Psychologists have traditionally had difficulty studying cognitive development in children because young children cannot effectively communicate their thoughts to others. Swiss psy

In which section of a scientific article would the author provide the details about participants, materials, and procedures?
a.
references
b.
abstract
c.
introduction
d.
method
1 points
QUESTION 2
The tendency to seek out evidence that upholds our beliefs and overlook information that contradicts them is called:
a.
the confirmation bias.
b.
the “bystander effect.”
c.
critical thinking.
d.
the hindsight bias.
1 points
QUESTION 3
In order to think critically about whether opposites attract, a student will need to _____ to determine whether opposites refer to personalities, interests, ethnic backgrounds, educational levels, or socioeconomic statuses.
a.
keep an open mind
b.
think deeply
c.
emotionally reflect
d.
be skeptical
1 points
QUESTION 4
The most important lesson the authors hope to impart to you through the use of their textbook is:
a.
that psychology matters to all of us.
b.
that psychology is only about therapy.
c.
that all psychologists do research.
d.
to decide to major in psychology.
1 points
QUESTION 5
Simon is at a graduation party and he notices a young woman who appears to be unconscious on the ground. Since there are many other people at the party, Simon:
a.
will help the person only if he knows the exact circumstances rendering her unconscious.
b.
knows that the “bystander effect” will make it less likely for others to offer help.
c.
immediately rushes to offer assistance since people will notice his heroism.
d.
knows that the “bystander effect” will make it more likely for others to offer help.
1 points
QUESTION 6
Dr. Miguel is in his first year of teaching. He knows that to enhance student learning, he should give:
a.
a midterm and final.
b.
one exam at the end of the term.
c.
weekly quizzes.
d.
an exam once a month.
1 points
QUESTION 7
Highlighting is an effective study strategy if you:
a.
focus on studying only the highlighted passages.
b.
highlight during your second read-through.
c.
highlight during your first read-through.
d.
highlight both main and secondary ideas.
1 points
QUESTION 8
Charlotte is an educator who is investigating the belief that people have different learning styles, such as “visual” or “auditory.” In reading psychological research on the topic, she discovers that:
a.
auditory learners retain information better when it is presented so that they can hear it.
b.
there is no research evidence indicating that people have specific learning styles.
c.
knowing people’s learning styles can maximize educators’ teaching effectiveness.
d.
visual learners retain information better when it is presented in ways that they can see.
1 points
QUESTION 9
The impression that psychological findings are obvious might be related to _____, or the “I knew it all along” feeling.
a.
the “bystander effect”
b.
the hindsight bias
c.
critical thinking
d.
the confirmation bias
1 points
QUESTION 10
Jackie and Tiffany are talking about their newborn babies. Jackie mentioned that she has been playing Mozart and other classical music for her infant. Tiffany, who is currently taking a psychology class, tells Jackie:
a.
“There is actually no solid evidence to suggest that playing Mozart makes babies smarter.”
b.
“You should also add some rock and roll music!”
c.
“That is a great idea! I have heard that it makes babies smarter.”
d.
“Who is Mozart?”
1 points
QUESTION 11
Taytiana is attempting to replicate a study by Kushlev and colleagues (2020) on how increases in happiness might affect health. The hypothesis of Kushlev’s experiment is that participating in a program designed to increase happiness will:
a.
lead to improvements in physical health.
b.
also lead to an increase in lung capacity.
c.
result in a decrease in body weight.
d.
lead to improvements in mental health.
1 points
QUESTION 12
The continuing cycle of exploration, critical thinking, and systematic observation that psychologists use to conduct research is called:
a.
informed consent.
b.
common sense.
c.
the scientific method.
d.
educated guessing.
1 points
QUESTION 13
Bzdok and Dunbar (2020) found that the tighter someone is embedded in a network of friends, the less likely they are to become ill. This is an example of:
a.
no correlation.
b.
an experiment.
c.
a negative correlation.
d.
a positive correlation.
1 points
QUESTION 14
Dr. Ingram deliberately varied the sequence of items on a list and later measured participants’ ability to recall the items. Dr. Ingram conducted a(n) _____ study.
a.
correlational
b.
experimental
c.
observational
d.
naturalistic
1 points
QUESTION 15
A research study using naturalistic observation entails:
a.
the systematic, detailed study of a single individual.
b.
the manipulation of an independent variable.
c.
asking a sample of individuals a set of questions.
d.
examining behavior in the setting where it typically occurs.
1 points
QUESTION 16
A study conducted by Berry and colleagues (2015) had researchers sitting quietly inside bathroom stalls on a university campus using stopwatches to measure how long people spent using the facilities and washing their hands. It was found that most men and women washed their hands after using the toilet, but only about half of the men washed their hands after using the urinal. This is an example of what kind of descriptive research technique?
a.
case study
b.
naturalistic observation
c.
correlational method
d.
experiment
1 points
QUESTION 17
Psychology is the scientific study of:
a.
behavior but not mental processes.
b.
behavior and mental processes.
c.
mental disorders and their treatments.
d.
mental processes but not behavior.
1 points
QUESTION 18
In focusing on their almost identical DNA as the explanation for many of Sam and Anas’ similarities, Dr. Segal is using the _____ perspective.
a.
evolutionary
b.
behavioral
c.
psychoanalytic
d.
biological
1 points
QUESTION 19
At a police checkpoint for drunk drivers, some cars are stopped at random; many others are not stopped. The cars that are stopped may be considered a _____ of all the cars that pass by the checkpoint.
a.
sample
b.
population
c.
variable
d.
cohort
1 points
QUESTION 20
The ethical guidelines written by professional organizations encourage psychologists to:
a.
maintain accuracy in research, teaching, and practice.
b.
never manipulate participants in research studies.
c.
never use deception no matter what the circumstances.
d.
form their own internal review boards anywhere they are practicing or researching.
1 points
QUESTION 21
Today about _____ of students earning doctorates in psychology are women.
a.
59%
b.
39%
c.
79%
d.
89%
1 points
QUESTION 22
_____ was the first woman to complete all of the requirements for a PhD at Harvard University, but she was not allowed to graduate because she was a woman.
a.
Mamie Phipps Clark
b.
Karen Horney
c.
Margaret Floy Washburn
d.
Mary Whiton Calkins
1 points
QUESTION 23
Tomas is writing a paper about the women who were early influences in the field of psychology. When discussing the contributions of Margaret Floy Washburn, he should write that:
a.
“Margaret Floy Washburn made an impact on the field of psychology because her teacher Edward Titchener allowed her to take credit for his work.”
b.
“Margaret Floy Washburn impacted the field of psychology because of her research on the treatment of mental illness.”
c.
“Margaret Floy Washburn was able to earn her PhD and publish scholarly work in the late 1800s because of her perseverance, despite society’s belief that women are inferior to men.”
d.
“Because women were perceived as inferior to men in the late 1800s, Margaret Floy Washburn was not allowed to earn a PhD in psychology.”
1 points
QUESTION 24
Aristotle believed that people know their reality through their perceptions and that they learn though their sensory experiences. Today this is known as:
a.
individualism.
b.
empiricism.
c.
dualism.
d.
introspection.
1 points
QUESTION 25
If there is no relationship between two variables, then the correlation coefficient would be:
a.
+1.00.
b.
-1.00.
c.
+2.00.
d.
0.
1 points
QUESTION 26
Descriptive statistics:
a.
allow predictions beyond a data set.
b.
show how two or more variables are related.
c.
indicate the significance of the results.
d.
organize and present a set of data.
1 points
QUESTION 27
Iyesha reads a journal article reporting a study in which a small sample of women undertook tests of spatial ability at two points during their menstrual cycle. She conducts a similar study using not only spatial ability but also verbal ability tests. In addition, Iyesha tests a larger sample of women. She is performing a:
a.
replication.
b.
control study.
c.
peer review.
d.
double-blind study.
1 points
QUESTION 28
In the 1980s, research began questioning whether psychology’s findings could be applied universally. This research sparked the _____ perspective.
a.
sociocultural
b.
cognitive
c.
biological
d.
evolutionary
1 points
QUESTION 29
Dr. Segal gave Sam and Anas, identical twins separated at birth and reunited at age 25, several psychological tests to measure personality traits. This part of Dr. Segal’s research served the goal of:
a.
describing.
b.
predicting.
c.
explaining.
d.
changing.
1 points
QUESTION 30
Ramona received a pill containing only sugar while participating in an experiment for anxiety. After the treatment, Ramona reported less anxiety. This was due to:
a.
a confounding variable.
b.
the placebo effect.
c.
random assignment.
d.
experimenter bias.
1 points
QUESTION 31
In an experiment to test the effects of throat lozenges on children with sore throats due to a cold, some of the children were given a medicated lozenge made of sugar and some of them were given a lozenge made of sugar that did not contain any medication. In this experiment, children who received the sugar lozenge were the _____ group.
a.
independent
b.
experimental
c.
confounding
d.
control
1 points
QUESTION 32
Characteristics of the environment or the participants that might interfere with an experiment’s outcome are called:
a.
extraneous variables.
b.
control variables.
c.
third variables.
d.
placebos.
1 points
QUESTION 33
In a presentation to the students in her psychology class, Tamara discussed women’s roles in psychology’s early days and compared them to their roles in psychology today. She said, “When psychology first started in the late 1890s, women:
a.
dominated the field of psychology in every subfield, just as they do today.”
b.
weren’t allowed to earn master’s degrees or PhDs in psychology, but today most who earn such degrees are women.”
c.
were considered suitable for psychology but not other sciences, while today women are considered suitable for other sciences but not psychology.”
d.
were encouraged to earn master’s degrees and PhDs in psychology, but today women are discouraged from doing so.”
1 points
QUESTION 34
If the findings of a study can be generalized to the real world and the population of interest, it has:
a.
reliability.
b.
internal validity.
c.
standardization.
d.
external validity.
1 points
QUESTION 35
Tamara was interested in studying people’s attitudes toward immigration reform, so she surveyed a sample of friends from her college in Chicago. In her study, Tamara found that 63% of her friends favored immigration reform. She concluded that “The majority of people in the United States are in favor of immigration reform.” Which statement expresses the problem with Tamara’s conclusion?
a.
Her sample is random, but it is not representative of the U.S. population.
b.
Her sample is not representative of the U.S. population.
c.
Her sample is representative of the U.S. population but not of college students.
d.
Her sample is representative of college students but not of the U.S. population.
1 points
QUESTION 36
Neuropsychologist Ling Chew gives half of the participants in her experiment a pill that contains a stimulant drug. She gives the other half of her participants an identical-looking pill that does not contain the drug. Dr. Chew is using a pill without the drug as a(n):
a.
random variable.
b.
confound.
c.
placebo.
d.
extraneous variable.
1 points
QUESTION 37
One difference between identical twins Sam and Anas was that Anas scored higher than Sam on _____ which is consistent with her interest in _____.
a.
visual-spatial skills; fashion design
b.
memory; math
c.
memory; engineering
d.
visual-spatial skills; painting
1 points
QUESTION 38
The inherited biological factors that shape an individual’s behaviors, personality, and other characteristics refer to that individual’s:
a.
psychology.
b.
nurture.
c.
innateness.
d.
nature.
1 points
QUESTION 39
Dr. Segal’s work with Sam and Anas, and other identical twins separated at birth, could potentially help her untangle the roles of nature and nurture in a variety of areas including intelligence and psychological disorders. This part of Dr. Segal’s research serves the goal of:
a.
changing.
b.
explaining.
c.
describing.
d.
predicting.
1 points
QUESTION 40
Which statement indicates a negative correlation?
a.
As people’s level of attractiveness decreases, their happiness level decreases.
b.
The more money people make, the less stressed they tend to be.
c.
The more people eat, the more they weigh.
d.
As people’s education level increases, their income level increases.
1 points
QUESTION 41
An example of using the survey method to conduct scientific research would be:
a.
comparing students’ performance on abstract and concrete versions of problems.
b.
asking a group of students questions about their sexual attitudes and behaviors.
c.
observing the problem-solving strategies of an extremely gifted middle school student.
d.
recording the behaviors of sea lions in their natural habitat.
1 points
QUESTION 42
Mirela is making a presentation to her psychology class about the importance of the social and cultural contexts in studying psychology. She uses the acronym WEIRD to describe one aspect of psychological bias. WEIRD refers to how psychological research focuses on:
a.
Western, Educated, Nonindustrialized, Rebellious, and Democratic cultures.
b.
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic cultures.
c.
Western, Elusive, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic cultures.
d.
Weak, Educated, Nonindustrialized, Rebellious, and Developing cultures.
1 points
QUESTION 43
Margaret Floy Washburn had a huge influence on the field of psychology in the late 1890s in that she was the first woman to:
a.
become a patient of Sigmund Freud.
b.
become president of the American Psychological Association.
c.
be granted a PhD in psychology from an elite college.
d.
complete the requirements for a PhD at an all-male college.
1 points
QUESTION 44
Penny is a recovering drug addict. Her treatment program emphasizes an understanding of the reinforcers in the environment—the “people, places, and things”—that underlie her addiction. Her program reflects the _____ perspective of psychology.
a.
sociocultural
b.
cognitive
c.
behavioral
d.
psychoanalytic
1 points
QUESTION 45
Dr. Villatte is overseeing a naturalistic observation study of children’s aggression. He notices that male and female research assistants vary in how they rate the aggressiveness of girls’ behaviors. Dr. Villatte suspects the presence of _____ bias.
a.
naturalistic
b.
sample
c.
observer
d.
participant
1 points
QUESTION 46
Naturalistic observation involves systematic observations of individuals in their natural environment. It is important that the researchers observe unobtrusively. However, an ethical issue involved in naturalistic observation is the fact that the:
a.
researchers don’t know which variable they are observing.
b.
individuals being observed don’t consent to participate in the research.
c.
researchers can’t control unwanted variables that may appear.
d.
researchers must operationally define the variables before observing them.
1 points
QUESTION 47
Amy is conducting a survey of dating attitudes and behaviors among young adults as part of her master’s thesis work. Amy distributes questionnaires to 200 randomly selected students enrolled in an introductory psychology class at her university. The 200 students are Amy’s _____. The people to whom she assumes her results will generalize are the _____.
a.
experimental group; population
b.
population; sample
c.
sample; population
d.
control group; sample
1 points
QUESTION 48
DeAndre is a graduate student conducting research for his master’s thesis. For his study, he is recording instances of physical aggression as he watches children in a schoolyard at recess. DeAndre is undertaking:
a.
naturalistic observation.
b.
a case study.
c.
an experiment.
d.
a survey.
1 points
QUESTION 49
The first African American psychologist to earn a PhD was:
a.
Francis Sumner.
b.
George Sanchez.
c.
Inez Beverley Prosser.
d.
Kenneth Clark.
1 points
QUESTION 50
The scientific method:
a.
ensures that all variables have full reliability and validity.
b.
helps to minimize the impact of human errors in thinking.
c.
removes experimenter bias from having an impact on research.
d.
removes participant bias from having an impact on research.

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