Construct validity is concerned with both the definition and measurement of variables in a study. Construct validity regarding definition focuses on how well researchers define the
IV REFLEXES AND CONDITIONED REFLEXES (p 45)
47. Skinner describes how more and more of the behavior of the organism has been
explained by stimuli. What is an important consequence of this?
48. A. Describe Pavlov’s discovery regarding “psychic secretion”. B. Why was this such an
important finding?
49. How might evolutionary theory explain the etiology and function of reflexes?
50. How might conditioning be explained by its survival value?
51. Explain “superstitious” or “irrational” behavior as it is described on page 55.
52. Explain the process of respondent extinction.
V OPERANT BEHAVIOR (p 59)
53. Why does Skinner say we are less likely to be interested in respondent behavior?
54. Skinner suggests that the consequences of behavior “feedback” into the organism.
Explain this.
55. Why is “trial and error” learning not an appropriate conceptual formulation?
56. How does Skinner introduce the concept of deprivation on page 68?
57. Describe the relationship between emotional behavior and extinction.
58. How does Skinner suggest we answer the question “What events are reinforcing?”
59. How does Skinner explain the fact that there are great individual differences with respect
to what events operate as reinforcers?
60. Explain how conditioned reinforcers are established.
61. Explain how generalized conditioned reinforcers are established. Why are generalized
conditioned reinforcers especially likely to be reinforcing in various situations?
62. Skinner suggests that generalized conditioned reinforcers are eventually effective even
when primary reinforcers no longer accompany them. Explain.
63. The environment often changes before species evolution happens, the result of which is
that the species is always best prepared for an environment that no longer exists, rather
than the current environment. Explain this process and its implications.
VI SHAPING AND MAINTAINING OPERANT BEHAVIOR (p 91)
64. Why does Skinner have problems with the strategy of “waiting for a complete
response”??
65. Explain intermittent reinforcement.
VII OPERANT DISCRIMINATION (p 107)
66. Skinner suggests that the difference between voluntary and involuntary behavior is
actually a matter of the kind of control. Explain.
67. Comment on the concept of personal responsibility in the context of both respondent and
operant behavior. What are some implications of this?
68. How does Skinner deal with the concept of attention?
VIII THE CONTROLLING ENVIRONMENT (P 129)
69. Describe Skinner’s concerns with the casual account of behavior.
70. Describe the process of induction. How does it come about?
71. Describe the process of abstraction.
72. Skinner describes the importance of the “relational case” on pp. 137-138. Comment on
this.
IX DEPRIVATION AND SATIATION (P 141)
73. Skinner starts chapter 9 by stating that some effects of the environment are not usefully
classified as stimulation at all—explain this.
74. Explain deprivation.
75. How does Skinner answer the question “How many drives are there?”
X EMOTION (P 160)
76. In what way are emotions excellent examples of fictional causes? Explain with an
example.
77. Describe some practical uses of emotion.
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