Explain why you agree with your colleague’s assessment of the assigned study and why.
PLEASE POST EACH DISCUSSION SEPARATELY
1) Explain why you agree with your colleague’s assessment of the assigned study and why.
2) Identify any potential threats to internal and external validity that your colleague has not mentioned.
3) Examine the ethical implications your colleague has described and identify any other potential ethical issues your colleague has not mentioned.
4) Propose at least one idea of how a quantitative research design might be used for your colleague’s research topic.
REPLY TO MY CLASSMATE’S DISCUSSION BY ANSWERING THE ABOVE
INSTRUCTIONS
DISCUSSION 1 (Katherine)
Compare and contrast the characteristics of experimental and non-experimental quantitative
research.
Research has to do with the collection and analysis of data, it helps in quantifying the depth of research done, studies in which the psychologist observes, measures and expresses in numeric forms, using statistical analysis (Allwood, C. (2012). This research is what enables the researcher to look deeper and understand the calculative angle to any research done, as its application deals with numbers. In comparison, the experimental and non-experimental quantitative research, are both quantitative researches , that are used to check hypothesis and end up being result oriented.
Experimental quantitative research makes use of hypothesis in its scientific study, focusing on interviews, from the qualitative angle, and using experiments to back it up (Allwood, C. (2012). It is the more expensive type of quantitative research, using fact and figures to test the hypothesis, with experiments to cap it all, before arriving at results. This has practical examples and proof of what analysis they are trying to get.
Non-experimental is the opposite, which is like the correlative research; this is where the researcher tries to get a definite and descriptive way in getting solution, majorly with past events or happenings. You give a descriptive methodology to any research rather than using the experimental method. This method is less cost effective than the experimental type. In this type of research , variables are measured as they occur.
State the research question the researchers were trying to answer in the study.
In this context, the researcher tries to understand the types of variables in the data collected for research and their measurement scale. It poses as a measurement scale and determines the statistical procedure to give valid results (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). also pertinent to note that variables are in two categories and sub categories; categorical and numeric. The categorical variable is the qualitative and not quantifiable, while the numeric (numbers) are the quantitative variable. The effect of an independent variable on a dependent one, as the independent one is controlled by the experimenter, hence changing due to the response of the dependent. These changes affect the dependent variables and its affect and responds to what is been thrown at it. In this context, the question that might have risen, is why we have older adults are suffering frommajor depression?. Identify the type of quantitative research design that was used in the assigned study. Quantitative variables have variables that are calculative or mathematical. The assigned study explained the categories of descriptive statistics; measures and its tendencies of variability. The types of designs involved in measuring the variables without manipulating them, using manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment and the control of extraneous variables. The experimental and non experimental techniques which encompasses gathering data and conducting statistical analysis for the research purpose, navigating through several variables, the use of logistics, gathering of statistical data, using questionnaires and numbers. Evaluate whether the researchers’ conclusion follows logically from the evidence presented. The researchers job is to do findings (research), which brings us to a conclusion with logical evidence presented. This research resolutes a systematic way to find a solution of a problem, that has helped in giving us knowledge and understanding, it helped with the formulation of the problem, collecting the data, with the solution that has analyzed the data. The quantitative method involved both survey and experimental research, collecting the data with analyses, using logical evidence.
Identify threats to internal and external validity that might apply to how this study was conducted.
Internal and external validity are inter-woven. While the internal validity focused on the conduct,its analysis, and how the research questions were answered without bias, the external validity is the random selections that were made. The external validity cannot be overlooked in research, as there could be situations of random selections to proffer easy and fast solutions (Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan, 2010a). The internal validity ensures that all research questions are adequately answered, with proper analysis, and conduct, hence minimizing the external influences therein. There has been variations among the human populace, which has exposed some experimental findings from disciplines with visual perception, some analytic level of reasoning, fair judgement, memory and the heritability of IQ, with the use of WEIRD representatives.Hence not forgetting that selections were done. Determine whether validity threats were addressed by the researchers. If so, describe how this was done.
In Quantitative methods and research, there is also purpose of threats to validity, to avoid any factors that might have been unduly influential on the research as a whole. In internal and external validity, there were threats to its study, which jeopardized its application, and this is not new with every research; the history (giving us an insight on the start of the research), the maturation (the process and how it unfolds), testing (how effective the first test and what follows likewise). These were used in the screening process to understand which was applicable.
Summarize ethical considerations that were mentioned in the research report. We must acknowledge informed consent in ethical considerations. that was mentioned, without personal biases in the course of the research. There was confidentiality and purpose as they had the approval afterwards; it begins with the purpose of what the research will be all about, then you either decline the offer, accept, or withdraw (which of course, has its consequences), not forgetting how beneficial it would turn out for both parties, with utmost clarity and questions for proper understanding and enlightenment. (8.02). APA, 2017. Ethical considerations in research should not be overlooked, as we have guidelines that protect the ethics of the profession, and serve as a guide for researches while they conduct their research. Assess what ethical considerations apply to the design of the study but that were not mentioned by the researchers.
In research, there are principles that guides researchers, and the psychologist in both the quantitative and qualitative methods of their researches; the informed consent, and confidentiality is paramount, its hypothesis(which was not clearly stated), the risks and biases involved in research, before getting to the conclusion that gives us the result. All of these encumbered gives the researcher a clear and distinctive research, which was not clearly stated as part of the processes that was followed.
Explain how you might do a study on this topic differently and why your approach would be more appropriate than the one used by the researchers. As a researcher, the first thing to bear in mind is to have a result-oriented research, with mixed research methods (as was given in this context). The research should start by trying to narrow it down to my level of understanding and how I intend to give it the desired simplicity for my understanding (as a credible researcher), and the participants. The language should be clearly understood, information passed and carried out correctly, with the use of questionnaires (qualitative method), whilst I conduct the research using numbers, and statistics (quantitative method), without limitations on the number of institutions, which will enable me get a good hypothesis and conclusion. Evaluate whether a quantitative approach would be useful for the research topic you chose in Week 1.
In the topic I chose in week 1, that bothers on human relations, I could use the quantitative method. If for instance, my topic had to do with the rising rate of sexual harassment in an institution. The use of questionnaires will be of help, aside having a human related discussion with the students, having a calculated analyses with facts and figures will give the approach and research more leverage and result. Using tabulation can help give an estimated figure to my findings, and help getting accurate figures to the graph I would prepare to explain the rise and fall in numbers. Describe the actions you would take to ensure that a quantitative study on your topic would be ethical. In doing this (as mentioned in the question before this), there should be statistical documentation, making sure my research meets the three prongs of its ethics; data access, transparency (production and analytical), making sure I adhere to the ethical principles of psychology,following its guides, and direction, as I go on with my study (APA, 2017). This will give an understanding of the research, a clear knowledge of what it entails in plain language, and carefully avoiding errors. Noting that, as a researcher, there should be no falsification of figures, fabricated stories or even putting figures in the wrong spot. That is my opinion.
References
American Psychological Association,
(March).
Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. (2022, amended effective June 1, 2010, and January 1, 2017). https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/indexLinks to an external site.
Allwood, C. (2012). The distinction between qualitative and quantitative research methods is problematic. Quality and Quantity, 46, 1417-1412. Retrieved November 6, 2013, from EBSCO
Online Database SocINDEX http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspxLinks to an external site.? direct=true&db=sih&AN=77493397&site=ehost-live.
Creswell, J.W., & Creswell, J. D (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE.
Henrich, L., Heine, S.J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature,466(7302),29. https://doi.org/10.1038/466029a
DISCUSSION 2
1) Explain why you agree with your colleague’s assessment of the assigned study and why. 2) Identify any potential threats to internal and external validity that your colleague has not mentioned. 3) Examine the ethical implications your colleague has described and identify any other potential ethical issues your colleague has not mentioned. 4) Propose at least one idea of how a quantitative research design might be used for your colleague’s research topic.
REPLY TO MY CLASSMATE’S DISCUSSION BY ANSWERING THE ABOVE
INSTRUCTIONS
DISCUSSION 2 (Megan)
Compare and contrast the characteristics of experimental and nonexperimental
quantitative research.
https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/indexLinks%20to%20an%20external%20site.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspxLinks%20to%20an%20external%20site.
A quantitative research study is taking data from a sample or population and interpreting the results by first predicting the outcome of the research (Creswell, 2018). The difference between experimental and nonexperimental characteristics is experiments are used to help test a hypothesis by changing a variable to which can have a cause-and-effect outcome. According to Creswell, “an experimental method plan follows a standard form a) participants and design b) procedure, and c) measures (2018, p 160).
State the research question the researchers were trying to answer in the study. Are aging adults (60 thru 104) more likely to depressive symptoms over other ages?
Identify the type of quantitative research design that was used in the assigned study.
A questionnaire was given to participants in both small and large long term nursing homes to assess depression through a DSM-IV-TR collection criteria (Taylor, 2020). The activities of daily living (ADL), cognition, and a Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) were included and assessed during this process to analyze the variables.
Evaluate whether the researchers’ conclusion follows logically from the evidence presented.
The researcher’s conclusion of a higher probability of those elderly who are in a LTC are more likely to be depressed than those who are not, does not evaluate any elderly who are not. Identify threats to internal and external validity that might apply to how this study was conducted.
From the facts, there is a higher probability given the circumstances; however, there should be a follow up research study to solidify the differences of those who live at home versus those who must be institutionalized. The threat is the utilization of instruments used in the screening process.
Determine whether validity threats were addressed by the researchers. If so, describe how this was done.
Another threat which was addressed was the MMSE test which determined the other variables to reduce the participants of 31.2 percent.
Summarize ethical considerations that were mentioned in the research report.
There didn’t seem like there were psychological factors with the aftermath of having to do these studies and research. IF the elderly are severely depressed, there is a chance opening a can of worms can cause future mental health concerns. Did these participants volunteer? How did this sample come about? What is the location of the facilities (i.e. lower income population or middle income?).
Assess what ethical considerations apply to the design of the study but that were not mentioned by the researchers.
They conducted the research by obtaining informed consent. They most likely had to ask their relatives or legal representative to explain and get permission before conducting the research.
Explain how you might do a study on this topic differently and why your approach would be more appropriate than the one used by the researchers.
I would have most likely conducted research in various regions and with a bigger sample population. Ethically, the nature of facilities is not a very nice implication for clients who must stay there. I’ve worked in these facilities and the lack of treatment and understaffing is another reason they are depressed let alone being left by families to have someone else care for them. Evaluate whether a quantitative approach would be useful for the research topic you chose in Week 1.
I would use the mixed method of using both a quantitative and qualitative approach. My future career will be about ensuring the right treatment is involved with our veterans. Some types of measures are important to know before therapy due to medications may need to be in place so there will be less triggers.
Describe the actions you would take to ensure that a quantitative study on your topic would be ethical Initially, the consent forms would be the first item to ensure the veteran will be protecting their right to receive treatment and to provide information to them and reduce liability by protecting their PHI and confidentiality.
References:
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed
methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE.
Taylor & Francis Group (2020). Psychology, Health& Medicine vol.25, no. 8 909-
916. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=shib&db=ccm&AN=1454
69920&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=s8856897
https://uagc.instructure.com/courses/121367/modules/items/6182278
https://uagc.instructure.com/courses/121367/modules/items/6182278
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