Compare and contrast the major elements of the assigned articles by

1. Set the Margins to One Inch

Basics

The margins of the paper should be set to 1" (one inch) all around.

Step-by-Step Directions

1. Go to the Page Layout or Layout tab

2. Click Margins

3. Select the Normal option

2. Set the Spacing to Double

Basics

The line spacing for the paper should be set to double (2.0).

Step-by-Step Directions

1. Go to the Home tab

2. In the Paragraph box, click the icon that looks like two up/down arrows with text to the right

3. Pick 2.0

4. Alternate Method: You can also press the Control Key along with the number 2 to quickly double space.

3. Create a Title for Your Paper

Basics

Your title should summarize the main topic of your paper. Try not to be too wordy or off-topic. While there is no word limit for titles, "short but sweet" is the goal. The APA Style Blog has further information on titles: Five Steps to a Great Title. Use title case for paper titles.

Example Titles

· Attitudes of College Students Towards Transportation Fees

· Effect of Red Light Cameras on Traffic Fatalities

· Juror Bias in Capital Punishment Cases

4. Add Page Numbers to the Header

Basics

Insert the page number in the right area of the header. Use the built-in page numbering system; do not attempt to type each page number manually.

Step-by-Step Directions

1. Go to the Insert tab

2. Under Header, select Edit Header (at the bottom)

3. Press Tab once or twice to go to the far right

4. Click Page Number

5. Click Current Position

6. Click Simple / Plain Number

5. Create the Title Page

Basics

On the first page you will include the following information:

· Title of Your Paper

· Your Name

· Santa Fe College

· Course Number: Course Name

· Instructor

· Due Date

This information will be centered, and will be a few lines down from the top.

Step-by-Step Directions

1. Go to the top of the first page

2. Press Enter 3-4 times times

3. Center your text

4. Type in the title of your paper, in bold.

5. Press Enter twice, in order to have one blank line between the title and the next element.

6. On the next line, type your full name

7. On the next line, type Santa Fe College

8. On the next line, type your course number, a colon, and your course name

9. On the next line, type your instructor's name.

10. On the next line, type the due date of the paper.

Example

6. Set Up the References List

The references list should be on a new page and should be the last section of your paper.

Heading of Reference List

The heading at the top of the reference list should say References at the top (not Bibliography or Works Cited, unless your instructor tells you otherwise) and bolded.

Hanging Indent

All reference lists should have a hanging indent. An example of a hanging indent is shown below:

George, M. W. (2008). The elements of library research: What every student needs to know. Princeton University Press.

To create a hanging indent in Word, you can press the Control key along with the letter T.

+ 

Spacing

Line spacing in the reference list should be set to double (2.0).

Alphabetizing

When organizing your references list, you must alphabetize your references. Generally, you will organize by the author's last name. Go letter by letter and ignore spaces, hyphens, punctuation etc.

If a work has no author, use the title to alphabetize. You will use the first significant word to alphabetize; this means you skip words like the, a, and an.

Example of Proper Order:

1. Alcott, L. M. (1868)…

2. Alcott, L. M. (1893)…

3. Anonymous. (1998). Beowulf…

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.).

5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017).

6. Etiquette in Florida. (n.d.).

7. Grammar Girl. (2009, May 21)…

8. Johnson, C. L., & Tuite, C. (Eds.). (2009)…

9. Johnson, S. K. (2003)…

10. Oxford English dictionary (2nd ed.). (1989)…

11. A prescription for health care. (2009). Consumer Reports…

12. Southeast Asia. (2003). In The new encyclopaedia Britannica…

For more information on creating and formatting references, go to the Reference Components page.

Source: Publication Manual, 2.12; 9.44-9.49

But What About…?

The Font?

APA does not specify a specific font or size, just that it must be legible. Their only guidelines is that the same font should be used throughout the paper. Some suggestions are 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode, 12-point Times New Roman, and 11-point Georgia.

If your instructor has specified a font or font size, follow those guidelines.

Source: Publication Manual, 2.19

The Running Head?

Student papers do not need a running head.

,

Coyne and Messina Articles Analysis

As an example guideline, review the study components in the left-side column of the table below. Read the study by Messina et al., and build the data in the right-side column with the key components in that study.

Research Question:	Coyne: Do size and ownership type make a difference in the efficiency and cost results of hospitals in Washington state? (Highlight p.164, second column, starting 15 lines from bottom to seven lines from bottom.) Messina:
How did the research question emerge from the review of literature in the article?	Coyne: Built on an earlier study by Coyne on performance differences between multi-facility systems and independent hospitals using two cost measures. Cited studies that used a range of variables to measure differences in hospital performance, and noted that prior findings have been inconclusive in regard to hospital size, although economies of scale were found. Messina:
Independent Variables Type:	Coyne: Hospital size and hospital ownership structure. Categorical Messina:
Dependent Variables Type:	Coyne: Efficiency measures – continuous variables. Cost measures – continuous variables. Messina:
Design Elements 1. Quantitative vs. Qualitative 2. Sample Size 3. Method of sample selection 4. Experimental vs. control group? 5. Reliable and valid data instruments?	Coyne: Quantitative 96 Picked all hospitals in state, except investor owned hospitals. No Used data that are commonly used to measure hospital efficiency and performance with high degrees of accuracy (reliable), and data that are historically used and make sense to other hospital users (valid). Messina:
Describe analysis. What statistics were used?	Coyne: Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Messina:
Did the researchers’ conclusions make sense, did they answer the research question, and did they appear to flow from the review of the literature? Did they explore control of extraneous variables?	Coyne: They concluded that size and ownership type make a difference in reported levels of efficiency. Not for profits seem to achieve higher performance levels, and medium and large not for profits operate more efficiently than industry average. The same results were found for cost levels, in that size and ownership type do make a difference, with medium sized hospitals reporting lower costs than large or small hospitals. Yes, when they called for national studies that controlled for case mix, scope of services, and payer mix, all of which could have affected the results in this study in an unmeasured way. Messina:

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