Valvular ___________ refers to a constriction or narrowing of…
Valvular___________refers to a constriction or narrowing of the valve opening.
Valvular____________, also called insufficiency, occurs with incomplete closure of the valve leaflets and results in the backward flow of blood.
________________is an inflammatory disease of the heart that occurs as a complication following group A streptococcal pharyngitis.
________________is a chronic condition resulting from Rheumatic Fever. It is characterized by scarring and deformity of the heart valves.
Most adult mitral valve stenosis results from__________________. Less often, it can occur congenitally, from rheumatoid arthritis, or from systemic lupus erythematosus.
Clinical manifestations of mitral stenosis include _______________, ___________, __________from atrial fibrillation, and a loud first heart sound and a low-pitched, diastolic murmur.
_____________________ is caused by MI, chronic rheumatic heart disease, mitral valve prolapse, ischemic papillary muscle dysfunction, and Infective Endocarditis (IE).
In chronic Mitral Regurgitation (MR), the added volume load results in ________ enlargement (placing the patient at risk for atrial fibrillation), ___________ dilation, and eventual ventricular _____________.
In acute MR, there is a sudden increase in pressure and volume that is transmitted to the pulmonary bed, resulting in ______________ and life-threatening cardiogenic shock.
Patients with asymptomatic MR should be monitored carefully, and surgery should be considered before significant ___________________ or __________________ develops.
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is an abnormality of the mitral valve leaflets and the papillary muscles or chordae that allows the leaflets to ___________, or buckle, back into the _____________ during systole. The cause of MVP is unknown.
In older patients, aortic stenosis (AS) is a result of ________________ or fibrocalcific degeneration.
AS results in left ventricular hypertrophy and increased myocardial oxygen consumption. As the disease progresses, cardiac output (CO) ___________, leading to ___________tissue perfusion, pulmonary hypertension, and ________________.
Clinical manifestations of AS include a systolic murmur and the classic triad of ________, __________, and ___________.
Acute __________________ is caused by IE, trauma, or aortic dissection.
Clinical manifestations of acute AR include _____________, _________, and _____________indicating left ventricular failure and cardiogenic shock that constitute a medical emergency.
Chronic AR is often the result of _________________, a congenital bicuspid aortic valve, syphilis, or chronic rheumatic conditions.
Clinical manifestations of chronic AR include _____________, _____________, and ____________________ after considerable myocardial dysfunction has occurred.
Diseases of the tricuspid and pulmonic valves are uncommon, with ________ occurring more often than ____________. Pulmonary stenosis is almost always congenital.
Anticoagulant therapy prevents and treats systemic or pulmonary _____________.
Percutaneous transluminal balloon valvuloplasty to split open the fused commissures is an alternative treatment for __________ valvular heart disease.
Valve repair, including a ____________, _____________, or ____________, is typically the surgical procedure of choice.
Valve ______________ may be needed. A wide variety of valves, both mechanical and biologic, are available.
The overall goals for a patient with valve disease include _________________, _______________, and an understanding of ______________________ measures.
Patients on __________________ after valve replacement surgery must have the international normalized ratio (INR) checked regularly.
Cardiomyopathy (CMP) is a group of diseases that directly affect the structure or function of the ______________.
Clinical manifestations of CMP may develop acutely after an infectious process or slowly over a period of time. Most patients eventually develop _________________.
Interventions focus on controlling heart failure by enhancing myocardial _____________ and decreasing ___________ and ____________. The goals of therapy are to keep the patient at an optimal level of functioning and out of the hospital.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy, _________________, and ventricular assist devices are treatment options for CMP.
Hypertrophic CMP is asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular ___________. The result is impaired ventricular ___________as the ventricle becomes noncompliant and unable to relax.
Patients with hypertrophic CMP may be asymptomatic or may have exertional _________, _____________, __________, syncope, and dysrhythmias.
Patients at risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD) need an ________________.
Restrictive CMP, the least common CMP, impairs _____________ and ___________, although systolic function is unaffected.
Clinical manifestations include ____________, ____________, and ________. No specific treatment for restrictive CMP exists. Interventions are aimed at improving diastolic filling and the underlying disease process.
Nursing care for restrictive cardiomyopathy is similar to the care of a patient with _______________.
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