June 28, 2023

Basics of Nutrition and Evaluating Nutrition Information

The pictures would not download. Pic 1. had healthy stuff like fruit, Veggies. The 2. Pic had unhealthy stuff like burgers, Soda, Chocolate, Chips, m&m's.

Unit 1

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Basics of Nutrition and Evaluating Nutrition Information

Basics of Nutrition and Evaluating Nutrition Information

Nutrition has become one of the most widely sought out topics of science regarding our health. Understanding nutrition begins with learning the basic components of diet and the building blocks necessary to support the body. Once the basics are firm, key concepts in nutrition and their effects on health can be discussed and studied. Nutrition is a vital aspect of not only your educational career but also your well-being. Learning about the macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as well as the micronutrients, like your vitamins and minerals, are key in understanding the role that food plays in your life. With proper knowledge of these key components, you will be able to take an active role in your own health. This week we are going to focus on the basics. This will include looking at fats, carbohydrates, and proteins and learning about essential nutrients. Our discovery of nutrition and its impact on our lives will allow you to comprehend how our eating has changed and how our nutritional requirements change throughout our lives. We will also look at the measurements associated with nutrition and discuss the key concepts of nutrition. You will learn how scientists determine food recommendations, start to comprehend why there is so much contradicting information about nutritional requirements published, and develop the ability to obtain reliable, up-to-date, and accurate information on nutrition.

Objectives:

· Analyze the relationship between the foods you eat and the effect on your overall health.

· Record a 3-day food diary and analyze its importance.

· Explain the reasons why certain foods are addictive to the body.

· Identify basic nutritional needs and explain how they are useful and benefit the body's processes.

Activities:

· Review the Course Information page.

· Download/save the course syllabus.

· Read, view, and engage with Readings and Resources.

· Actively participate in the Unit 1 Discussion.

· Complete and submit the Unit 1 Assignment.

· Complete the Unit 1 Knowledge Check.

Readings and Resources

Readings and Resources

eBook:

Schiff, W. (2022). Nutrition for healthy living (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

In this chapter, we will learn why it is important to be knowledgeable about nutrition as well as identify factors that influence personal food choices. This chapter will also give you the ability to list the six classes of nutrients and determine whether a substance is essential or non-essential.

· Chapter 1: The Basics of Nutrition

· Schiff 6ed_ch01_lecture_PPT_Accessible.pptx Schiff 6ed_ch01_lecture_PPT_Accessible.pptx – Alternative Formats

In this chapter, you will learn about the scientific method and how to design and analyze scientific studies. This is the basis for how you can evaluate nutrition information that you find online or in a magazine. You will also learn how to analyze nutrition information.

· Chapter 2: Evaluating Nutrition Information

· Schiff 6ed_ch02_lecture_PPT_Accessible.pptx Schiff 6ed_ch02_lecture_PPT_Accessible.pptx – Alternative Formats

Unit 1 DB

Unit 1 DB: Comparing Different Diets

Unit 1 DB: Comparing Different Diets

For this Discussion Board, review the foods in these two photos:

Given what you have learned this week, what are some of the nutritional differences you see between the two photos? After describing how they are different, please answer the following questions:

· What do you think are some of the biggest challenges our society faces when it comes to eating healthy? Include science sources to support your claims.

· Which picture do you think looks the most like your current diet? Explain why.

· How can you modify your current diet to make healthier choices? Be specific.

Please review the Discussion Board Grading Criteria on the Course Information Page.

Chapter 2

Evaluating Nutrition Information

Lecture Outline

Nutrition for Healthy Living Sixth Edition

Wendy J. Schiff, MS, RDN

Traci L. Keck, MS, RDN, LD

No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, LLC.

Because learning changes everything.®

Quiz Yourself True or False 1

Scientists use anecdotes as scientific evidence to support their findings. True or false?

Popular health-related magazines typically publish articles that have been peerreviewed. True or false?

By conducting observational epidemiological studies, medical researchers can determine risk factors that may influence health. True or false?

Quiz Yourself True or False 2

Dietary supplements include vitamin pills, as well as products that contain echinacea, ginseng, and garlic. True or false?

In general, registered dietitian nutritionists are reliable sources of food and nutrition information. True or false?

How Did You Do? 1

False Scientists do not use anecdotes as scientific evidence to support their findings.

False Popular health-related magazines typically publish articles that have not been peerreviewed.

How Did You Do? 2

True By conducting observational epidemiological studies, medical researchers can determine risk factors that may influence health.

True Dietary supplements include vitamin pills, as well as products that contain echinacea, ginseng, and garlic.

True In general, registered dietitian nutritionists are reliable sources of food and nutrition information.

2.1 Nutrition: Science for Consumers 1

Learning Outcomes

Explain the basic steps of the scientific method.

Explain the importance of having controls when performing experiments.

Design a nutrition-related study that involves human subjects.

Explain why nutrition information derived from anecdotes and testimonials is not evidence based.

2.1 Nutrition: Science for Consumers 2

Learning Outcomes

Explain the difference between a direct (positive) relationship and an inverse (negative) relationship between two variables.

Discuss why similar scientific studies often have different results.

The Scientific Method

In the past, nutrition facts and dietary practices were often based on:

Intuition

Common sense

Conventional wisdom (“tradition”)

Anecdotes (personal reports)

Today, nutrition experts rely on results collected from scientific research (evidence-based results).

Scientific Method: Basic Steps

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Laboratory Experiments

An experiment is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis (question).

Experiments are often conducted on rats or mice before performing similar research on humans.

In vitro experiments or “test tube” experiments are conducted on cells or other components derived from living organisms.

In vivo experiments are conducted on whole living organisms, such as mice.

Science for Consumers: Key Terms

Evidence based: information that is based on results of scientific studies

Anecdotes: reports of personal experiences

Treatment group: group being studied that receives a treatment

Control group: group being studied that does not receive a treatment

Variable: personal characteristic or other factor that changes and can influence an outcome

Treatment and Control Groups

Most experiments that involve animals or humans have a treatment group as well as a control group. Having the two groups allows scientists to compare results.

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Human Research: Experimental (Intervention) Studies

Experimental studies involving humans may be used to obtain information about health outcomes related to specific dietary practices.

Members of a large group of human subjects are randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group.

This kind of experiment is called a randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Key Terms for Human Intervention Studies 1

Placebo: fake treatment, such as a sham pill, injection, or medical procedure.

Placebo effect: positive response to a placebo.

Key Terms for Human Intervention Studies 2

Double-blind study: experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participant’s group assignment.

Single-blind study: researchers know which subjects are in the treatment and control groups.

Human Research: Epidemiological Studies 1

Epidemiology: the study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations.

Observational Epidemiological Studies:

Case-control study: Individuals with a health condition are matched to persons with similar characteristics who do not have the condition.

Epidemiological Studies: Case-Control Study

Human Research: Epidemiological Studies 2

Observational Epidemiological Studies:

Cohort study: collects information and analyzes variables from a large group of people over time

Cohort studies can be:

Prospective

Retrospective

Types of Cohort Studies

Prospective

Means “to look forward”

Follows group of healthy people into the future and looks for factors that may have contributed to changes in their health

Retrospective

Means “to look back”

Researchers collect information about a group’s past exposures and identify current health conditions.

Epidemiological Studies: Cohort Studies

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Limitations of Epidemiological Studies 1

Epidemiological studies can show relationships, but cannot establish causation, that is, whether a practice is responsible (the cause) for an effect.

When two events or observations occur simultaneously within a population, it is not necessarily an indication that one is related to (or causes) the other.

Limitations of Epidemiological Studies 2

What is a correlation?

A relationship between variables

Occurs when two variables change over the same period

A direct (positive) correlation results when two variables change in the same direction.

An inverse (negative) correlation occurs when two variables change in opposite directions.

It is important to understand that some changes could be coincidences (unrelated events) and not the result of “cause-and-effect” relationships.

Examples of Direct and Inverse Correlations

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Analyzing Data, Drawing Conclusions, and Reporting Findings

Researchers use a variety of statistical methods to analyze data.

These methods allow for finding relationships between variables and health outcomes.

Researchers summarize findings and seek to publish scientific articles.

Articles submitted for publication in scientific journals undergo peer review before being published. Peer review is a critical analysis of the study and its findings conducted by a group of “peers.”

Research Bias

Scientists are expected to collect and analyze data in an honest and objective manner.

Avoid the influences of personal attitudes or biases.

Peer-reviewed scientific journals require authors to disclose funding sources.

After the results of a study are published, it is important to spread the news by sharing the findings with other scientists.

Confusion and Conflict 1

Conflicting study results are often the result of different study methods.

The science of nutrition is constantly evolving.

Old beliefs and practices are discarded when they are not supported by more recent scientific evidence.

2.2 Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction

Learning Outcomes

Explain why there is so much nutrition misinformation.

Discuss how people can become more critical and careful consumers of nutrition information, including information on the Internet.

Identify common red flags that are signs of nutrition misinformation.

Become a Critical Consumer of Nutrition Information

Do not assume that information in popular media is reliable.

Be wary of ads for nutrition-related products that rely on testimonials and anecdotes.

Consumers are responsible for questioning and researching the accuracy (reliability) of nutrition information.

Consumers should be alert for pseudoscience, the presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods.

Ask Questions

What motivates the authors, promoters, or sponsors to provide the information?

Is the source scientific, such as an article from a peer-reviewed nutrition journal?

If a study is cited, how was the research conducted?

Does the source cite respected nutrition or medical journals or mention reliable experts?

What Is Quackery?

Quackery is promoting useless medical treatments.

Practicing medicine without proper training is illegal.

However, providing nutrition information and advice without proper training is legal.

Look for Red Flags 1

Promises of quick and easy remedies

Claims that sound too good to be true

Scare tactics

Personal attacks on registered dietitian nutritionists or conventional scientists

Statements about the superiority of certain dietary supplements or unconventional medical practices

Look for Red Flags 2

Reliance on testimonials and anecdotes

Information that promotes a product’s benefits while overlooking its risks

Vague, meaningless, or scientific-sounding terms

Sensational statements with incomplete references or sources

Look for Red Flags 3

Recommendations based on a single study

Information concerning nutrients or human physiology that are not supported by reliable scientific evidence

Results disclaimers, usually in small or difficult-to-read print

Results Disclaimer

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Using the Internet Wisely

Be careful and consider sources of Internet information.

Consider:

Who or what organization sponsors the site?

Is the information intended to promote sales?

Is there a comprehensive disclaimer such as:

“The manufacturer is not responsible orobligated to verify statements.”

Tips for Searching Nutrition Information on the Internet 1

Table 2.1

To Be a Careful Consumer of Internet Sources of Information:

Use multiple sites such as .gov or .org.

Rely on sites managed by qualified health professionals.

Look for the HONcode symbol on the website.

Health On the Net Foundation. www.hon.ch/en

Tips for Searching Nutrition Information on the Internet 2

Do not trust information at a site that does not indicate valid sources.

Be wary of sites that have surveys for you to complete or advertisements and promotions.

Do not trust a site that attacks the medical or scientific establishment.

Be wary of commercial sites (*.com), even those with links to reliable sites.

COVID-19 and Quackery

In 2020, a federal court issued a temporary restraining order to stop owners of a business from marketing and distributing “colloidal silver” to treat/cure COVID-19.

Colloidal silver is generally not recognized as safe and effective for preventing or treating COVID-19 or any medical condition.

The FDA considered the company’s colloidal silver preparation to be an unapproved new drug.

In response, the business removed their product’s website and provided online instructions for obtaining a refund.

2.3 Reliable Nutrition Experts

Learning Outcome

Explain how to identify reliable nutrition experts.

Reliable Nutrition Experts

There is no standard definition for “nutritionist” or “nutritionalist.”

Physicians generally do not have extensive college coursework in this subject.

Reliable sources of information include nutrition professors at colleges and universities with nutrition and/or dietetics departments, registered dietitians (RD)* or registered dietitian nutritionists (RDN)*.

* Legally protected credentials

Becoming a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN)

Three major professional divisions in dietetics:

Clinical dietetics

Community nutrition

Food systems management

Becoming a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist

Complete an ACEND accredited baccalaureate degree program.

Compete supervised practice program or dietetic internship professional practice experience.

Pass the national registration examination.

2.4 Nutrition Matters: What Are Dietary Supplements?

Learning Outcomes

Explain the difference between conventional medicine and alternative health care, and identify health care practices that are either conventional or alternative.

Explain how the FDA regulates medicines differently than dietary supplements.

Discuss the risks and benefits of taking dietary supplements.

What Are Dietary Supplements? 1

According to the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), a dietary supplement:

adds to a person’s dietary intake and contains one or more dietary ingredients, including nutrients or botanicals (herbs or other plant materials);

is taken by mouth; and

is a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, or extract.

What Are Dietary Supplements? 2

Dietary supplements include:

Nutrient pills

Protein powders

Herbal extracts

Multivitamin/mineral products

Some Popular Non-Micronutrient Dietary Supplements

Refer to Table 2.2 for a list of some popular dietary supplements, major claims, and some known health effects such as benefits and risks.

Conventional Medicine versus Alternative Health Care Practices

Conventional medical care: Health care practices that are widely accepted and used by mainstream medical practitioners, such as surgical procedures and medications.

Alternative health care: Health care practices that are not widely accepted and used by conventional medical practitioners, such as the use of dietary supplements, yoga, chiropractic manipulations, and meditation.

When the two types of health care are combined, it is called “integrative” medicine.

How are Dietary Supplements Regulated?

Dietary supplements are regulated as a non-traditional category of foods, not as drugs.

Supplements bypass strict FDA regulations imposed on medications (drugs).

FDA regulates labels on supplements and claims allowed on them.

Using Dietary Supplements Wisely 1

When used properly, micronutrient supplements are generally safe.

Herbal supplements may contain toxins.

Highly toxic or cancer-causing plants include comfrey, pennyroyal, sassafras, kava, lobelia, and ma huang.

Using Dietary Supplements Wisely 2

Determine if the supplement is necessary.

Discuss your need for the supplement with your physician or RDN.

Consult a physician before giving to children.

Consult a physician as soon as you develop signs and symptoms of serious illness.

Be wary of claims made about a supplement’s benefits and investigate by searching for reli

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Basics of Nutrition and Evaluating Nutrition Information

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