West Nile Virus (WNV) was first isolated in a woman in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937. It was identified in birds (crows and columbiformes) in Nile delta region in 1953. Before 199

1. West Nile Virus (WNV) was first isolated in a woman in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937. It was identified in birds (crows and columbiformes) in Nile delta region in 1953. Before 1997 WNV was not considered pathogenic for birds, but at that time in Israel a more virulent strain caused the death of different bird species presenting signs of encephalitis and paralysis. Human infections attributable to WNV have been reported in many countries in the World for over 50 years.
In 1999 a WNV circulating in Israel and Tunisia was imported in New York producing a large and dramatic outbreak that spread throughout the continental United States of America (USA) in the following years. The WNV outbreak in USA (1999-2010) highlighted that importation and establishment of pathogens outside their current habitat represent a serious danger to the world.
Human infection is most often the result of bites from infected mosquitoes. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds, which circulate the virus in their blood for a few days. The virus eventually gets into the mosquito’s salivary glands. During later blood meals (when mosquitoes bite), the virus may be injected into humans and animals, where it can multiply and possibly cause illness.
About 20% of people who become infected with WNV will develop West Nile fever. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, and body aches, nausea, vomiting, occasionally with a skin rash (on the trunk of the body) and swollen lymph glands.
Match the terms in the left-hand column with the appropriate term in the right-hand column. Terms from the right-hand column may be used more than once.
Answer Choices:
Skin
Crows and columbiformes
Gastro-intestinal tract
People playing outdoors
West Nile Virus
Secretions
Mosquitoes
Questions:
Reservoir for WNV –
Vector –
Portal of exit –
Portal of entry –
Susceptible host –

2. Match all of the following terms in the left-hand column with the appropriate terms for the right-hand column. Terms from the right-hand column may be used more than once.
Answer Choices:
Numerator
Denominator
Questions:
Number of new cases of COVID in a month –
Number of people who ate barbecue chicken at a potluck –
Total number of person-yrs –
Midpoint population during one year –
Number of low birthweight babies in a year

3. Match the list with the appropriate letter form the list in column B. Letters from column B may be used more than once.
Answer Choices:
Children in Elementary School A in Albuquerque who have not been immunized
# of live births in 2020
# of deaths in 2020
Total number of births in New Mexico on July 1, 2020
Number of cases of COVID in New Mexico
Total number of children in Elementary School A
Population in New Mexico on July 1, 2020
Questions:
Numerator of infant mortality rate –
Denominator for prevalence of babies with cleft palate born in 2020 –
Denominator of mortality rate due to pneumonia in New Mexico in 2020 –
Denominator for attack rate of chicken pox in elementary school A –
Denominator for COVID case fatality rate in New Mexico –

4. Diabetes mellitus has been associated with breast cancer, although no studies appear to have adequately assessed the association in Hispanic women, a population with a high prevalence of diabetes. A study was completed in the Southwest to investigate this association.
Women with breast cancer diagnosed in 1999-2004 were identified through state cancer registries (1,526 non-Hispanic Whites, 798 Hispanics). another group of women without breast cancer (1,599 non-Hispanic Whites, 924 Hispanics) were selected from commercial mailing lists and driver’s license and Social Security records. Diabetes history was assessed through interviewer-administered questionnaires. In this study, diabetes was not associated with breast cancer overall, although the inverse association with gestational diabetes warrants further investigation.
What is the design of this study?
Answer Choices:
Cross-sectional
Ecological
Space-time cluster
Prospective Cohort
Case-control
Randomized controlled trial
No answer text provided.
5. HIV infection is related to several risk factors in the male sex worker population. A study assessed the prevalence of HIV and risk behaviors in male sex workers. They also evaluated the association between HIV and sociodemographic factors. The data were collected by interviewer-administered questionnaires (for sociodemographic and behavior data), clinical evaluation for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and serological evaluation for STIs (including HIV).
What is the design of this study?
Answer Choices:
Cross-sectional
Ecological
Space-time cluster
Cohort
Case-control
Experimental
6. Older adults are the fastest growing segment of the United States population. There is an immediate need to identify novel, cost-effective community-based approaches that promote health and well-being for older adults, particularly those from diverse racial/ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Because choral singing is multi-modal (requires cognitive, physical, and psychosocial engagement), it has the potential to improve health outcomes across several dimensions to help older adults remain active and independent. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of a community choir program (Community of Voices) on health and well-being and to examine its costs and cost-effectiveness in a large sample of diverse, community-dwelling older adults.
Diverse adults age 60 and older were enrolled at senior centers and completed a baseline survey. The senior centers were randomly assigned to either start the choir immediately or wait 6 months to start. Community of Voices is a culturally tailored choir program delivered at the senior centers by professional music conductors that reflects three components of engagement (cognitive, physical, and psychosocial). The practicality and relatively low cost of the choir program means it can be incorporated into a variety of community settings and adapted to diverse cultures and languages.
What is this study design?
Answer Choices:
Cross-sectional
Ecological
Space-time cluster
Cohort
Case-control
Randomized controlled trial
Community intervention
7. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Canada with wide, unexplained regional variations
in heart disease mortality. However, no studies to date have explored the relationship between a number of health region characteristics and regional variation in heart disease mortality rates across Canada.
Researchers studied the contribution of various traditional cardiac risk factors, social determinants of health and other
community characteristics to regional variations in heart disease mortality rates across Canada.
Cardiovascular disease mortality rates were obtained from Statistics Canada for three years – 1995 to 1997. Health region characteristics were taken from the 2000/2001 Canadian Community Health Survey, and the 1996 Canadian Census and the Labour Force Survey. Linear regression analyses and analyses of variance were employed to identify relationships between these health region characteristics and cardiovascular disease mortality rates.
What is the design of this study?
Answer Choices:
Cross-sectional
Ecological
Space-time cluster
Cohort
Case-control
Experimental
8. Which of the following is a key characteristic of a cross-sectional study.
Group of answer choices
Study participants are randomly assigned to the disease outcome.
Study participants often answer a survey on exposures and disease outcome.
Study participants are selected based on their disease outcome.
Study participants are followed through time for several years.
9. Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by breathing in spores of a fungus often found in bird and bat droppings. Histoplasmosis is most commonly transmitted when these spores become airborne, often during cleanup or demolition projects. In the United States, histoplasmosis commonly occurs in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys, though it can occur in other areas, too.
Two surveys were done of Community A 12 months apart. Of 5,000 people surveyed the first time, 25 already had antibodies to histoplasmosis. Twelve months later, 35 had antibodies, including the original 25.
Fill in the blank.
a. The prevalence of histoplasmosis at the time of the first survey was ________.
b. The prevalence of histoplasmosis at the time of the second survey was ______.
c. The type of prevalence you calculated is _______.
d. The incidence of histoplasmosis during the 12 month period was ______(number only).
e. The units for part d are ______.
f. The type of incidence you calculated is _______.

10. The table below includes information on mortality due to unintentional injuries in New Mexico in 2019.
Complete the column for mortality rate per 100,000 population to 2 decimals for each race/ethnicity.
Calculate the total number of unintentional injury deaths (d) and the total population on July 1, 2019 (e). DO NOT USE COMMAS IN YOUR ANSWER!
Calculate the mortality rate for all races/ethnicities per 100,000 population to 2 decimals.
Report the rates per 100,000 population!
# of Unintentional Injury Deaths
Population on July 1, 2019
Mortality Rate
Per 100,000
American Indian or Alaska Native
247 190,798

Hispanic
755 1,035,195

Non-Hispanic White
652 791,431

Total

11. Summarize in one sentence your calculation for the overall unintentional injury mortality rate for all three groups combined.
12. Which of the following statements is true? Refer to your calculations in the previous question on unintentional injury deaths in New Mexico.
Group of answer choices:
The risk of dying due to unintentional injuries was highest in American Indians or Alaska Natives because the mortality rate was the highest in this group.
The risk of dying due to unintentional injuries was highest in non-Hispanic whites because this group had the highest number of deaths.
The risk of dying of unintentional injuries was lowest in American Indians or Alaska Natives because there were very few deaths in this group.
The risk of dying of unintentional injuries was highest in Hispanics because of this group’s large population.
13. In 2018, New Mexico’s drug overdose death rate (26.6 per 100,000 population) was about 29% higher than the US rate. What measure of disease frequency is this?
Group of answer choices:
Cumulative incidence of drug overdose deaths
Cause-specific mortality rate
Crude death rate
Point prevalence
14. An outbreak investigation refers to which one of the following?
Group of answer choices:
An investigation of a disease that is always present in the community at a very low rate.
Judges if the exposure and outcome association is causal before identifying all the cases.
Requires a case definition of who has the disease, what the disease is and how you identify the disease.
Has the advantage of being completed very quickly by only one investigator.

Collepals.com Plagiarism Free Papers

Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we'll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.

Get ZERO PLAGIARISM, HUMAN WRITTEN ESSAYS

Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper?

Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials.

We write plagiarism Free Content

Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties.

Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.