts of aggression or violence might be motivated by various circumstances, including gang membership, personal disagreements, and territorial disputes.
Gang affiliations play a significant role in fostering violence within prisons. Inmates may align themselves with gangs for protection, a sense of belonging, or to gain power and influence Gang-related violence can escalate quickly as rival factions clash over control, influence, or perceived slights. Personal disputes and conflicts within and between inmates also contribute to prison violence. The heightened stress, frustration, and tensions experienced by inmates in the confined and high-pressure environment of prison can lead to confrontations and acts of aggression, Disagreements over personal belongings, perceived disrespect, or conflicts arising from previous criminal activities that can escalate into violent encounters, further fueling the prevalence of violence within the prison system.
Territorial conflicts are another significant factor in prison violence. Inmates may develop a sense of ownership and control over certain areas or resources within the prison, leading to territorial disputes. Using makeshift knives or improvised weapons exacerbates the risk and severity of prison violence. Inmates often craft these weapons from readily available materials, such as utensils or other objects, to assert power or intimidate others. The presence of weapons escalates the potential for harm and poses a significant challenge for prison staff in maintaining a secure environment. The frequency of violence hinders the efficient execution of rehabilitation initiatives and can stymie offenders’ efforts to recover and return to civilization.
1.5.2 Drug Offenses
Drug offenses are a significant concern within US prisons, with inmates engaging in various drug-related activities despite efforts to restrict their access to illicit substances. Drugs find their way into correctional facilities through different means, leading to drug trafficking and drug abuse among inmates (Hill, L. A. 2018). The presence of drugs within prisons has detrimental effects on both individual inmates and the overall prison environment.
Inmates involved in drug offenses participate in drug possession, distribution, and consumption activities. The demand for drugs within prisons, coupled with the availability of contraband, creates an environment conducive to drug-related offenses (Cochran, 2017). The prisoners might look for drugs for various motives, including medication by themselves, managing imprisonment anxiety, preserving their feelings of control, and escaping prison life. However, the consequences of drug offenses extend beyond the individual inmates involved.
Drug abuse within prisons poses significant risks and challenges. Drug use can also lead to erratic and unpredictable behavior, increasing the potential for violence and other criminal acts within the prison environment. Drug-related practices can feed dependency periods, rendering it more challenging for offenders to break away from substance usage and rehabilitate into society when released.
The prevalence of drugs among prisoners is a complicated issue that must be addressed diversely. Drug crimes in penal institutions are combated using a mix of detection, recognition, and recovery measures. Strict security measures, such as thorough searches and surveillance, aim to restrict the entry of drugs into prisons Education and awareness programs can inform inmates about the consequences of drug abuse and provide them with alternatives to substance use. Furthermore, access to comprehensive substance abuse treatment and rehabilitation programs is crucial to support inmates in overcoming addiction and reducing the likelihood of relapse.
1.5.3 Theft
Theft is a common crime in US jails, with convicts acquiring unlawful personal items or assets associated with other prisoners and administrators (Sykes 2014). In a setting with few resources and little privacy, theft can take many forms, such as taking personal possessions, food, or vital supplies. To live, gain desired commodities, or exert power and influence over others, offenders can take part in thievery. The frequency of stealing within jails promotes a setting of suspicion and insecurity, exacerbating tensions and increasing the likelihood of confrontation. Theft can occur in jail owing to a variety of underlying issues. Individuals may turn to steal to satisfy their fundamental requirements if resources, such as personal grooming goods, clothes, and food, are scarce (Carson 2013). The shortage of anonymity and close quarters in which convicts live exacerbates the possibility of theft. In such a context, it might be challenging for individuals to safeguard their belongings and discourage crime.
The motives behind theft within prisons extend beyond basic survival. Some inmates steal to acquire desired goods or luxury items that may not be easily accessible through official channels (Sykes & Messinger, 2014). In this environment, convicts can use stealing to enhance their quality of life and gain prestige and authority among their fellow inmates. It becomes a means of obtaining status or asserting dominance within the prison social hierarchy. The prevalence of theft contributes to distrust and insecurity among inmates. The loss of personal belongings, even if seemingly insignificant, erodes the sense of safety and personal space that individuals seek within the prison environment. It, in turn, can lead to increased tensions and conflicts among inmates as they become more vigilant and defensive in protecting their belongings.
Efforts to address theft within prisons require a multifaceted approach. Enhancing security measures like surveillance systems and regular searches can help deter and detect theft incidents. Providing inmates with secure storage options and personal lockers can also help protect their belongings and reduce opportunities for theft. Additionally, educational programs on ethics, responsibility, and conflict resolution can promote personal accountability and encourage respect for others’ property.
Therefore theft is a prevalent crime within US prisons, driven by factors such as limited resources, lack of privacy, and the pursuit of personal gain or power. The theft of personal belongings and valuables contributes to distrust and insecurity among inmates, heightening tensions and potential conflicts (Raphael, 2019). Addressing theft within prisons necessitates a comprehensive approach that includes enhanced security measures, provision of secure storage options, and educational programs to foster a culture of responsibility and respectInmates’ general health and safety can be enhanced by providing an atmosphere that prevents stealing and fosters cooperation.
1.5.4 Gang-Related Activities
Gang-related activities significantly threaten security and order within US prisons. Gangs establish a presence within correctional facilities and engage in criminal behaviors perpetuating violence and criminality. It fuels substance abuse among inmates and generates profits for the gangs, further solidifying their influence and power.
Extortion is another common criminal activity conducted by prison gangs. Gang members may use intimidation tactics to coerce fellow inmates into providing money, services, or other resources. Refusal to follow through with these requests may result in assaults physically or other types of retaliation, establishing a fearful and vulnerable climate among the correctional facility community. The economic control of gangs through extortion schemes enables them to maintain their dominance and establish a stronghold within the prison system.
Acts of violence are often associated with gang-related activities in prisons. The rivalry between gangs or even internal power struggles within a single gang can escalate into violent confrontations. Individual attacks to widespread uprisings are examples of violent acts that pose substantial hazards to prisoners’ and employees’ protection and mental health. Gang-related violence perpetuates a culture of fear and intimidation within prisons and can have far-reaching consequences beyond the prison walls.
It is critical to understand that the detrimental effect of criminal gangs in prison frequently goes over the walls of correctional institutions Gang members maintain their affiliations and criminal networks even after their release, contributing to the perpetuation of criminal activities in communities This emphasizes the importance of thorough techniques that address the underlying reasons for being a gang member and emphasize treatments to break the cycle of gang affiliation and criminal activity preventing activities associated with gangs within prisons necessitates a strategy that is complex Enhanced security measures, including intelligence gathering and strict monitoring of gang affiliations, can help identify and disrupt gang-related operations (Hamilton, 2019). Rehabilitation efforts which tackle the fundamental issues that contribute to gang affiliation, such as the absence of educational opportunities, restricted career possibilities, and exclusion from society, are critical in giving convicts alternatives to being part of gangs and lowering the attractiveness of joining a gang.
1.5.5 Sexual Offenses
The coercive and confined nature of the prison environment creates conditions conducive to perpetuating sexual violence (Struckman-Johnson et al., 2018). Inmates who are vulnerable or lack social support may become targets of sexual exploitation or abuse by other inmates Factors such as power differentials, fear, and a lack of effective prevention measures contribute to the prevalence of sexual offenses in prisons.
Detainees in US jails commit crimes involving brutality, drug offenses, vandalism, gang-related operations, and sexual misconduct. These offenses endanger the health and safety of the setting of prisons.
They also threaten inmates’ reintegration and thoroughly-being Handling these crimes requires comprehensive strategies prioritizing preventing and managing violence, drug control measures, effective monitoring and supervision, and initiatives promoting a rehabilitative prison culture Authorities and jail administrators may devise targeted initiatives to minimize unlawful activity and provide a more secure and hospitable setting for restoration by knowing the characteristics and frequency of these types of offenses.
1.6 Prison Transformation into Breeding Grounds for Criminal Activity
US prisons, intended to serve as punishment, rehabilitation, and reintegration institutions, have often transformed into breeding grounds for criminal activity; the change is driven by various elements and dynamics inside the conditions in jail that led to convicts’ continued criminal activity. Recognizing the factors that allow jails to become an incubator for unlawful conduct is critical for devising effective solutions to this problem; we will go into detail about how prisons undergo this transformation, focusing on the impact of institutional culture, lack of rehabilitative programs, social dynamics, and the dehumanizing effects of long-term incarceration.
1.6.1 Institutional Culture
The institutional culture within prisons plays a significant role in shaping the environment and fostering criminal activity. The culture within correctional facilities can be characterized by violence, aggression, and a lack of accountability (Crewe, 2014). This mentality becomes ingrained and readily embraced by convicts and personnel gradually, resulting in an endless cycle of unlawful conduct Inmates who enter the prison system are exposed to a subculture that values toughness, dominance, and the ability to navigate the power dynamics within the facility (DeLisi et al., 2017) Often influenced by gangs and other inmate groups, this subculture promotes criminality to survive and gain respect Normalizing criminal behavior within the prison culture transforms prisons into breeding grounds for criminal activity.
1.6.2 Lack of Rehabilitative Programs
The dearth of appropriate rehabilitation programs is a key contributor to the frequency of criminal behavior in US prisons. Rehabilitative care is a primary goal of the penitentiary system in preparing offenders for an effective return to the community when they are released. However, limited resources, overcrowding, and a focus on punitive measures have hindered the availability and effectiveness of rehabilitation programs (Bales et al., 2017).
The scarcity of funding for rehabilitation efforts makes it difficult to provide convicts with essential amenities, including schooling, job preparation, and treatment. These programs are critical for providing offenders with the competencies, information, and assistance structures they need to completely interrupt the downward spiral of criminal activity and rehabilitate into civilization. However, due to budget constraints and competing priorities, prisons often struggle to offer comprehensive rehabilitative programs to all inmates.
Overcrowding further exacerbates the issue, as it strains prison resources and limits the capacity to provide individualized rehabilitation services. With limited space and high inmate-to-staff ratios, prisons find it challenging to deliver tailored programs that address the diverse needs of their population. In such conditions, the focus tends to shift towards managing the facility’s immediate security and operational concerns, leaving little room for prioritizing rehabilitative efforts. The prevailing punitive mindset in many correctional systems has disproportionately emphasized punishment rather than rehabilitation. The philosophy of retribution and deterrence has overshadowed the recognition of the importance of rehabilitation in reducing recidivism rates. This punitive approach often fails to address the underlying causes of criminal behavior, neglecting the opportunity to provide inmates with the necessary tools and support for positive change.
The prison system’s absence of meaningful opportunities for personal growth and development further perpetuates criminal behavior Inmates left idle and devoid of constructive activities are more likely to succumb to boredom, frustration, and hopelessness, which can fuel their involvement in criminal activities within the prison environment By not providing inmates with avenues for self-improvement and skill-building, prisons inadvertently contribute to their continued engagement in criminal behavior. The consequences of the lack of rehabilitative programs extend beyond the prison walls. It perpetuates the cycle of crime and imposes significant financial and societal costs.
1.6.3 Social Dynamics
The social dynamics within prisons transform these institutions into breeding grounds for criminal activity Inmates form social networks and alliances based on shared backgrounds, interests, or affiliations, such as gangs or racial groups (Huebner et al., 2017). These networks can provide inmates protection, support, and a sense of belonging and foster criminal behavior.
Peer pressure, the need for belonging, and the desire to maintain one’s reputation within these social structures can lead individuals to commit criminal acts to prove their loyalty, gain social capital, or avoid victimization (Jacobs et al., 2019). The influence of these social dynamics can override individual values and contribute to a culture where criminality is both accepted and expected.
Within these social networks, individuals may be influenced by the norms and values prevalent in their group. In prison settings, these norms may glorify violence, aggression, and deviant behavior, reinforcing that engaging in criminal activities is necessary for survival or social status Conformity to group norms and the fear of social exclusion can compel individuals to participate in criminal acts even if they may have had no prior inclination towards such behavior the hierarchical nature of these social structures can perpetuate criminal activity The prisoners in situations of authority within their social groupings may use their position of strength to control and persuade others, compelling them into illegal activities or abusing their weak points for their gain. This power dynamic further reinforces a culture of criminality within the prison environment.
The social dynamics within prisons also create a sense of distrust and the need for self-protection Inmates may perceive the prison staff as adversaries, leading them to rely more on their social networks for support and security This mistrust can impede prison staff’s ability to preserve order and deter criminal activity, as convicts are more inclined to request guidance and safeguards from their fellow inmates compared to compliance with government Understanding the complex social dynamics within prisons is crucial for addressing the prevalence of criminal activity Efforts should be made to disrupt and counteract negative influences by promoting prosocial behavior, building positive relationships between staff and inmates, and providing opportunities for personal growth and development Creating a supportive and inclusive prison environment that encourages prosocial interactions and provides inmates with the tools and resources to break away from negative social networks is essential in reducing criminal behavior.
1.6.4 Dehumanizing Effects of Long-Term Incarceration
The dehumanizing effects of long-term incarceration contribute to transforming prisons into breeding grounds for criminal activity. Lengthy periods of confinement, coupled with the harsh and restrictive conditions of prison life, can erode an individual’s sense of self-worth, agency, and connection to society (Haney, 2018). The dehumanization experienced by inmates can lead to increased frustration, anger, and a diminished sense of moral responsibility. As a result, individuals may engage in criminal behavior to regain control, assert power, or seek emotional release. The dehumanizing effects of long-term incarceration contribute to a toxic prison environment that perpetuates criminal activity among inmates. The transformation of US prisons into breeding grounds for criminal activity is a complex phenomenon influenced by multiple factors.
Institutional culture, a lack of rehabilitation initiatives, social conditions, and the dehumanizing impacts of extended confinement all lead to the frequency of criminal conduct in prisons. Resolving the problem involves a multidimensional strategy that focuses on changing the penal culture, improving rehabilitation programs, creating good social conditions, and acknowledging the necessity of preserving detained individuals’ dignity and compassion. Constructing prison conditions that promote rehabilitation and minimize incarceration while contributing to a healthier neighborhood by targeting these fundamental problems is feasible.
1.7 Research Questions and Sub-Questions
Research Question
The study’s main objective
What variables determine the increasing incidence of criminal behavior in US jails, turning them into places of reproduction for crime?
Sub-Questions
To effectively address the main research question, several sub-questions will be explored throughout the study:
What types of criminal activities or offenses do inmates commit in prisons?
This sub-question aims to identify and categorize the specific types of crimes committed by inmates within US prisons.
What are the factors that contribute to inmates’ criminality in prisons?
This sub-question examines the underlying factors that contribute to the criminal behavior of inmates within prison settings. Organizational culture, the lack of rehabilitation initiatives, social conditions, and the degrading impacts of prolonged imprisonment will all be investigated.
How culpable are prison officers in the prevalence of prison crimes?
This sub-question investigates the extent of prison officers’ involvement or complicity in the prevalence of criminal activity within US prisons. It will explore the role of prison staff in facilitating or preventing criminal behavior among inmates.
What role do prison officers play in offering inmates opportunities to commit crimes?
This sub-question examines the specific ways in which prison officers may contribute to the creation of opportunities for inmates to engage in criminal activities. It will explore staff shortages, corruption, ineffective monitoring, and contraband smuggling into prisons. This research attempts to give a thorough knowledge of the variables leading to the increasing incidence of criminal behavior in US prisons by investigating these sub-questions. The results of this study will be used to design efficient approaches, regulations, and treatments to reduce the impact of criminality in penal institutions, provide safer settings, and encourage sustainable rehabilitation of inmates.
1.8 Significance and Purpose of the Research
The research on the prevalence of criminal activity in US prisons and their transformation into breeding grounds for crime holds significant importance in criminal justice and corrections. This section will discuss the significance and purpose of the research, outlining its potential contributions to policy development, prison management, and inmate rehabilitation.
1.8.1 Policy Development
This study’s findings will give significant knowledge into the elements that contribute to the incidence of criminal behavior in US prisons Policymakers may obtain a more thorough comprehension of the issues that correctional institutions confront by recognizing these elements and developing policies that utilize evidence for tackling them The research will contribute to formulating strategies prioritizing inmates’ safety, security, and rehabilitation, ultimately leading to more effective and humane correctional systems.
1.8.2 Prison Management
Understanding the dynamics of criminal activity within prisons is essential for effective prison management. The study will give insight into the distinct sorts of crimes perpetrated by convicts, the influence on societal culture, the lack of rehabilitation initiatives, and other variables contributing to delinquency. This knowledge will enable prison administrators to implement targeted interventions to prevent and manage criminal behavior. It can guide the development of protocols for staff training, inmate supervision, and creating a positive prison culture that promotes rehabilitation and reduces recidivism.
1.8.3 Inmate Rehabilitation
The transformation of prisons into breeding grounds for criminal activity hinders inmates’ rehabilitation and successful reintegration into society. The research will help develop interventions that promote inmate rehabilitation by identifying the factors contributing to this transformation. It will highlight the need for comprehensive rehabilitative programs, educational opportunities, and mental health support within correctional facilities. The results of this study can help establish methods for addressing the underlying reasons for criminal conduct, providing expertise and assets for effective reintegration and lowering recurrence rates.
1.8.4 Public Safety
The prevalence of criminal activity within prisons has implications for public safety Inmates who engage in criminal behavior within correctional facilities may continue their criminal activities upon release, posing a risk to society.
Recognizing the elements that lead to the persistence of criminal conduct in prisons might help guide the creation of public safety measures. This research holds significant significance and purpose in criminal justice and corrections. Its findings can inform policy development, improve prison management, enhance inmate rehabilitation, and improve public safety. The current study aims to develop safer, more rehabilitative conditions that assist the effective reintegration of convicts into the community by researching the variables that contribute to the frequency of unlawful activity in US prisons, thereby converting them into places of reproduction for criminality.
Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 Background of Criminal Activity in US Prisons
This section provides a comprehensive background on the issue of criminal activity in US prisons. It investigates the historical backdrop, the current condition of things, and the consequences of criminal activity in correctional facilities. This section tries to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to the incidence of criminal behavior in US prisons by reviewing relevant literature.
2.1.1 Historical Overview
Criminal behavior within US jails may be documented back to the early days of correctional establishments. The major objective of the penal system throughout its initial stages was discipline and vengeance rather than reformation (Montag, W. 1995). This punitive approach often led to harsh and dehumanizing conditions, fostering an environment conducive to criminal behavior. Overcrowding, limited resources, and the absence of effective rehabilitation programs exacerbated the prevalence of criminal activity within prisons.
2.1.2 Current State of Affairs
Despite significant advancements in corrections, criminal activity remains a persistent problem in US prisons. Recent studies have highlighted the alarming rates of violence, drug offenses, gang-related activities, and theft within correctional facilities (Mears et al., 2022). The consequences of these criminal behaviors extend beyond the prison walls, affecting the safety of both inmates and staff members.
2.1.3 Implications of Criminal Behavior
The predominance of criminal behavior in US jails has profound ramifications for the justice system and civilization. First and foremost, it compromises the safety and security of prisons, making it challenging for staff to maintain order and control. It poses a significant risk to those incarcerated and those responsible for their supervision and rehabilitation.
Continuing criminal activity within jails impedes rehabilitation and productive reintegration into civilization. In criminal activity, inmates are unlikely to gain the requisite abilities, perspectives, and practices for effective reintegration (Gaston, 2022). “As a result, the probability of relapse rises, resulting in an ongoing cycle of people returning to the justice system for offenses.
2.1.4 The Role of Literature Review
The literature review plays a crucial role in understanding the background of criminal activity in US prisons. It provides a comprehensive overview of existing research, theories, and empirical evidence related to the factors contributing to the prevalence of criminal behavior within correctional facilities. By synthesizing the findings of previous studies, this review will offer insights into the complex nature of criminal activity in US prisons and guide the subsequent analysis in this research.
This section has provided a background on the issue of criminal activity in US prisons. It highlighted the historical context, discussed current affairs, and examined the implications of criminal behavior within correctional facilities. The predominance of unlawful activity in US jails provides serious obstacles to the penitentiary system’s efforts to ensure security, stability, and rehabilitation. The literature review that follows will delve deeper into the factors contributing to the prevalence of criminal activity in US prisons, providing a foundation for the subsequent analysis and discussion in this research
2.2 Crimes Prevalent in US Prisons
In the United States, prisons are afflicted with various crimes, which contributes to a difficult and frequently deadly atmosphere for prisoners and employees. Understanding the prevalent crimes within these correctional institutions is essential for developing effective strategies to address and prevent criminal behavior. This section provides an overview of the crimes commonly observed in US prisons.
2.2.1 Violence
One of the most prevalent and concerning crimes within US prisons. Inmates engage in physical aggression, including assaults, fights, and acts of intimidation (Sims et al., 2021). Gang affiliations, personal disputes, and territorial conflicts contribute to violent prison incidents. Using weapons, such as makeshift knives or other improvised weapons, further exacerbates the risk and severity of violence. These acts of aggression substantially injure the persons involved and foster a feeling of dread, nervousness, and antagonism inside the prison setting.
2.2.2 Drug Offenses
Drug offenses are a significant crime committed by inmates in US prisons. Despite efforts to prevent drug trafficking and consumption within correctional facilities, illicit substances continue to enter prisons. Inmates participate in drug-related behaviors, such as ownership, shipment, and use. The accessible nature of illicit merchandise and the need for narcotics within jails promote a fertile atmosphere for drug criminality. Drug abuse within prisons compromises the well-being of individual inmates and contributes to addiction, violence, and other criminal behaviors (Petersilia, 2017).
2.2.3 Gang-Related Activities
Gang-related activities pose a significant threat within US prisons. Gangs establish a presence within correctional facilities and engage in illicit activities, including drug trafficking, extortion, and acts of violence (Decker et al., 2019). Gang members often exert control over other inmates through coercion or recruitment, maintaining dominance and protecting their interests. The influence of gangs extends beyond the prison walls, with inmates maintaining their affiliations and criminal networks even after release. Gang-related crimes undermine the safety and security of the prison environment and perpetuate criminality within communities.
2.2.4 Theft
Theft is a common crime observed within US prisons. In an environment with limited resources and a lack of privacy, theft occurs in various forms, such as stealing personal belongings, food, or supplies. Inmates may resort to theft to survive, obtain desired goods, or exert power and control over others. The prevalence of theft within prisons contributes to distrust, insecurity, and heightened inmate tensions.
2.2.5 Sexual Offenses
In America’s prisons, indecent crimes such as rape and sexual assault are a big problem. Sexual abuse against inmates, especially vulnerable ones, may be perpetuated by fellow convicts and even jail staff. The power dynamics, lack of supervision, and inadequate preventive measures within prisons contribute to the occurrence of sexual offenses. These acts have serious psychological and physical implications for those affected and contribute to the continuation of an atmosphere of violence inside the confines of a prison.
2.2.6 Contraband Possession
The possession of contraband items is widespread in US prisons and contributes to various criminal activities. Inmates sneak commodities into correctional institutions, including narcotics, guns, mobile phones, and other banned things (United Nations Office on Narcotics and Crime, 2018). The scarcity and high demand for these items make them attractive to inmates, leading to a thriving underground prison economy. Contraband endangers the safety and protection of the jail atmosphere and enables the perpetration of additional offenses.
Understanding the prevalence of these crimes in US prisons is crucial for implementing effective prevention and intervention strategies. Addressing violence, drug offenses, gang-related activities, theft, sexual offenses, and contraband possession requires a multifaceted approach that focuses on enhancing security measures, providing comprehensive rehabilitation programs, promoting positive social dynamics, and addressing systemic issues within the correctional system.
2.3 Factors Contributing to Inmates’ Criminality in Prisons
The prevalence of criminal behavior among inmates in US prisons can be attributed to various factors contributing to their continued involvement in illegal activities. Understanding these factors is essential for developing targeted interventions and strategies to address inmates’ criminality effectively. This section explores key factors that contribute to inmates’ criminal behavior within prisons.
2.3.1 Lack of Rehabilitation Programs
The lack of access to rehabilitative programs is a significant obstacle to reducing criminal activity among inmates in US prisons. However, these programs’ inadequate availability and effectiveness hinder the potential for positive change.
Limited resources pose a major challenge to the implementation of comprehensive rehabilitation programs. Budget restrictions, insufficient staffing, and overpopulation in prisons sometimes divert focus and funding away from programs for rehabilitation (Bales et al., 2017). The scarcity of resources contributes to a cycle of idleness and hopelessness, increasing the likelihood of engaging in criminal activities within the prison environment. Overcrowding exacerbates the issue by placing a strain on already limited resources and further limiting opportunities for rehabilitation. When prisons are overcrowded, the focus often shifts towards maintaining security and managing the number of inmates, leaving little room for meaningful rehabilitation efforts.
The absence of rehabilitative programs within prisons perpetuates a cycle of recidivism Inmates who are released without the necessary skills, education, or support systems are more likely to revert to criminal behavior as a means of survival or due to limited alternatives (Travis et al., 2015) This has consequences not only for public safety but also for the judicial system, considering individuals move in and out of incarceration lacking the abilities they need to perform successful reintegration.
Collaboration between correctional institutions, community organizations, and educational institutions is essential in expanding access to rehabilitation programs Partnerships can provide expertise, resources, and support networks that extend beyond the prison walls, facilitating the successful transition of inmates into the community (Belenko S. et al., 2019) a shift in correctional philosophies that prioritize rehabilitation and reintegration over punishment is crucial in fostering a culture that supports positive change.
2.3.2 Negative Prison Culture
The negative prison culture is further fueled by the social dynamics and power structures that emerge within correctional facilities. Gang affiliations and racial divisions often play a significant role in shaping the prison culture and influencing inmates’ behavior (Huebner et al., 2022). Inmates may feel compelled to join gangs or align with specific groups for protection or a sense of belonging. These associations can foster an atmosphere in which criminal actions like drug dealing, brutality, and intimidation are not simply tolerated but also anticipated to maintain group cohesiveness and establish domination.
Addressing the negative prison culture requires comprehensive strategies that target the root causes and promote positive change Attempts should be directed at building correctional surroundings that support individual development, the opportunity for higher learning and employment opportunities, and satisfying social relationships among convicts (Jacobs, J. M.,et al 2021). Furthermore, programs aimed at tackling the fundamental problems that contribute to criminal behavior, such as drug addiction therapy, mental health assistance, and dealing with frustration, can assist individuals in breaking free from a downward spiral of violence and misbehavior By transforming the prison culture into one that promotes rehabilitation, personal development, and positive social connections, the likelihood of inmates engaging in criminal activities can be significantly reduced.
2.3.3 Substance Abuse and Addiction
Substance abuse and addiction play a significant role in inmates’ criminal behavior within prisons. Many inmates enter prison with preexisting substance abuse issues, and the prison environment itself can exacerbate these problems. Drugs are frequently available in prisons, and convicts may participate in illicit behaviors such as trafficking in illicit substances. Substance abuse impairs judgment, increases impulsivity, and can lead to aggressive or criminal behavior (Petersilia, 2017). Inmates may commit crimes to support their addiction, obtain drugs, or assert control over other inmates involved in drug-related activities. Handling abuse of drugs and offering efficient rehabilitation programs are critical to minimizing prisoner participation in drug-related offenses. Substance abuse rehabilitation programs in prisons can assist offenders in dealing with their addiction, learning methods for coping, and developing skills that will prevent recurrence after discharge (Maguire et al., 2017).
These programs give convicts the help and tools they need to triumph over their drug addiction problems and make positive adjustments in their life. Additionally, addressing the availability of drugs within prisons through enhanced security measures, comprehensive drug control strategies, and stricter monitoring can significantly reduce the opportunities for drug-related offenses. Recognizing the interconnectedness between substance abuse and other criminal behaviors is essential. Integrated methods aimed at tackling the root reasons for substance misuse and crime, such as trauma, problems with mental health, and financial obstacles, are more likely to produce beneficial results (Hill et al., 2018). Prisons may encourage recovery, minimize incarceration, and improve safety for everyone by offering broad and complete therapies to convicts battling substance misuse.
2.3.4 Lack of Positive Social Support
The absence of positive social support networks can contribute to inmates’ criminality. Many inmates come from disadvantaged backgrounds, characterized by limited social support and exposure to criminal influences. In prison, inmates may form social networks based on shared backgrounds, interests, or affiliations, such as gangs or racial groups. These networks can provide a sense of belonging and support but may also foster criminal behavior through peer pressure and the reinforcement of deviant norms (Jacobs et al., 2021).
Without positive role models and social support, inmates may rely on criminal networks for protection, resources, and social validation, increasing their involvement in criminal activities. The lack of positive social support within prisons hinders inmates’ ability to make prosocial connections and develop healthy relationships. Prisoners might find it challenging to build the requisite interpersonal abilities and psychological fortitude for effective reintroduction into the community due to the absence of supporting connections. This absence of social support can add to feelings of loneliness, pessimism, and estrangement, prolonging the criminal cycle.
In order to tackle this problem of a lack of good social support, initiatives and schemes that encourage the formation of beneficial interactions within the confines of prison must be implemented. Providing opportunities for social interaction, mentorship programs, and counseling services can help inmates build supportive networks and develop prosocial skills. Facilitating family involvement and strengthening community ties can contribute to inmates’ successful reentry into society, as the presence of a supportive network outside of prison can provide crucial stability and resources for a law-abiding life post-release.
2.3.5 Mental Health Issues
Inmates frequently have high psychological issues, and a lack of successful psychological treatment in prisons adds to their unlawful behavior. Many inmates enter prison with preexisting mental health conditions or develop them due to their incarceration experiences. Anxiety, depressive symptoms, and personality conditions can all affect making decisions, mood control, and control over impulses, raising the chance of criminal activity. Moreover, with its inherent stressors and lack of appropriate mental health services, the prison environment can exacerbate mental health problems among inmates. Considering convicts’ mental health demands using full mental health treatment might assist in limiting their participation in unlawful operations.
The stigma accompanying mental health under the penal system exacerbates the difficulties that convicts with problems with their minds encounter Many inmates hesitate to seek help or disclose their mental health concerns due to fear of judgment, retaliation, or being perceived as weak This lack of acknowledgment and support for mental health concerns within the prison environment can exacerbate symptoms, hinder recovery, and increase the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior as a maladaptive coping mechanism Understanding these factors contributing to inmates’ criminality within prisons is essential for developing targeted interventions and policies to address and reduce recidivism rates
It can be accomplished to establish an atmosphere that encourages inmates’ achievement of reintegration into the community while reducing their participation in criminal behavior inside correctional facilities through implementing efficient rehabilitation initiatives, supporting optimistic detention traditions, dealing with alcohol and drug abuse, encouraging supportive social networks, along with arranging psychological treatment.
In order to tackle the matter of mental illness within prisons, complete mental healthcare evaluation and screening processes must be implemented upon admission to guarantee convicts get promptly scheduled psychological health therapies. Providing access to mental health professionals, counseling services, and psychiatric medications can support inmates in managing their mental health conditions effectively. Furthermore, increasing awareness of and education about mental health among employees and inmates can help eliminate the stigma connected to mental illness and foster a more welcoming and compassionate correctional atmosphere.
2.4 The Role of Prison Officers in Promoting Criminality
Prison officials have an important role in keeping order and security in penal facilities, But there are signs that particular jail authorities may be helping to convict punishment. Recognizing the elements that lead to prison personnel’s participation in fostering criminal conduct is critical for improving prison administration and lowering unlawful activity inside institutions. This section examines the role of prison officers in promoting criminality and the various factors that may influence their behaviors.
2.4.1 Staff-Prisoner Relationships
The quality of staff-prisoner relationships can significantly impact the likelihood of promoting or deterring criminality within prisons. Positive and respectful relationships between prison officers and inmates can foster an environment conducive to rehabilitation and reduce the risk of misconduct. Conversely, negative or adversarial relationships can create an atmosphere of hostility and defiance, undermining efforts to maintain order and control (Kazemian, 2015). Poor staff-prisoner relationships can lead to a breakdown in communication, lack of trust, and increased tensions, potentially fueling inmates’ involvement in criminal behavior as a means of resistance or retaliation. Positive connections between prison officials and inmates build confidence, empathy, and tolerance. Effective communication and active listening can help bridge the gap between staff and inmates, allowing for the development of rapport and empathy.
The prisoners are more inclined to cooperate and engage in rehabilitation programs if correctional officers display compassion, justice, and an honest concern for their welfare. Antagonistic staff-prisoner interactions can have a detrimental effect on the conditions in prison Disputes. Confrontations can grow when individuals lack confidence, regard, and good dialog, producing an intimidating atmosphere. Inmates may perceive staff members as adversaries, leading to a breakdown in discipline and an increased likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior as a form of resistance or retaliation. Poor staff-prisoner relationships can also contribute to feelings of dehumanization and marginalization among inmates. When inmates feel disrespected or unheard by prison officers, they may become disengaged from rehabilitation efforts, exacerbating their hopelessness and frustration.
To promote positive staff-prisoner relationships, prison administrators must prioritize the development of interpersonal skills and cultural competence among staff members. Training programs should emphasize the importance of empathy, effective communication, and conflict resolution strategies. Prison personnel should treat the prisoners with dignity and consideration and recognize their capacities for reform and recovery. Establishing substantial interaction between employees and convicts can also foster positive connections.
It might include implementing initiatives that promote interaction, compatibility, and collaborative endeavors. The prisoners should be given a forum to express their opinions, submit suggestions for improving the conditions in prison, and participate in decisions that are made, which will develop a sense of responsibility and autonomy (Jang, S. J. et al 2018). Prisons may build an environment that encourages recuperation, minimizes the risk of criminal conduct, and fosters a safer and more congenial correctional environment by promoting the formation of advantageous staff-prisoner interactions.
2.4.2 Corruption and Collusion
One of the most alarming ways prison officers can contribute to criminality within prisons is through corruption and collusion with inmates. Corruption involves prison staff engaging in illegal activities, such as smuggling contraband, facilitating drug trafficking, or providing special privileges to inmates in exchange for bribes (Mears & Cochran, 2018). Conversely, collusion refers to prison officers forming alliances or relationships with inmates, often for personal gain or protection. Corruption and collusion erode the integrity of the correctional system, compromise security measures, and create an environment conducive to criminal activities.
2.4.3 Staff Misconduct and Abuse of Power
Instances of staff misconduct and the abuse of power by prison officers can also promote criminal behavior among inmates. Misconduct may include physical abuse, excessive use of force, verbal harassment, or violating inmates’ rights (Hallett et al., 2018). Such wrongdoing creates fear and hatred and may jeopardize the penal system’s validity. Inmates who experience abuse or witness staff misconduct may become disillusioned with the system, leading to increased defiance and a greater likelihood of engaging in criminal activities. This cycle of misconduct and criminal behavior perpetuates a negative prison environment, making them fertile breeding grounds for criminal activity (Davies et al., 2020).
The abuse of power by prison officers erodes trust, exacerbates existing tensions, and creates a power imbalance that can lead to other criminal behavior among inmates. The influence and control exerted by corrupt prison staff can enable criminal activities to thrive within correctional facilities. Prison officers who collude with inmates may facilitate the smuggling of contraband, such as drugs, weapons, or cell phones, into the prison (Gaes et al., 2017). This underground economy not only poses significant risks to the safety and security of the prison but also perpetuates criminal behavior and undermines the effectiveness of rehabilitation efforts.
Inmates who have access to illegal goods and amenities are more likely to participate in additional criminal activities such as trafficking in illicit drugs, extortion today, or aggression, which contributes to the general incidence of criminal activity in US jails. The impact of staff misconduct and the abuse of power extends beyond individual inmates. It erodes public trust in the correctional system and raises concerns about prisons’ overall integrity and effectiveness as institutions of rehabilitation and reintegration
The failure to hold staff accountable for misconduct can create an atmosphere of impunity, further reinforcing the cycle of criminal behavior within prisons. Addressing staff misconduct and the abuse of power is crucial for mitigating the prevalence of criminal activity within US prisons. Implementing robust accountability mechanisms, ensuring adequate training and supervision of prison staff, and promoting a culture of professionalism and respect are vital steps toward creating a secure and rehabilitative prison environment. By addressing these issues, the correctional system can work towards its intended goals of reducing criminal behavior, promoting inmate rehabilitation, and ultimately contributing to safer communities upon inmates’ release.
2.4.4 Staff Shortages and Inadequate Training
Staff shortages and inadequate training can also significantly impact the role of prison officers in promoting criminality within US prisons. Understaffed facilities face numerous challenges, including increased stress, fatigue, and reduced supervision (Stolzenberg et al., 2017). These conditions create an environment where criminal activities can thrive, as there may not be enough personnel to monitor and control inmate behavior effectively. Insufficient staffing levels also limit the availability of resources and services, further exacerbating tensions and increasing the likelihood of criminal incidents.
In addition to staff shortages, inadequate training can hinder prison officers’ ability to effectively handle conflicts, communicate with inmates, and manage challenging behaviors. The resolution of conflicts, calming down tactics, along with successful communication education courses are critical for preparing personnel with the knowledge and abilities needed to uphold peace and foster a secure prison atmosphere. Officers may resort to excessive force or ineffective approaches when dealing with confrontations without proper training, which can escalate tensions and contribute to an environment conducive to criminal behavior.
High turnover rates among prison staff further compound the issue. Constantly changing personnel and a lack of institutional knowledge can disrupt relationships between officers and inmates, making it more difficult to establish trust and effective communication. Moreover, the continuous influx of inexperienced staff can lead to a lack of consistency and the development of harmful practices that may inadvertently promote criminal behavior. Investing in recruiting and retaining qualified staff members is crucial to address these challenges. Adequate staffing levels should be maintained to ensure proper prison supervision and security. Substantial and continuing education initiatives should be created to provide prison personnel with the expertise and knowledge needed to handle inmate communities. Training efficiently should cover conflict resolution, de-escalation techniques, cultural sensitivity, and promoting a rehabilitative environment.
By addressing staff shortages and providing adequate training, prisons can enhance their ability to maintain control, reduce opportunities for criminal activities, and promote a safe and rehabilitative environment. The administrators of prisons and politicians must realize the necessity of engaging their personnel and providing them with the tools and helping hands they need to do their jobs successfully.
2.4.5 Organizational Culture and Leadership
The organizational culture and leadership within correctional facilities play a significant role in shaping the behaviors and attitudes of prison officers, which can either promote or deter criminality. A positive organizational culture is characterized by shared values, norms, and expectations guiding staff members’ conduct. When a culture of competence, honesty, and personal responsibility is established, it fosters an atmosphere in which prison personnel is driven to respect custodial system values and act in the best interests of both convicts and the general operation of the institution.
On the contrary, a toxic or negative organizational culture can contribute to the promotion of criminal behavior among prison officers. When corruption, dishonesty, and an absence of transparency are allowed to be accepted inside an institution, it establishes an atmosphere where employees may participate in unlawful conduct or collaborate with convicts to aid illegal actions. It can undermine the integrity of the correctional system, erode trust between staff and inmates, and contribute to a cycle of criminality within the prison setting. Strong leadership is essential in promoting a culture that deters staff involvement in criminality. Effective leaders within correctional facilities should prioritize integrity, transparency, and accountability.
They should set a positive example for staff members by demonstrating ethical behavior and consistently enforcing policies and procedures. Additionally, leaders should provide guidance, support, and ongoing training to prison officers, emphasizing the importance of their roles in maintaining safety, security, and rehabilitation within the facility. Addressing the role of prison officers in promoting criminality requires comprehensive strategies encompassing various aspects of the correctional system. It includes implementing rigorous recruitment and selection processes to ensure that individuals with the right qualities and values are hired as prison officers. It also includes continual education and training initiatives that provide employees with the expertise and information they need to carry out their responsibilities while conforming to occupational guidelines properly.
Mechanisms of supervision along with accountability are critical in both avoiding and dealing with employee misbehavior. Regular surveillance, evaluations of achievement, and communication systems can aid in identifying possible issues and the implementation of remedial steps when appropriate. It is also critical to develop a transparent interaction and investigation culture in which employees are comfortable expressing any concerns or occurrences of wrongdoing without fear of punishment. Organizational culture reform requires a collective effort from prison administrators, policymakers, and staff members. By promoting positive staff-prisoner relationships, addressing issues of corruption and collusion, ensuring adequate staffing levels and training, and fostering a culture of professionalism and accountability, prisons can create an environment that reduces the likelihood of prison officers contributing to criminal behavior among inmates.
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