Describe both the apex and base of the heart, including their locations and orientation. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Describe both the apex and base of the heart, including their locations and orientation.
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Where is the heart located within the body (be specific with your terminology, identifying all potential cavities)
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Identify and describe the two anatomical layers of the pericardium (including their sublayers) based on both structure and function:
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Identify and describe the three walls of the heart based on both structure and function:
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ACTIVITY: Using PAL3.1 or Textbook Diagrams to Identify Major Internal and External Anatomical Structures of the Heart
Accessing the “Practice Anatomy Lab 3.1”
Open Mastering A & P and click on the “Study Area” tab on the left side menu of the homepage
In the pop-up menu, select “Lab Tools” and then select “PAL 3.1”
Within “PAL 3.1”, select the “Human Cadaver” module
Select the “Cardiovascular System” module and view the following slides with labels selected:
Slide #5 – Heart in fibrous pericardium
Slide #6 – Heart, superoanterior view
Slide #7 – Vessels of the heart, superoanterior view
Slide #8 – Vessels of the heart, superolateral view
Slide #11 – Heart valves, superior view
Slide #12 – Tricuspid valve in right ventricle
Slide #14 – Heart, coronal section
Using the images provided via PAL 3.1 or the textbook diagrams identify the following anatomical structures and briefly describe their functions. You may label the following diagrams as a reference throughout the lab.
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Tricuspid (right AV) valve
Bicuspid (left AV) valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Auricles
Ventricular septum
ACTIVITY: Using PAL3.1 or Textbook Diagrams to Identify Major Vessels Involved in Coronary Circulation
Accessing the “Practice Anatomy Lab 3.1”
Open Mastering A & P and click on the “Study Area” tab on the left side menu of the homepage
In the pop-up menu, select “Lab Tools” and then select “PAL 3.1”
Within “PAL 3.1”, select the “Human Cadaver” module
Select the “Cardiovascular System” module and view the following slides with labels selected:
Slide #6 – Heart, superoanterior view
Slide #7 – Vessels of the heart, superoanterior view
Slide #8 – Vessels of the heart, superolateral view
Using the images provided via PAL 3.1 or the textbook diagrams identify the following anatomical structures and briefly describe their functions. You may label the following diagrams as a reference throughout the lab.
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Left coronary artery
Right coronary artery
Circumflex artery
Ant. interventricular artery
Post. Interventricular artery
Marginal artery
Coronary sinus
Small cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Great cardiac vein
Microscopic Anatomy of the Heart
ACTIVITY: Describing the Microscopic Anatomy of the Heart Using the “PAL3.1 Histology Viewer”
Accessing the “Practice Anatomy Lab 3.1”
Open Mastering A & P and click on the “Study Area” tab on the left side menu of the homepage
In the pop-up menu, select “Lab Tools” and then select “PAL 3.1”
Within “PAL 3.1”, select the “Histology” module
Select the “Cardiovascular” module and view the following slide with labels selected:
Slide #19,21 – cardiac muscle tissue, longitudinal section
Observe each slide under the microscope and, note the following components on each slide: nuclei, intercalated discs, striations
Briefly sketch each of the cells below:
Describe the anatomy of a cardiac muscle cell by comparing it with a skeletal muscle cell. What are the similarities and differences?
Cardiac muscle is striated and multinucleate, similar to skeletal muscle. Because its cells branch and are connected to one another by intercalated discs, it varies from skeletal muscle.
What does the term syncytium imply? Why is this functionally important for cardiac muscle (compared to skeletal muscle)?
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Briefly describe how the cardiac pacemaker cells stimulate a heart contraction (specifically referencing ions such as sodium, potassium, and calcium).
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PhysioEx 9.1: Cardiovascular Physiology Simulation
Open Mastering A & P and click on the “Study Area” tab on the left side menu of the homepage
In the pop-up menu, select “Lab Tools” and then select “PhysioEx 9.1”
Click on the first link (PhysioEx9.1) to open the software
Select “Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology”
After you have read the overview, complete the following four activities:
Activity 1: Investigating the Refractory Period of Cardiac Muscle
Activity 2: Examining the Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Activity 4: Examining the Effects of Chemical Modifiers on Heart Rate
Activity 5: Examining the Effects of Various Ions on Heart Rate
ACTIVITY 1: Investigating the Refractory Period of Cardiac Muscle
What is meant by the term “refractory period”? Compare the refractory period in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Define the term “tetanus”. Will cardiac muscle reach a tetanic contraction? Why or why not?
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ACTIVITY 2: Examining the Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Explain the effect that extreme Vagus nerve stimulation had on the heart. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Describe the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. In which of these systems does the Vagus nerve belong?
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Describe the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems on heart rate.
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What do you think would occur if the Vagus nerve were cut?
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ACTIVITY 4: Examining the Effects of Chemical Modifiers on Heart Rate
Record your observations for the experiment in the table below and, answer the questions that follow:
SOLUTION
HEART RATE (beats/min)
No solution
Epinephrine
Pilocarpine
Atropine
Digitalis
Describe the effect of epinephrine on heart rate. Why did it have this effect?
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Describe the effect of pilocarpine on heart rate. Why did it have this effect?
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Describe the effect of atropine on heart rate. Why did it have this effect?
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Describe the effect of digitalis on heart rate. Why did it have this effect?
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