Lab 1.1 HOW ARE THE DATA ABOUT THE OCEAN COLLECTED? Which instrument measures the intensity of an earthquake or the shaking of the Earth? If you want to study life on

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LAB 1 ? THE COLLECTION OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA
Name: Section number _____________
Complete the lab and use this form as your answer sheet. Type answers in the Text boxes which will expand as you type in them
Lab 1.1 HOW ARE THE DATA ABOUT THE OCEAN COLLECTED?
Which instrument measures the intensity of an earthquake or the shaking of the Earth?
If you want to study life on the bottom of the ocean and need to observe a squid for a long period of time, but have limited funds, would you use an HOV or ROV?? Explain why you chose your answer.
Explain the difference between a Telemetered versus Cabled Array.
Which type of sensor can be deployed off a ship, can detect depth, salinity and temperature of the water and take discrete water samples at specific depths?
Which type of platform would you use to monitor wind speed and wave height?
LAB 1.2 ? WHERE ARE THE OOI ARRAYS LOCATED?
Complete the following table, identifying the ocean basin where each OOI array is located, the nearest land mass, and the nearest country, major city or U.S. state.
In the seas around Greenland water sinks to the seafloor and, over the course of about 1000 years, travels throughout the deep ocean basins eventually reaching the North Pacific Ocean.
What array is closest to the point where water sinks?
What array is closest to the end of the 1000 year circulation pattern?
Another deep ocean water mass, called Antarctic Bottom Water, forms in the sea around Antarctica. Which of the OOI arrays is located closest to this point, so may give us data on how this water mass forms?
If you wanted to study the differences between the shallow ocean on the east and west coast of the United States which arrays would have data from those locations?
The Gulf Stream is a major ocean current that travels from south to north along the U.S. east coast. What array is best positioned to take measurements in this current?
Each summer, eastern North Pacific gray whales feed in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea and then in the Fall migrate southward along the coast of North America to their winter calving grounds in the warm waters around Mexico, where their calves are born. Which array(s) do they swim past during this migration?
Based on the following map, name the 3 large estuarine systems near the future location of the Pioneer array near the MAB?
In general, why are there 3 different colored blues in the map representing the ocean?
LAB 1.3 ? HOW DO YOU KNOW EXACTLY WHERE YOU ARE ON EARTH?
In figure 1.3.5, how many degrees is each tick mark or graticule for latitude and for longitude?
Which OOI Array is located at 42? 55? 13? S, 42? 26? 27? W?
Which OOI Array is located at 50? 4? 47? N, 144? 48? 22? W?
In figure 1.3.6, how many degrees or minutes is each tick mark or graticule for latitude and for longitude?
What is the latitude and longitude of the Global Southern Ocean mooring?_
What is the latitude and longitude of the Global Irminger Sea mooring?
What is the latitude and longitude of the Coastal Pioneer surface mooring?
In figure 1.3.9, how many degrees or minutes is each tick mark or graticule for latitude and for longitude?
What is the latitude and longitude of the Coastal Endurance surface mooring?
What is the approximate range of latitude, to the nearest degree and minute only, that is covered by the mobile assets (represented by small airplane-looking icon on map) in the following diagram (Figure 1.3.10)?
What is the farthest west longitude, to the nearest degree and minute only, that is covered by the mobile asset? (note: the dotted lines represent the tracks of the gliders).
LAB 1.4 ? OOI SCIENCE HIGHLIGHTS
Describe the zooplankton behavior during the eclipse.
The LA Times article mentioned that land animals experience a drop in air temperature during an eclipse. Why do scientists know that the zooplankton reacted to light and not to a change in water temperature or some other factor?
The video and article both displayed a graph of zooplankton diel vertical migration data. What does the graph look like? What was the difference in appearance on the day of the eclipse compared to the day before the eclipse?
In the previous Lab 1 activities, you have learned about other types of platforms and sensors. Pick one other platform or sensor and explain how it could be used to study zooplankton behavior or solar eclipses in general.
LAB 2 ? BUILDING DATA SKILLS
Complete the lab and use this form as your answer sheet. You will use this sheet to enter your answers in the form of a Quiz in Canvas. If filling this out electronically, type answers in the Text boxes which will expand as you type in them. Remember that these questions are also on the OOI website and contain extra information there (maps, links, hints, etc). This worksheet is slightly abbreviated or may contain extra information than what you see on the OOI website. When typing responses in Canvas, be sure to use complete sentence structure, punctuation, grammar, and spelling. For calculations, show your work and always include units of measure (unless instructed not to in Canvas).
Lab 2.1 – Reading a time series graph
What was the start and end date for data collection?
What variable is plotted on the y-axis of this graph and what are the units?
How does this variable vary throughout the year? Does the variation make sense?
A trend in a time series is when there is a gradual change (i.e., an increase or decrease) over time, depth or distance. What trends do you see in these data?
What is the start and end date of the data collection in Figure 2.1.2?
Notice that there is a gap in the data. What does that gap mean?
Are there any trends in the data? What do you think causes them?
What are the maximum and minimum values in the data?
Considering your answers to these questions can you explain the messiness? of the data in the first graph (Figure 2.1.1)?
What are the maximum and minimum temperature values, and what do you think causes them?
The graph above (Figure 2.1.3) looks much neater? than the previous graphs. This is because much of the detail has been lost in the averaging process. Is this a fair trade-off if you want to look at seasonal changes in temperature?
How many trends are evident in the monthly mean temperature data shown in the figure 2.1.3? Describe the trend(s).
Based on Figure 2.1.4 what are the trends in the water temperature data?
What is the maximum and minimum in the water temperature and when do they occur (Figure 2.1.4)?
How does the seasonal range in water temperature compare to the seasonal range in air temperature? Why do you think this is so?
Is water temperature correlated with air temperature? In other words, as one temperature series increases or decreases does the other one also change? Explain.
What are the maximum and minimum values for sea surface salinity in Figure 2.1.5?
What are the trends that you observe in the salinity data?
Notice that you can click and drag the two scroll bars at the bottom of the graph to zoom in and out to different portions of this graph. Zoom in so that only April and May are visible. What type of relationship do you find between temperature and salinity?
Now zoom out to view the rest of the year. Does the same relationship between sea surface salinity and temperature hold for the whole year?
Look back to the beginning of this exercise to see the ranges in temperature in the ocean versus on land. Now examine the Coastal Pioneer Array data in Figure 2.1.4. What is the measured range for air and ocean temperatures in the Coastal Pioneer Array data? How does this compare to the ranges for air and ocean temperature extremes?
Lab 2.2 – Bathymetric charts
Follow along with the video to complete the bathymetric profile exercise. On your own graph paper, draw the slope from point A to B and from point B to C.
Which side of the East Flower Garden Bank, northern (A-B) or southern (B-C) is the steepest?
Estimate the depth of the seafloor at 27? 56? N, 93? 37? W. Remember that the depth changes continuously between contours.
Hard corals (the ones that build reefs) are found on top of the bank, down to a depth of approximately 50 meters. If an ROV collected video footage of the location in Question 2 (27? 56? N, 93? 37? W), would you expect to see living coral reef habitat? Why or why not?
Describe the relationship between color shading and depth of the seafloor in Figure 2.2.3.
What can you look for in the colors on the map to locate a steep area of the seafloor?
Locate the two shallowest features at the top of the bank (depth less than 20 meters). Describe the shape and texture of these two locations in as much detail as possible. Are they round or irregular? Smooth or rough? Flat or peaked?
Now examine the areas that are deeper than 100 meters. Which side of the bank, east or west, has small bumpy features? Were those features visible in the contour maps? How can you tell?
Between points B and C is the continental slope, the transition to the deep open ocean basin. The depth of the seafloor at point C is approximately 3,300 meters, compared to 40 meters at point B. The distance between points B and C is 36,000 meters. Calculate the slope (in m/m). (show your work).
Federal highways in the United States generally have a maximum slope of 6% and display warning signs for trucks if the slope of the road exceeds that amount. If the continental slope west of Florida (between B and C) was a mountain roadway, would it need a warning sign? (Hint, there is an example in the exercise below Application Questions on how to do this).
We have examined three versions of bathymetric charts (labeled contour lines, filled contours with a color scale, and shaded relief). What are the benefits and drawbacks of using a shaded relief chart compared to a contour map?
Lab 2.3- How can several variables be presented on a map?
Which version, bubble size or bubble color, do you think is a better way to show differences in oil spill size? Why?
Examine the color of the shipwreck markers in Figure 2.3.3. In which decade did the largest number of shipwrecks occur?
Are the most recent shipwrecks in this dataset closer to land or further out at sea compared to the oldest shipwrecks?
Find the shipwreck that occurred in the 1970s. What was the approximate length of this ship?
Do you see a pattern in the ship length compared to the proximity of the shipwreck to the coastline? If so, what is the pattern that you see? If not, why do you think these two variables are unrelated?
Treacherous shallow waters are marked in a variety of ways to assist boaters in making a safe passage. These markers, which include lighthouses and bell buoys, are located on the water or on land, and are also marked on navigation charts. Navigational markers do not exist in the deep ocean, although maritime disasters can still happen there. What might cause ships to sink in deep water? Give at least two possible causes.
Can you think of a way to indicate the cause of a disaster on a bubble chart? If so, how would you show this information? If not, why is it difficult to display that type of information in a bubble chart format?
Lab 2.4 – Station profiles, how to read a standard oceanography graph
Why it is useful to make a station profile graph with this orientation (depth increasing downward)?
Identify the maximum and minimum temperature values in this station profile graph from the Pioneer array (Figure 2.4.5).
How does the temperature of the water change as you go deeper in the water?
The depth where the temperature changes the most rapidly is called the thermocline. What is the depth of the bottom of the thermocline in this profile?
North Atlantic fin whales migrate through the area of the Pioneer array. These whales breathe air at the surface and dive to feed on krill, squid, and other prey. If a fin whale dove from the surface to 100 meters deep at the time and location that this profile was collected, how much change in temperature would it experience? (Assume that surface temperatures are equivalent to the temperature at a depth of 35 meters) Show your work (and include units of measurement!)
Identify the maximum and minimum temperature values in this station profile graph from the Irminger Sea (Figure 2.4.6). How does the temperature of the water change as you go deeper in the water? Be sure to note any changes in trends.
Now compare the Pioneer and Irminger temperature profiles. How similar or different are these two station profiles? (Do not change any parameters, just view as is?)
Click the buttons in Figure 2.4.6 to match the depth and temperature scales. Did your answer to the previous question change when you did this? Explain and be specific.
Why do you think these two temperature profiles are so different?
When comparing two or more data sets why is it important to compare the scales? Use an example from this station profile activity to support your answer.
Lab 2.5 – Vertical sections
In the vertical section, which colors represent warm water? Which represents cool water?
Describe the change in temperature from surface to bottom, based on this color coding, near the left side of the vertical section. This is over the outer continental shelf (above the grey shape). Do not simply state it gets colder or warmer?.include depths, is it gradual, quick, etc?
Describe the change in temperature from surface to bottom on the right side of the vertical section. This is in deeper water over the continental slope. The water column is at this location much deeper than 400 meters, but just the upper 400 meters of the water column are shown. Be detailed in your answer.
Would you say that there is a consistent trend in the way the temperature changes with depth?

Now draw a station profile for Station B.
The portion of the water column near the surface with uniform temperature is called the surface mixed layer. The surface mixed layer at Station A extends to 50 m deep. How deep is the surface mixed layer at Station B?
Below the surface mixed layer, temperature changes rapidly with depth. This is called the thermocline. At what depth does the temperature stop changing rapidly as depth changes? In other words, if you could dive into this part of the ocean, at what depth would you stop experiencing a lot of temperature change?
In the vertical section, how do the colors show us depths with rapidly changing temperature vs. uniform temperature? How do the contour lines show us this same information?

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