How does Hanunoo color naming reflect Hanunoo cultural emphasis?

and in the discussion post). This article may be a little difficult, but it is only a few pages: try to makes sense of what he is saying about the color system of the Hanunoo–and the language they have for color. After you’ve finished, write a thoughtful discussion post about the reading.

You might consider: how does Hanunoo color naming reflect Hanunoo cultural emphasis? Or, write about what you found interesting. (I know this is a difficult article, but see what you can come up with!)

Requirements: 1 page or 4 paragraphs

IdngU(‘fl.()pi{)Note:Yourinstructorwillindicatewhichreadings,exercises,and/orprojectsyoushoulddo.~READING2.0″HanunooColorCategories”byHaroldC.ConklinHaroldConklin’s”HanunooColorCategories”isaclassicinthefieldoflinguisticanthropology.Itshowshowdifferentlanguagesdividetheworldofcolorindifferentways,butitalsoshowshowtheassociationsforeachcolorrangemaybedifferentindifferentlanguages.Thisisoneoftheearlyarticlespublishedinthefieldofcog-nitiveanthropology;ithelpedpavethewayforthedevelopmentofthatapproachtounderstandingworldviewandcategorizationthroughlanguage.(Conklin’sfieldworkamongtheHanunooonMindoroIsland(1952-1954)wassupportedbygrantsfromtheSocialScienceResearchCouncil,theFordFoundation,andtheGuggenheimFoundation.)InthefollowingbriefanalysisofaspecificPhilippinecolorsystemIshallattempttoshowhowvariousethnographicfieldtechniquesmaybecombinedprofitablyinthestudyoflexicalsetsrelatingtoperceptualcategorization.Recently,Icompletedmorethanayear’sfieldresearchonHanunoofolkbotany.IInthistypeofworkonesoonbecomesacutelyawareofproblemsconnectedwithunderstandingthelocalsystemofcolorcategorizationbecauseplantdeterminationssooftendependonchromaticdifferencesintheappearanceofflowersorvegetativestructures-bothintaxo-nomicbotanyandinpopularsystemsofclassification.ItisnoaccidentthatoneofthemostdetailedaccountsofnativecolorterminologyintheMalayo-Polynesianareawaswrittenbyabotanist.2Iwas,therefore,greatlyconcernedwithHanunoocolorcategoriesduringtheentireperiodofmyethnobotanicalresearch.BeforesummarizingthespecificresultsofmyanalysisoftheHanunoomaterial,however,Ishouldliketodrawattentiontoseveralgeneralconsiderations.1..Color,inawesterntechnicalsense,isnotauniversalconceptandinmanylanguagessuchasHanunoothereisnounitaryterminologicalequivalent.Inourtechnicalliteraturedefinitionsstatethatcoloristheevaluationofthevisualsenseofthatqualityoflight(reflectedortransmittedbysomesubstance)whichisbasicallydeterminedbyitsspectralcomposition.Thespectrumistherangeofvisiblecolorinlightmeasuredinwavelengths(400[deepred]to700[blue-violet]millimicrons).3Thetotalcolorsphere-holdinganysetofexternalandsurfaceconditionsconstant-includestwootherdimensions,inadditiontothatofspectralpositionorhue.Oneissaturationorintensity(chroma),theotherbright-nessorbrilliance(value).Thesethreeperceptualdimensionsareusuallycombinedintoacoordinatesystemasacylindricalcontinuumknownasthecolorsolid.Saturationdimin-ishestowardthecentralaxiswhichformsthe<-achromaticcoreofneutralgraysfromthewhiteattheendofgreatestbrightnesstoblackattheoppositeextremity.HuevarieswithSource:”HanunooColorCategories,”byHaroldC.Conklin.SouthwesternJournalofAnthropology11(4):339-344.Copyright@1955TheJournalofAnthropologicalResearch.Reprintedbypermission.15fiefe

16CHAPTERTWO:LANGUAGEANDCULTUREcircumferentialposition.Althoughtechnicallyspeakingblackistheabsenceofany”color,”white,thepresenceofallvisiblecolorwavelengths,andneutralgrayslackspectraldistinc-tion,theseachromaticpositionswithinthecolorsolidare.oftenincludedwithspectrally-definedpositionsinthecategoriesdistinguishedinpopularcoiorsystems.2.Underlaboratoryconditions,colordiscriminationisprobablythesameforallhumanpopulations,irrespectiveoflanguage;butthemannerinwhichdifferentlanguagesclassifythemillions4of”colors”whicheverynormalindividualcandiscriminatediffer.Manystim-uliareclassifiedasequivalent,.asextensive,cognitive–‘-orperceptual~screeningtakesplace.sRequirementsofspecificationmaydifferconsiderablyfrorrtoneculturally-definedsituationtoanother.Thelargestcollection6of.Englishcolornamesrunstoover3,000en-tries,yetonlyeightoftheseoccurverycommonly.7RecenttestingbyLennebergandoth-ers8demonstratesahighcorrelationinEnglish~mdinZullibetWeenreadycolorvocabu-.laryandeaseinrecognitionofcolors.Althoughthisisonlyabeginningitdoesshowhowthestructureofalexicalset~ayaffectcolorperception.Itmayalsobepossibletodeterminecertainnonlinguisticcorrelat~sforcolorterminology.Colortermsareapartofthevocab-ularyofparticularlanguagesandonlytheintracultural.analysisofsuchlexicalsetsandtheircorrelatescanprovidethekeytotheirunderstandingandrangeofapplicability.Thestudyofisolated-andassumedtranslationsinotherlanguagescanleadonlytoconfusion.9InthefieldIbegantoinvestigateHanunoocolorclassificationinanumberofways,in-cludingtheelicitingoflingu~sticresponsesfrorilalargenumberofinformantstopaintedcards,.dyedfabrics;otherpreviouslyprepar:edmaterials,loandtherecordingofvisual-qualityattributestakenfromdescriptionsofspecificitemsofthenaturalandartificialsur-roundings.Thisresultedinthecollectionofaprofusionofattributivewordsofthenon-formal-andthereforeinasense”color”-type.Therewere.at.firstmanyinconsistenciesandahighdegreeofoverlapforwhichthecontrolsuseddidnolseemtoaccount.How-ever,astheworkwithplantspecimensandminutefloristicdifferentiationprogressed,1notedthatincontrastivesituationsthisinitialconfusionandincongruityofinformants’re-sponsesdidnotusuallyoccur.Insuchsituations,wherethe”nonformal(i.e.,notspatiallyorganized)visiblequality”IIofonesubstance(plantpart,dyedthread,.orcolorcard)wastoberelatedtoandcontrastedwiththatofanother,bothofwhichwere.eitherathandorwellknown,terminologicalagreementwasreachedwithrelativeease.Suchadefinedsit-uationseemedtoprovidetheframenecessaryforestablishingaknownlevelofspecifica-tion.Whereneeded,agreaterdegreeofspecification(oftenemployingdifferentrootmor-phemes)couldbeandwasmade;Otherwise,suchfinerdistinctionsWereignored.Thishintofterminologicallysignificantlevelsledtoareexaminationofallcolordataandthefol-lowinganalysisemerged.ColordistinctionsinHimunooaremadeattwolevelsofcontrast.Thefirst,higher,moregenerallevelconsistsofanall-inclusive,coordinate,four~wayclassificationwhichliesatthecoreofthecolorsystem.Thefourcategoriesaremutuallyexclusiveincontrastivecon-texts,butmayoverlapslightlyinabsolute(i.e.,spectrally,orinothermeasurable)terms..Thesecondlevel,includingseveralsublevels,consistsofhundredsofspecificcolorcate-gories,.manyofwhich.overlapandinterdigitate..Terminologically,thereis”unanimousagreement”12onthedesignationsforthefourLevelIcategories,butconsiclerablelackofunanimity-withafewexplainableexceptions-intheuseoftermsatLevelII.ThefourLevelItermsare:.1.(rna)bIru13’relativedarkness(ofshadeafcolor);blackness'(black)2.(ma)lagti7’relativelightness(ortintofcolor);whiteness'(white)3.(ma)rara7’relativepresenceofred;redness'(red)4.(ma)latuy’relativepresenceoflightgreenness;greenness'(green)Thethree-dimensionalcolorsolidisdividedbythisLevelIcategorizationintofourun-equalparts;thelargestismabfru,thesmallestmalatuy.Whileboundaries..separatingthesecategoriescannotbe.setinabsoluteterms,thefocalpoints(differingslightlyinsize,them-selves)withinthefoursections,canbelimitedmoreotlesstoblack,white,orange-red,andII.1

READING17leaf-greenrespectively.Ingeneralterms,mabfruincludestherangeusuallycoveredinEn-glishbyblack,violet,indigo,blue,darkgreen,darkgray,anddeepshadesofothercolorsandmixtures;malagti~whiteandverylighttintsofothercolorsandmixtures;marara~maroon;red,orange,yellow,andmixturesinwhichthesequalitiesareseentopredomi-.n,ate;malatuy,lightgreen,andmixturesofgreen;yellow,andlightbrown.AllcolortermsCanbereducedtooneofthesefourbutnoneofthefourisreducible.Thisdoesnotmeanthatothercolortermsaresynonyms,butthattheydesignatecolorcategoriesofgreaterspecificationwithinfourrecognizedcolorrealms..ThebasisofthisLevelIclassificationappearstohavecertaincorrelatesbeyondwhati~usuallyconsideredtherangeofchromaticdifferentiation,andwhichareassociatedwithnoruinguisticphenomenaintheexternalenvironment.First,thereistheoppositionbe-tweenlightanddark,obviousinthecontrastedrangesofmeaningoflagti?andbfru.Sec-‘ond,thereisanoppositionbetweendrynessordesiccationandwetnessorfreshness(suc-culence)invisiblecomponentsofthenaturalenvironmentwhicharereflectedinthetermsrara?andlatuyrespectively.Thisdistinctionisofparticularsignificanceintermsofplantlife.Almostalllivingplanttypespossesssomefresh,succulent,andoften”greenish”parts.Toeatanykindofraw,uncookedfood,particularlyfreshfruitsorvegetables,isknownas.pag-laty-un«latuy).Ashiny,wet,brown-coloredsectionofnewly-cutbambooismalatuy(notmarara?).Dried-outormaturedplantmaterialsuchascertainkindsofyellowedbam-booorhardenedkernelsofmatureorparchedcornaremarara;:Tobecomedesiccated,toloseallmoisture,isknownasmamara?(<para?’desiccation;andparenthetically,Imightaddthattherearemorphologicalandhistoricalreasons-asidefromHanun60folkety-mologizing-tobelievethatatleastthefinalsyllablesofthesetwoformsarederivedfromacommonroot).Athirdopposition,dividingthetwoalreadysuggested,isthatofdeep,un-fading,indelible,andhenceoftenmoredesiredmaterialasagainstpale,weak,faded,bleached,or”colorless”substance,adistinctiop.contrastingmabfruandmarara?with.malagti?andmalatuy.Thisoppositionholdsfor’manufactureditemsandtradegoodsaswellasforsomenaturalproducts(e.g.,redandwhitetradebeads,redbeingmorevaluableby’Hanun60standards;indigo-dyedcottonsarongs,themostprizedbeingthosedyedmostoftenandhenceofthedeepestindigocolor-sometimesobscuringcompletelythedesignsformedoriginallybywhitewarpyarns;etc.).WithineachoftheseLevelIcategories,in-creasedestheticvalueattachesasthefocalpointsmentionedaboveareapproached.Thereisonlyoneexception:thecolorwhichismosttangiblyvisibleintheirjunglesurroundings,thegreen(eventhefocalpointnearlight-oryellow-green)ofthenaturalvegetation,isnotvalueddecoratively.Greenbeads,forexample,are”unattractive,”worthless.Clothingandornamentarevaluedinproportiontothesharpnessofcontrastbetween,andtheintensity(lackofmixture,deepquality)of”black,””red,”and”white.”LevelIIterrilinologyisnormallyemployedonlywhengreaterspecificationthanispos-sibleatLevelIisrequired,orwhenthenameofanobjectreferredtohappensalsotobea”color”term(e.g.,buliiwan’gold;golden[color]’).LevelIItermsareoftwokinds:relativelyspecific’colorwordslike(ma)dapug’gray’«dapug’hearth;ashes’),(ma)?arum’violet,'(ma)dilaw’yellow’«dilaw’turmeric’);andconstructions,basedonsuchspecificterms-oronLevelInames-butinvolvingfurtherderivations,suchasmabirubiru’somewhatmabfru'(morespecificthanmabfrualoneonlyinthatacolorwhichisnotasolid,deep,blackisimplied,i.e.,acolorclassedwithinthemabfrucategoryatLevell,butnotatornearthefocalpoint),mabiiru(gid)’verymabfru'(heresomethingclosetothefocalcenterofjetblackisdesignated),andmadflawdflaw’weakyellow.’Muchattentionispaidtothetextureofthesurfacereferredto,theresultingdegreeandtypeofreflection(iridescent,sparkling,dull),andtoadmixtureofothernonformalqualities.Frequentlythesenoncolorimetricas-pectsareconsideredofprimaryimportance,themorespectrally-definablequalitiesserv-ingonlyassecondaryattributes.Ineithercasepolymorphemicdescriptionsarecommon.AtLevelITthereisanoticeabledifferenceinthereadycolorvocabularyofmenascom-paredtowomen.Theformerexcel(inthedegreeofspecificationtowhichtheycarrysuchclassificationterminologically)intherangesof”reds”and”grays”(animals,hair,feather,

18CHAPTERTWO:LANGUAGEANDCULTUREetc.);thelatter,in”blues”(shadesofindigo-dyedfabrics).Nodiscerniblesimilardifferenceholdsforthe”greens”or”whites.”Inshort,wehaveseenthattheapparentcomplexityoftheHanunoocolorsystemcanbereducedatthemostgeneralizedleveltofourbasictermswhichareassociatedwithlightness,darkness,wetness,anddryness.Thisintraculturalanalysisdemonstratesthatwhatappearstobecolor”confusion”atfirstmayresultfromaninadequateknowledgeoftheinternalstructureofacolorsystemandfromafailuretodistinguishsharplybetweensensoryreceptionontheonehandandperceptualcategorizationontheother.(‘,PINOTES1.Conklin,1954a,1954b.2.Bartlett,1929.3.Osgood,1953,p.137.4.Estimatesrangefrom7,500,000tomorethan10,000,000(OpticalSocietyofAmerica,1953;Evans,1948,p.230).5.Lounsbury,1953.6.MaerzandPaul,1930.7.ThorndikeandLorge,1944.8.Lenneberg,1953,pp.468-471;Lenne-bergandRoberts,1954;BrownandLenneberg,1954.9.Lenneberg,1953,pp.464-466;Hjelm-slev,1953,p.33.10.Cf.Ray,1952,1953.BIBLIOGRAPHYBartlett,HarleyHarris.1929.ColorNomencla-tureinBatakandMalay.Papers,MichiganAcad-emyofScience,ArtsandLetters,vol.10,pp.1-52,AnnArbor.Brown,Rogerw.,andEricH.Lenneberg.1954.AStudyinLanguageandCognition.JournalofAbnormalandSocialPsychology,vol.49,pp.454-462.Conklin,HaroldC.1954a.TheRelationofHa-nun60CulturetothePlantWorld.Doctoraldis-sertation,YaleUniversity,NewHaven.__.1954b.AnEthnoecologicalApproachtoShiftingAgriculture.Transactions,NewYorkAcademyofSciences,ser.II,vol.17,pp.133-142,NewYork.Evans,RalphM.1948.AnIntroductiontoColor.NewYork:Wiley.Hjelmslev,Louis.1953.ProlegomenatoaThe-oryofLanguage.IndianaUniversityPublica-11.Thelackofaterm’similarinsemanticrangetoourword”color”makesabstractinter-rogationinHanun60aboutsuchmatterssome-whatcomplicated.Exceptfor.leadingquestions(namingsomevisual-qualityattributeasapossi-bility),onlycircumlocutionssuchaskabitaytfdanitpagbantiiyun?’Howisittolookat?’arepos-sible.Ifthisresultsindescriptionofspatialor-ganizationorform,theinquirymaybenar-rowedbythespecificationbukunkay?anyu?’notitsshape(orform).’12.Lenneberg,1953,p.469.13.Theseformsoccurasattributeswiththeprefixma-‘exhibiting,having,’asindicatedaboveinparentheses,orasfreewords(abstracts).tionsinAnthropologyandLinguistics,Memoir7oftheInternationalJournalofAmericanLin-guistics[translatedbyFrancisJ.Whitfield],Bloomington.Lenneberg,EricH.1953.CognitioninEthno-linguistics.Language,vol.29)pp.463-471,Baltimore.Lenneberg,EricH.,andJohnM.Roberts.1954.TheLanguageofExperience,aCaseStudy.Com-municationsProgram,CenterofInternationalStudies,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge:hectographed,45pp.and9figs.Lounsbury,FloydG.1953.”Introduction”[sec-tiononLinguisticsandPsychology](InResultsoftheConferenceofAnthropologistsandLin-guists,pp.47-49,Memoir8,InternationalJour-nalofAmericanLinguistics,Baltimore).Maerz,A.,andM.R.Paul.1930.ADictionaryofColor.NewYork:McGraw-Hill.

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